Inothi Elibalulekile Lobuchwepheshe Nokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wokufundisa ogciniwe, hhayi ukubala okumile, umklamo wokwakha, noma imanuwali yokusebenza. Amafomula, amamodeli okusekela nemidwebo kudluliselwe kokuqukethwe kwangempela ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe noma ukuzivumelanisa nemithetho yanamuhla. Umthamo wokuthwala, ukuzinza, imithwalo, izinto zokwakha, amajoyinti kanye nesisekelo sento ethile kufanele kunqunywe unjiniyela womphakathi oqinisekisiwe ngokusekelwe kumazinga avumelekile, idatha ye-geotechnical kanye nesimo sangempela sesakhiwo. Imifanekiso iyafundisa futhi ayimeli amaphrojekthi aqinisekisiwe we-Savo Kusić.
Izibalo eziqinile nokwakheka kwezinhlaka ezisekelayo akuyona ingxenye yesipho esisha senkampani. Ukukhiqiza kwamanje kugxile ngamafasitela okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso. Ngewindi elithile noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
Isakhiwo nokuhlukaniswa komthwali
Izakhi zokusekela: ukuzinza kwangaphakathi nangaphandle
Izinto zenkampani yenethiwekhi yilezi:
Izinduku ezilula ezikwazi ukudlulisa amandla aqinile noma acindezelayo umugqa wawo wokuhlasela uqondane ne-eksisi yenduku. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinduku emafindo ziboshwe ngamalunga lapho kungekho ukungqubuzana, nokuthi amandla angaphandle ahlasela amafindo. Izisekelo ezihlanganisa kuphela izinti ezilula zibizwa ngokuthi ama-trusses.
Izinduku zimelana nokugoba - imishayo - ingadlulisela womabili amandla imigqa yawo yokuhlasela iqondana ne-eksisi yenduku, kanye namandla imigqa yawo yokuhlasela ehambisana ne-eksisi yenduku noma ethambekele kuyo ngokungafanele. Imishayo ithola amandla ajwayelekile, amandla aguquguqukayo, izikhathi zokugoba futhi, esimweni esinikeziwe, izikhathi zokuhlukumeza. Lawo asemafindo angaboshwa ngamahinge noma ngama-engeli aqinile.
Ukwesekwa nama-clamps kuvimbela usekelo ukuthi luye ezindaweni ezigxilile endizeni noma emkhathini. Usekelo ngalunye luyakwazi ukudlulisa amandla ngendlela ethile edlula endaweni emisiwe. Uma kukhona ukwesekwa okukodwa kuphela endaweni esekelwe - indawo yokusekela - kubizwa ngokuthi movable bearing yosekelo lwendawo. Uma inodi isekelwa yizisekelo ezimbili, ibizwa ngokuthi umbhede onganyakazi wesekelo eliyisicaba, noma umbhede womugqa wesikhala. Umbhede omile wosekelo lwendawo udinga izisekelo ezintathu.
Ukuncinza ngakunye kwenduku ekwazi ukugoba kuyakwazi ukudlulisa isikhathi sokumpintsha esilele endizeni ethile. Ezimweni eziningi, i-bearing engenakunyakaziswa ixhunywe ku-clamp, ukuze esimweni sokusekela okuyisicaba kukhona izisekelo ezimbili kanye ne-clamp eyodwa, futhi esimweni sokusekela indawo kukhona izisekelo ezintathu nezinsimbi ezintathu. Ukunyakaza nokuzungezisa kosayizi othile kungenzeka ezindaweni zokusekela nokumpintsha.
Inombolo edingekayo yezakhi zokuzinza kokusekelwa itholakala ezimeni zokuzinza kwangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ukusekelwa kuzinzile ngaphakathi lapho indawo ye-inter-room yama-node okusekelwa iqinisekiswa ngenani elanele lezinduku ukuze ingashintshwa kuphela lapho ezinye noma zonke izinduku zishintsha ubude. Ukwesekwa kwefulethi okuzinzile kubizwa ngokuthi rigid plate. Ukusekelwa kungaphandle noma kuzinzile ngokuphelele lapho indawo emaphakathi yama-node kanye nesikhundla sawo ngokuya ngamaphuzu angaguquki endiza, noma isikhala singashintsha kuphela ngokwezinga lezinguquko kubude bezinduku, ukunyakaza kwezisekelo noma ukuzungeza kwe-clamping.
Abakaki abaphansi
Inombolo encane yezinduku ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuzinza kwangaphakathi kanye nenani elincane lezinduku nezisekelo ezidingekayo ukuze kuzinze kwangaphandle kwe-truss enezinduku s, izisekelo a kanye namanodi angu-k yilezi:
s =2k -3
s + a =2k, (3 ≤ a)
Isimo sokuqala sifinyelelwa lapho ukusekela kwakhiwa kusukela endukwini eyodwa ngokuxhuma amanye ama-node ngezinduku ezimbili ngayinye, lapho izinduku okuxhunywe kuzo i-node eyodwa akufanele zilale emgqeni ofanayo oqondile.
Abakaki abane-s1 izinti ezilula, s2 izinti zimelana nokugoba, e ama-engeli aqinile, a1 isekela, a2 amaphinikhodi kanye namanodi k angaphakathi, noma azinzile ngaphandle uma:
s1+ s2+ e ≥ 2k -3
s1+ s2+ e + a1+ a2 ≥2k, (a=a1+ a2≥3)
Sl.1
I-angle ngayinye eqinile ingashintshwa yinduku elula. Uma endaweni eyodwa i izinduku zixhunywe ngokuqinile kwenye, inani lama-engeli aqinile kuleyo nodi lithi i-1. Lapho ama-overhangs wezinduku (ama-consoles) abalwa njengezinduku, iziphetho zamahhala kufanele zibalwe njengama-node. Ubakaki kufig.1nge s1=9, s2=7, e=5(kumakwe esithombeni) kanye k=12ngaphakathi uzinzile. Lapho ama-engeli aqinile4futhi5ake siyishintshe ngamajoyinti nezinduku ezilula, eziphawulwe ngemigqa ephukile esithombeni, bese s1=11, s2=7, e=3, kuyilapho inani lamanodi lihlala lingashintshiwe.
Sl.2nami2b
Uma ekusekelweni okukodwa nenani elincane elidingekayo lezisekelo, izinduku zomuntu ngamunye noma ama-engeli aqinile athathelwa indawo yizisekelo noma ama-clamps, ukusekelwa kulahlekelwa ukuzinza kwangaphakathi, umkhiwane.2a, b. Ukuze uthole ukusekelwa okunjalo kukhona amanye amathuba okuthi ukuzinza kungahlolwa kanjani. Uma p inombolo yamapuleti aqinile okusekela ngaphandle kokuzinza kwangaphakathi, kuyilapho kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi induku eyodwa elula noma induku ekwazi ukumelana nokugobeka ihlangabezana nezimo zokuzinza kwangaphakathi futhi ingaqondwa njengepuleti eliqinile, futhi uma z inombolo yokuhlangana emalungeni, ukuzinza kwangaphandle kudinga ukuthi: a + z_3p. Inani lokusabela okuphakathi nendawo lapho ipuleti linamathiselwe khona (isib.3,4,5) ngu-z=2(_kanye-_1).
Sl.3futhi4, ngokulandelana
Sl.5
Uhlaka kufig.6ayinqumi ngokuphindwe kasithupha. Uma ama-overhangs, angenalo ithonya kuzinga lokunganqumi okumile, kubalwa njengezinduku, ama-engeli aqinile axhunywe ngawo ohlelweni kufanele futhi acatshangelwe futhi iziphetho zamahhala zama-overhangs kufanele zibalwe njengama-node (s=7, e=6, a=9, k=8). Kulezi zinhlobo zosekelo, uhlobo olufanele lwezimo zokuhlola ukuzinza kwangaphakathi nangaphandle yileli:
3_s_ ≥3k-3;3s+a ≥3k, (a≥3).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphasi akumele abalwe njengezinduku. Ngokuvamile, ezimweni ezinjalo, indlela eshesha kakhulu yokufinyelela esiphethweni mayelana nezinga lokunganqumi okumile kosekelo iwukusika izinti noma ungabandakanyi ubuningi obumile kuze kube yilapho ngokungangabazeki usekelo oluzinzile, olunqunywe ngokwezibalo luhlala. Ngezigaba ezintathu ezikhonjiswe ku-fig.7amanani amathathu amile (amandla avamile, amandla aguquguqukayo, isikhathi sokugoba) awafakiwe.
Uma kwelinye n0-izikhathi i-statically indeterminate flat lattice zonke izinti kumanodi zixhunywe ngokuqinile, izinga lokunganqumi okumile liwukuthi
n = n0+2s – k.
Fig. 6
Sl.7
Izisekelo zendawo
Inani elincane lezisekelo zamagridi wendawo ngu-a=6. Lezi zimo ezilandelayo zisebenza ekuzinzeni kwangaphakathi nangaphandle:
s ≥3k -6; s + a ≥3k, (a≥6).
Isimo sokuzinza kwangaphakathi sifinyelelwa lapho, kusukela epuleti elilodwa elingunxantathu, amanye ama-node esikhaleni eboshwe ngezinduku ezintathu ngayinye, okungafanele ilale endizeni eyodwa. Ngale ndlela, igridi ye-spatial yohlobo lokuqala iyadalwa, isici sayo ukuthi ihlale iqukethe okungenani i-node eyodwa lapho kuboshwe khona izinduku ezintathu kuphela, futhi igcina lesi sici ngisho nalapho leyo node enezinduku ezihambisanayo isuswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-spatial grids angakhiwa ngokuxhuma amapuleti angama-triangular ngendlela yokuthi amapuleti amabili namabili ahlanganiswe nezinduku eziyisithupha, lapho i-node ngayinye ixhunywe kumapuleti aseduze anezintambo ezimbili ngayinye. Ukuxhumana kwamapuleti amabili noma amagridi amabili angaphakathi ezinzile angabonakala ngokusebenzisa ilunga elilodwa nezinduku ezintathu ezingadluli kulelo hlanganiso. Ekugcineni, amapuleti amathathu angunxantathu angaxhunywa nawo12wezinduku nokuthi nge-po4induku phakathi kwepuleti ngalinye. Ngokwangaphakathi, noma ukuzinza kwangaphandle kwezisekelo zendawo lapho zonke izinduku ziboshelwe ngokuqinile ekugobeni nokusonteka, imibandela kufanele ihlangatshezwe.
6s ≥6(k-1);6s + a ≥6k
Ngakho-ke, othwala in fig.8kuyinto24izikhathi ezinganqunyelwe ngokwezibalo, njengangaphambili, ezingaqinisekiswa kalula kakhulu lapho izinti ezine ezivundlile zisikwa futhi ngale ndlela okungaziwa okuyisithupha kukhishwe ekusikeni ngakunye (1amandla ajwayelekile,2amandla aphambene,2 mukugoba oment kanye1umzuzu we-torsional). Uma sisusa ukuxhumeka kuka-f ngokufaka amalunga ezintini noma ekuxhumekeni kwawo, khona-ke izimo zokuzinza yilezi:
6s – f ≥6(k-1);6s – f + a ≥6k.
Sl. 8
Umthwalo nokusabela: imisebenzi ye-statics
Endabeni yezisekelo eziyisicaba, amandla angaphandle kufanele alale endizeni yokusekelwa, esimweni sokusekela kwendawo, angaba nesimo esingenangqondo. Ku-trusses, kucatshangwa ukuthi umthwalo uhlasela ama-node.
Amandla asebenzayo adala ukumelana kwezakhi zangaphandle, ukusabela kwezisekelo C kuzisekelo kanye nezikhathi zokumpintsha E ngokuncinza. Ukuphikiswa kwezici zangaphakathi zokusekela - amandla e-cross-sectional - yilezi: amandla axial S ngezinduku ezilula; ezintini zimelana nokugoba nokusonteka amandla avamile noma ubude N, izikhathi zokugoba M, izikhathi ezisontekile noma izikhathi ezinyakazayo T namandla aguquguqukayo Q. Ukumelana nezinto kungase futhi kubangele izinguquko kuzinga lokushisa kanye nokuxegiswa kwezisekelo.
Ukwenziwa kobukhulu bezinto ezingazodwana kanye nokuthola ama-voltage avela kuzo kuwumsebenzi Wokumelana Nezinto. Lapho kunqunywa amanani amile, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zibalulekile kuphela lapho umthwalo unomphela uncike kuwo. Ezinye izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo zicatshangelwa kuphela uma kuziwa ethonyeni lokunyakaza kokusekela noma izinguquko zokushisa (ukuncipha, ukugeleza) noma lapho ukuguqulwa kufanele kubalwe. Ngokuvamile, amagida kufanele ahlolwe amacala ahlukahlukene okulayisha okungadingeki ukuba enzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa (umthwalo unomphela, umthwalo owusizo, umthwalo womoya, umthwalo weqhwa). Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-elastic kuncane kangangokuthi kungashaywa indiva maqondana nobukhulu besistimu - futhi lokhu kuvame ukuba njalo - isimiso se-superposition sisebenza, ngokusho ukuthi amacala omthwalo ngamunye kanye namanye amathonya angase ahlolwe ngokwehlukana futhi amanani abaliwe amanani amile noma wejometri ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ngokulungiswa okuthile kwamanani ngokusebenzisa i-coefficient yokuphepha okuyingxenye noma okuguquguqukayo. akulungile).
Izisekelo ezinqunywe ngokwezibalo
Izibalo ezingaziwa nezitholakalayo
Ku-lattice enqunywe ngokwezibalo, a ukusabela kwezisekelo kanye s amandla e-axial akwaziwa, ukunqunywa okutholakalayo uma i-lattice inamanodi angu-k_2_k isibalo (∑X=0kanye ∑Y=0) endizeni i3k isibalo esikhaleni. Ekusekelweni okuyisicaba, okungaziwa kungancishiswa ku-s1 amandla e-axial wezinduku ezilula, s2 amandla avamile ezinduku amelana nokugobeka, e izikhathi zokugoba ngama-engeli aqinile, a1 ukusabela kokusekelwa kanye a2 izikhathi zokubamba. Amandla aguquguqukayo kufanele anqunywe kusukela ezikhathini ezisekupheleni kwezinduku kanye namandla angaphandle asebenza phakathi kwamanodi. Endaweni lapho i izinduku ezixhunywe ngokuqinile ziqala khona ukuya ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, kwanele ukwazi i-1 mi-oment - ehambisana nenani lama-engeli aqinile - ngenxa yokuthi ukuze kunqunywe esinye isikhathi esingaziwa endaweni ngayinye enjalo kunesimo sokulingana ∑M=0. Ukunquma s1 + s2 + e + a1 + a2 okungaziwa kusasele2_k_ izimo zokulingana.
Imibandela yebhalansi yamandla angaphandle kuzisekeli eziyisicaba
Ukusabela kwepuleti kusekela ukuphumula kubheyili eyodwa emile nenyakazayo (isib.9) atholakala ngemidwebo kusetshenziswa amapholigoni anamandla. Umugqa wokuhlasela wamandla B uyaziwa futhi unesiqondiso sokusekela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi umugqa wokuhlasela kwamandla Ka kumele udlule ezimpambanweni zamandla B no-P. Ibalwa kusukela kusimo Ma =0, H =0futhi Mb =0kancane kancane kunqunywa amandla B, C kanye no-A. Ukumisa ipuleti kuma-bearings amathathu anyakazayo (isig.10) ilungile kuphela uma imigqa yokusabela ingaphambanisi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukusabela kunqunywa ngemifanekiso kusetshenziswa amapholigoni wamandla noma ngekhompyutha kusetshenziswa izibalo zesikhashana ngokuhlobene namaphoyinti lapho imigqa yokuhlasela emibili nemibili yamandla ihlangana khona.
Sl.9
Fig. 10
Esimeni sokusekela okunqunywe ngokwezibalo ngaphandle kokuzinza kwangaphakathi, ngaphezu kwemibandela yebhalansi yamandla angaphandle ewonke, izimo zamalunga nazo ziyangeniswa, eziveza imfuneko yokuthi amalunga awakwazi ukuthola izikhathi zokugoba. Ngakho-ke, umugqa wokuhlasela wokusabela u-Ka wohlaka olunamahinge amathathu ku-Fig. 11 mora udlula ku-joint g, futhi ipuleti elingakwesokudla lingaba ngokulingana kuphela lapho amandla amathathu asebenza kulo (P, Kb kanye namandla ekuhlanganyeleni = Ka) enqamula endaweni eyodwa. Ukuze uthole izimo zokulingana eziqukethe eyodwa kuphela engaziwa ngayinye, kulula ukubala ngezingxenye eziqondile zokusabela A no-B kanye nezingxenye C no-D emgqeni oxhuma amaphuzu okusekela. Kusukela kumibandela ethi Mb = 0 kanye no-Ma = 0, amabutho A no-B atholakala, futhi kusukela kusimo se-joint Mg = 0, ngenxa yamandla ahlasela ipuleti elingakwesokunxele, kutholwe i-force C, futhi kumandla asepuletini elingakwesokudla, phoqa u-D. Ngendlela efanayo, ukusabela kunqunywa ezisekelweni zefreyimu. 12. Ngomthwalo onikezwe lapha, indlela eshesha kakhulu yokuthola umphumela iwumfanekiso. Ibakaki elinamalunga ngokwefig. 13. Izingxenye ezivundlile zamandla angaphandle ahlasela ukusekela zitholwa umbhede omile, amandla F atholakala ku-∑H=0. Ipuleti II limiswe ezindaweni g1 kanye naku-g2 kumapuleti I kanye no-III, kanye nepuleti IV kokuthi g3 ngo-III. Amandla aqondile kumajoyinti G1, G2, G3 kanye nokusabela E kunqunywa kusukela kusimo sokulingana sepuleti II noma IV, bese isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukusabela kuthi B, __, kunqunyiwe.
Fig. 11 kanye 12, ngokulandelanayo
Fig. 13
Ukunqunywa kosayizi bangaphakathi abamile
Amandla e-Axial S ama-rod alula, njengomthetho, athathwa njengephozithivu uma enamandla okucindezela, futhi engemihle uma engamandla okucindezela. Ngendlela efanayo, uphawu lwamandla avamile N kugongolo luyanqunywa. Amandla avamile Ni endaweni ethi i ingxenye ehambisana ne-tangent kuya e-axis ye-beam endaweni i yomphumela R wawo wonke amandla asebenza emgodleni ohlangothini olulodwa lwephoyinti i. Amandla aguquguqukayo Qi ingxenye evamile ku-eksisi yenduku endaweni futhi efanayo kanye nomphumela, futhi umzuzu wokugoba Mi umzuzu womphumela (fig. 14). Ukunqunywa kwamanani N, Q kanye M kwenziwa njalo kusukela kumandla angawodwana kanye nezingxenye zawo ezihambisanayo ne-perpendicular ku-eksisi yenduku ngaphandle kokunquma umphumela R. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhombisi-ndlela ezinhle kuboniswa kumfanekiso. 15.
Fig. 14 kanye nokuthi 15, ngokulandelanayo
Njengoba ukusabela kosekelo kunqunywa ngemifanekiso, amandla avamile, izikhathi zokugoba namandla aguqukayo anganqunywa kusukela kupholigoni yamandla kanye nohlelo lapho amandla anikezwa khona ngendawo. Isibonelo, kukholamu yesokunxele yohlaka olunamahinge amathathu kufig. 11ingxenye eqondile yamandla Ka ingamandla avamile (negethivu), ingxenye evundlile ingamandla aguquguqukayo (negethivu), kanye Mi = Kari isikhathi sokugoba, sinegethivu lapho izikhathi ezibangela ukungezwani ngaphakathi zibhekwa njengezinhle.
Kuwo wonke ama-node lapho ama-rod ahehe, izimo ∑X=0, ∑Y=0 kufanele zihlangatshezwe. Amagridi akhiwe ngendlela elula kakhulu - ngokuxhuma ama-node ngezinduku ezimbili lilinye - ahlale enendawo okungenani eyodwa lapho kuhlangana khona izinduku ezimbili kuphela. Ngokususa amanodi anjalo, lesi sici siyagcinwa. Ukubalwa kwamandla e-axial kuzinduku kungenziwa ngokuxazulula kancane kancane izibalo ezimbili nezimbili ezingaziwa ngakunye.
Isixazululo esiyingcaca sitholakala ngokwakha force plan (Cremana plan) ngokuya ngefig. 16. Amandla angaphandle P1 ukuya ku-P6 ayalingana. Amandla kuma-rod Si anqunywa kancane kancane kusukela endaweni 1 futhi ukusuka ku-node kuya endaweni ngokulandelana amakwe ngayo. Ukumakwa kwamandla nakho kwenziwa ngokulandelana okunqunyiwe. I-node ngayinye ihambisana ne-polygon yamandla enesiqondiso somcibisholo oqhubekayo, lapho izimpawu zamandla ezinduku zilandela khona. Uma isigaba senziwa ngokusekela futhi uma ezindaweni lapho izinduku zisikwa khona amandla asebenza kulezo zinduku asetshenziswa njengamandla angaphandle, ingxenye ngayinye ye-lattice iyalingana. Kulokhu, inqubo ka-Culmann'irekhodwa, lapho amandla entonga engafanele anganqunywa ngokuzimele ngaphandle kwamanye amandla.
Fig. 16
Esixazululweni sokuhlaziya senkinga yokusetha izibalo nengaziwa, inqubo ka-Ritter ibaluleke kakhulu. I-lattice inqunywe ukuze izinti ezintathu zithinteke ngokusikwa. Amandla emigoqo yesigaba asetshenziswa engxenyeni ngayinye ye-truss njengamandla okucindezela, kusukela ku-node kuya esigabeni. Izimo zokulinganisa zisebenza engxenyeni ngayinye ye-lattice. Ukuphambana kwezinti ezimbili nezimbili eziphambanayo indawo yesikhashana lapho kunqunywa amandla entongeni yesithathu (iphoyinti Ritter's). Uma i-ri iyibanga lamandla Si ukusuka endaweni yesikhashana i, futhi Mi iyisikhathi samandla asebenzayo nokusabela kwezisekelo maqondana nephuzu elithi i, khona-ke amandla entongeni anikezwa isisho
Si = ± Mi/ri
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Ngokuvumelana nefig. 17 kanye 18 amabutho kuma-cross-sectional rods yilawa:
On = -Mn/rn; Susa-1 = Mn-1/rn-1;
Dn = Md/rd; Ln = Mv/rv.
Lapho ukwakhiwa kwesithombe kunganikezi ukunemba okwanele, izindawo ezimi kuzo amaphuzu angu-d kanye no-v kanye namabanga rd kanye no-rv kufanele kubalwe. Ekubalweni kwamandla D kanye no-L, izisho ezilandelayo zifaneleka kakhulu, lapho kuphela amaphuzu esici segridi avela njengamaphoyinti esikhashana (fig. 19, 18):
D = (Mu/hu – M(o)/ho) * (d/λd), (35)
Ln = ± Ql ± (Mn tgβn + M’n tgγn)/hn.
Kuma-lattices anamabhande ahambisanayo, amandla D no-L angatholakala ngokuqondile kumandla aguquguqukayo:
D = Q/sin__φ_; L=±Q
Sl.19
Umthwalo ohambayo kanye nemigqa yethonya
Uma ukusekelwa kulayishwa ngomthwalo ohambayo, amandla agxilile ebangeni eliqhubekayo phakathi komunye nomunye, khona-ke ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ezikhundleni zomthwalo ezingathandeki kakhulu. Ukuze uthole i-beam elula kuzisekelo ezimbili, amandla amakhulu aguquguqukayo Qmax angatholwa kusetshenziswa i-A-polygon, kanye nomzuzu wokugoba omkhulu kunawo wonke ongu-Mmax kusetshenziswa i-polygon yeketango lohlelo lwamandla usekelo oluhamba ngaphansi kwalo.
Lapho kunqunywa umugqa wokuthonya wenani elilodwa elimile noma lejometri, kanye nomthwalo Pm=1ehamba ngebhande elilayishiwe lenkampani yenethiwekhi, endaweni ngayinye yokulayisha engu-m isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwamandla, kusukela kumugqa owodwa onguziro, inani elibaliwe elingu-ηm losayizi odingekayo. Umugqa ohlanganisa izindawo zokugcina zalezi zixhumanisi umugqa wethonya. Imigqa yethonya yesikhathi sokugoba Mi namandla aguquguqukayo Qi endaweni i ye-beam esekelwe emaphoyintini angu-a kanye no-b imigqa eqondile ga kanye no-gb izigaba zayo eziqondile ezisekelweni ezithi aa’ = xi (=M’i= ye-_A1) kanye no-bb’ = x’i (=M’‘i kwe-B=1) (isib.20). Umugqa wethonya wamandla A unikezwa umugqa gb, okuhlanganisa kwawo ku-eksisi eqondile kungu-a aa’=1.
Sl.20
Umugqa wokuthonya wenani ngalinye elimile losekelo olunqunywe ngokwezibalo uqukethe imigqa eqondile ehambisana namapuleti aqinile eketango eliphoqelelwe le-kinematic elidalwe ukungafakwa kwenani eliceliwe. Imigqa inqamula kokuqondile ngamaphoyinti esikhashana, noma ngamaphoyinti lapho amapuleti ancike khona. Indawo eboshwe umugqa onguziro, umugqa wokuthonya kanye nezixhumanisi ezimbili ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yethonya. I-divider (iphoyinti elinguziro lomugqa wokuthonya) ihlukanisa izingxenye ezinhle nezingezinhle zendawo yethonya.
Njengoba ηm imele ithonya lamandla anyakazayo Pm=1enanini elidingekayo Z, Pmηm umthelela wamandla Pm, kuyilapho uhlelo lwamandla P lubangela ukuthonya Z=∑Pη. Amanani omkhawulo wethonya maxZ kanye ne-minZ azotholakala lapho uhlelo olunyakazayo lwamandla ahlanganisiwe axhunyiwe lusethwa ukuze amandla amakhulu aphindaphindwe ngama-ordinate amakhulu. Lapho isikhundla esingesihle kakhulu singaziwa ngokuqiniseka, ithonya elisuka emugqeni wethonya kufanele libalwe eceleni ukuze kubekwe izikhundla ezihlukene zomthwalo (inqubo ephindaphindayo).
Ngomthwalo osatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo p t/m ngu-Z = _∫_p dx η = pF, lapho F ingusayizi omakiwe wengxenye efanelekile yendawo enomthelela. Ekulayishweni okuyingxenye kobude obulinganiselwe c kanye nokuma kwe-rectilinear komugqa wethonya (I-Fig.58) umthwalo kufanele ubekwe ukuze η1 = η2 (c1= cxi/l; c2= cx’i/l), ngakho sithola Z = pc (ηi + η1)/2. Ekudluliselweni komthwalo okungaqondile, umugqa wokuthonya uphakathi kwezixhumanisi ηn kanye no-ηn+1 izinguquko emugqeni oqondile, fig.21.
Sl.21