Yakakosha Technical uye Chengetedzo Cherechedzo: Ichi chinyorwa chedzidzo chemudura, kwete chiverengero chakamira, dhizaini yekuvaka, kana bhuku rekuita. Mafomula, mamodheru ekutsigira nemadhirowa zvakatamiswa kubva kune zvekutanga pasina kusimbiswa kwehunyanzvi kana kuchinjirwa kumitemo yanhasi. Kutakura simba, kugadzikana, mitoro, zvishandiso, majoini uye hwaro hwechimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kutariswa neinjiniya yehurumende yakasimbiswa zvichienderana nemiyero inoshanda, geotechnical data uye mamiriro chaiwo echimiro. Iyo mifananidzo inodzidzisa uye haimiriri mapurojekiti akasimbiswa eSavo Kusić.
Kuverengera kwakasimba uye dhizaini yezvimiro zvinotsigira haisi chikamu chekambani itsva inopihwa neruzhinji. Ikozvino kutariswa kwekugadzira kunosanganisira mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo uye magonhi etsika Kune rimwe hwindo kana purojekiti yemusuwo, unogona kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni
Chimiro uye kupatsanurwa kweanotakura
Zvinhu zvekutsigira: kugadzikana kwemukati nekunze
Zvinhu zvekutakura ndezvi:
Simple rods inokwanisa kufambisa chete mauto anotsikirira kana kutsikirira ane mutsara wekurwisa unofambirana neaxis yetsvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matanda mumapfundo akasungwa nemajoini apo pasina kupesana, uye kuti mauto ekunze anorwisa mafundo. Zvitsigiro zvinongoumbwa netsvimbo zviri nyore zvinodaidzwa kunzi trusses.
Zvimiti zvinopokana nekukotama - matanda - anogona kutapurirana masimba ese ane mitsetse yekurwisa inopindirana neaxis yetsvimbo, uye mauto ane mitsetse yekurwisa inofambirana neakisi yetsvimbo kana kurerekera pairi. Miti inogashira mauto akajairwa, masimba anochinjika, nguva dzekukotama uye, mune yakapihwa kesi, torsion nguva. Ayo ari mapfundo anogona kusungwa nemahinji kana nemakona akaomarara.
Supports uye clamps inodzivirira tsigiro kubva kuenda kunzvimbo dzakagadziriswa mundege kana nzvimbo. Rutsigiro rumwe norumwe runokwanisa kuendesa simba mune imwe nzira iyo inopfuura nepakati yakamiswa node. Kana pachingova nerutsigiro rwumwechete murutsigiro runotsigirwa - nzvimbo yetsigiro - inonzi movable bearing yerutsigiro rwenzvimbo. Kana node ichitsigirwa nezvitsigiso zviviri, inodaidzwa kuti immovable bed ye flat support, kana space carrier line bed. Mubhedha wakamira werutsigiro rwenzvimbo unoda zvitsigiro zvitatu.
Kudzvanywa kwega kwega kwetsvimbo isingatendeke kunokwanisa kufambisa kanguva kakarara mune imwe ndege. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, bhanhire risingazununguki rinobatanidzwa kune chitsigiro, kuitira kuti munyaya yehutsigiro hwefurati pane zvitsigiro zviviri uye imwe simbi, uye munyaya yekutsigira nzvimbo kune zvitatu zvinotsigira uye zvitatu. Mafambiro uye kutenderera kweimwe saizi kunogona kuitika panzvimbo dzekutsigira nekutsikirira.
Nhamba inodiwa yezvinhu zvekugadzikana kwerutsigiro inowanikwa kubva mumamiriro ekugadzikana kwemukati nekunze. Rutsigiro rwuri mukati rwakadzikama apo nzvimbo yepakati-yemukamuri yemanodhi erutsigiro inosimbiswa nenhamba yakakwana yetsvimbo kuitira kuti inogona kuchinjwa chete kana mamwe kana ose ematanda achinja kureba. Chitsigiro chemukati chakagadzikana chinonzi rigid plate. Rutsigiro rwuri kunze kana kugadzikana zvachose kana nzvimbo yepakati yemanodhi nenzvimbo yadzo zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzakatarwa dzendege, kana nzvimbo inogona kushanduka chete kusvika pakuchinja kwehurefu hwetsvimbo, kufamba kwezvitsigiro kana kutenderera kwe clamping.
Flat brackets
Huwandu hudiki hwetsvimbo hunodiwa pakudzikama kwemukati uye hushoma nhamba yetsvimbo uye zvitsigiro zvinodiwa pakudzikama kwekunze kwetruss ine s rods, a tsigiro uye k node ndeiyi:
s =2k -3
s + a =2k, (3 ≤ a)
Mamiriro ekutanga anowanikwa apo tsigiro inoumbwa kutanga kubva kune imwe tsvimbo nekubatanidza mamwe mapfundo netsvimbo mbiri imwe neimwe, iyo iyo tsvimbo iyo imwe node yakabatana haifanirwe kurara pamutsetse mumwe wakatwasuka.
Bracket ine s1 zvimiti, s2 tsvimbo dzinoshingirira kukotama, e makona akaomarara, a1 inotsigira, a2 pinches uye k nodes ndeyemukati, kana kunze yakagadzikana apo:
s1+ s2+ e ≥ 2k -3
s1+ s2+e + a1+ a2 ≥2k, (a=a1+ a2≥3)
Sl.1
Imwe neimwe kona yakaoma inogona kutsiviwa netsvimbo iri nyore. Kana mune imwe node i tsvimbo dzakanyatsobatana kune imwe neimwe, nhamba yemakona akaomarara mune iyo node ndi i-1. Apo kuputika kwematanda (consoles) kuverengwa sematanda, magumo akasununguka anofanira kuverengwa se nodes. Chibhuraketi mumuonde.1pamwe s1=9, s2=7, e=5(maka pamufananidzo) uye k=12mukati yakagadzikana. Kana makona akaomarara4uye5ngatitsivei nemajoini uye matanda akareruka, ayo akanyorwa nemitsara yakaputsika pamufananidzo, ipapo s1=11, s2=7, e=3, nepo nhamba yemanodhi inoramba isina kuchinjwa.
Sl.2uye i2b
Kana mune imwe tsigiro ine hushoma hunodiwa nhamba yezvitsigiro, matanda ega ega kana akaomeswa makona anotsiviwa nezvitsigiro kana mabhanhire, tsigiro inorasikirwa nekugadzikana kwayo kwemukati, fig.2a, b. Kune zvitsigiro zvakadaro pane zvimwe zvinogoneka zvekuti kugadzikana kunogona kuongororwa sei. Kana p iri nhamba yemapuleti akaoma erutsigiro pasina kugadzikana kwemukati, nepo zvichifanira kucherechedzwa kuti danda rimwechete rakareruka kana tsvimbo inopokana nekukotama inosangana nemamiriro ekugadzikana kwemukati uye inogona kunzwisiswa sendiro yakaoma, uye kana z iri nhamba yekupindirana mumajoini, kugadzikana kwekunze kunoda kuti: a + z_3p. Huwandu hwemaitiro epakati mumubatanidzwa umo ndiro yakasungirirwa (fig.3,4,5) iri z=2(_uye-_1)
Sl.3uye4, zvichiteerana
Sl.5
Furemu yemuonde.6iri katanhatu statically indeterminate. Kana iyo overhangs, iyo isina pesvedzero pachiyero che static indeterminacy, ichiverengerwa setsvimbo, iyo yakaomeswa angles iyo yavanosungirirwa nayo kuhurongwa inofanirawo kuverengerwa uye magumo emahara eiyo overhangs anofanirwa kuverengerwa se node (s=7, e=6, a=9, k=8) Kune aya marudzi ezvitsigiro, iyo yakakodzera fomu yemamiriro ekuyedza kugadzikana kwemukati nekunze ndeiyi:
3_s_ ≥3k-3;3s+a ≥3k, (a≥3).
Panguva imwecheteyo, kupasa hakufanirwe kuverengerwa setsvimbo. Kazhinji, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, nzira inokurumidza kusvika pakugumisa pamusoro pehuwandu hwekusagadzikana kwehutano hwekutsigirwa ndeyekucheka matanda kana kusabatanidza huwandu husina kusimba kusvikira pasina mubvunzo yakagadzikana, yakatemerwa tsigiro yakasara. Nezvikamu zvitatu zvakaratidzwa mufig.7matatu static uwandu (simba remazuva ose, simba rinochinjika, nguva yekukotama) hazvibatanidzwe.
Kana mune imwe n0-nguva dzakasimba indeterminate flat lattice matanda ese ari mupfundo akabatana zvakasimba, dhigirii rekusagadzikana kwakamira kuri
n = n0+2s – k.
Fig. 6
Sl.7
Spatial inotsigira
Huwandu hudiki hwezvitsigiro zvespatial grids i=6. Mamiriro anotevera anoshanda pakugadzikana kwemukati nekunze:
s ≥3k -6; s + a ≥3k, (a≥6).
Mamiriro ekugadzikana kwemukati anosangana apo, kutanga kubva kune imwe triangular ndiro, mamwe nodes munzvimbo inosungirirwa nematanda matatu imwe neimwe, iyo isingafaniri kurara mune imwe ndege. Nenzira iyi, spatial grid yerudzi rwekutanga inogadzirwa, hunhu hwacho ndehwekuti inogara iine kanode imwe chete inosungirirwa tsvimbo nhatu chete, uye kuti inochengeta chimiro ichi kunyangwe iyo node ine matanda anoenderana inobviswa.
Uyezve, nzvimbo dzepakati dzinogona kuumbwa nekubatanidza mahwendefa e triangular nenzira iyo mahwendefa maviri maviri akabatanidzwa nematanda matanhatu, apo node imwe neimwe yakabatanidzwa kune mahwendefa ari pedyo ane tsvimbo mbiri imwe neimwe. Kubatana kwemahwendefa maviri kana maviri emukati akagadzikana magidhi epasi anogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nejoinhi rimwe uye tsvimbo nhatu dzisingapfuure nepakati iyo. Pakupedzisira, matatu matatu matatu mahwendefa anogona kubatanidzwa nawo12zvetsvimbo uye izvo nepo4tsvimbo pakati pendiro imwe neimwe. Kune yemukati, kana kugadzikana kwekunze kwezvitsigiro zvenzvimbo uko tsvimbo dzese dzakasungirirwa zvakasimba pakukotama nekumonyoroka, mamiriro acho anofanira kusangana.
6s ≥6(k-1);6s + a ≥6k
Naizvozvo, mutakuri mufig.8ndizvo24nguva dzisingaverengeki, izvo, sepakutanga, zvinogona kusimbiswa zviri nyore kana matanda mana akachinjika akachekwa uye nenzira iyi zvitanhatu zvisingazivikanwe hazvibatanidzwe mukuchekwa kwega kwega (1normal force,2transverse forces,2 mkukotama oment uye1torsional nguva). Kana isu tikabvisa f zvinongedzo nekuisa majoini mumatanda kana majoini avo, saka mamiriro ekugadzikana ndeaya:
6s – f ≥6(k-1);6s – f + a ≥6k.
Sl. 8
Mutoro uye maitiro: statics mabasa
Panyaya yezvitsigiro zvakadzika, masimba ekunze anofanira kurara mundege yerutsigiro, kana iri nzvimbo yezvitsigiro, vanogona kuve nechinzvimbo chekupokana. Mune trusses, inofungidzirwa kuti mutoro unorwisa pane nodes.
Masimba anoshanda anokonzera kupokana kwe zvinhu zvekunze, kuita kwezvitsigiso C muzvitsigiso uye kubana nguva E mumapinji. Kupikisa kwe mukati maelement erutsigiro - mauto e-cross-sectional - ndeaya: axial forces S mumatanda akareruka; mutsvimbo inoshingirira kukotama nekumonyorora mauto akajairika kana kureba N, nguva dzekukotama M, nguva dzekumonyoroka kana nguva dzekutenderera T nemasimba anochinjika Q. Kupokana kwezvinhu kunogona kukonzera shanduko yetembiricha uye kusunungurwa kwezvitsigiso.
Dimensioning yezvinhu zvega uye kuona ma voltages anoonekwa mazviri ibasa reMaterial Resistance. Paunenge uchitarisa maitiro e-static, iyo inoshandiswa inokosha chete kusvika pamwero wekuti mutoro unogara unoenderana nawo. Zvimwe zvinhu zvechinyorwa zvinotariswa chete kana zvasvika kune pesvedzero yekutsigira kufamba kana tembiricha shanduko (shrinkage, kuyerera) kana kana deformation inoda kuverengerwa. Kazhinji, magidhi anofanirwa kuongororwa kune akasiyana mitoro kesi izvo zvisingafanirwe kuitika panguva imwe chete (mutoro usingaperi, mutoro unobatsira, mutoro wemhepo, chando mutoro). Tichifunga kuti elastic deformation idiki zvekuti inogona kufuratirwa maererano nehukuru hweiyo sisitimu - uye izvi zvinowanzoitika - iyo musimboti wepamusoro unoshanda, zvichienderana nekuti ndeipi nyaya dzemutoro uye zvimwe zvinofurira zvinogona kuongororwa zvakasiyana uye iyo yakaverengerwa kukosha kweiyo static kana geometric huwandu hwakawedzerwa pamwe chete, pamwe nekumwe kururamisa kwehunhu kuburikidza nechikamu chekuchengetedza uye chinjikira. zvisina kunaka).
Statically yakatemerwa inotsigira
Zvisingazivikanwe uye zviripo equation
Mune latisi yakatemerwa, a maitiro ezvitsigiro uye s axial masimba hazvizivikanwe, kutsunga kunowanikwa kana latisi iine k node.2_k_ equation (∑X=0uye ∑Y=0) mundege i3k equation muchadenga. Mutsigiro yakafuratira, izvo zvisingazivikanwe zvinogona kudzikiswa kusvika s1 axial masimba ematanda akareruka, s2 masimba ajairika etsvimbo anoramba kukotama, e nguva dzekukotama mumakona akaoma, a1 kuita kwezvitsigiro uye a2 clamping nguva. Masimba anochinjika anofanirwa kutariswa kubva panguva dziri kumagumo ematanda uye masimba ekunze ari kushanda pakati pemanodhi. Mune node iyo i tsvimbo dzakasimba dzakabatanidzwa dzinotanga kune dzakavakidzana node, zvakakwana kuziva i-1 moment - iyo inoenderana nehuwandu hwemakona akaomesesa - nekuti pakusarudza imwe nguva isingazivikanwe mune yega yega node pane yakaenzana mamiriro ∑M=0. Kusarudza s1 + s2 + e + a1 + a2 zvisingazivikanwe zvichiripo2_k_ equilibrium conditions.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ekuenzanisa kwemasimba ekunze pane zvinotsigira flat
Kuita kweplate kunotsigira kuzorora pane imwe yakamira uye imwe inotakurika inotakura (fig.9) anowanikwa nemifananidzo achishandisa simba polygons. Mutsara wekurwisa kwechisimba B unozivikanwa uye une hutungamiri hwekutsigirwa panguva iyoyo, uye mutsara wekurwisa kwechisimba Ka inofanira kupfuura nekuyambuka kwemasimba B uye P. Inoverengwa kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu Ma =0, H =0uye mb =0zvinotemerwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemauto B, C uye A. Kuzorora ndiro pamabhengi matatu anofambiswa (fig.10) ndeyechokwadi chete kana mitsetse yemhinduro isingapesani pane imwe nguva. Zvinoitwa zvinotemerwa zvine graphic pachishandiswa maporigoni efosi kana kuti computationally kushandisa nguva equation zvinechekuita nepanopikana mitsetse miviri nembiri yemauto.
Sl.9
Fig. 10
Panyaya yezvitsigiro zvakatemerwa pasina kugadzikana kwemukati, kunze kwemamiriro ekuenzanisa kwemasimba ekunze zvakazara, mamiriro emajoini anounzwa, ayo anoratidza zvinodiwa kuti majoini haagone kugamuchira nguva dzekukotama. Nokudaro, mutsara wekurwisa wekuita Ka yehutatu-hinged furemu muFig. 11 mora inopfuura nepakati pejojo g, uye ndiro yakarurama inogona kuva mukuenzanisa chete apo mauto matatu ari kushanda pairi (P, Kb uye simba mumubatanidzwa = Ka) anopindirana pane imwe nguva. Kuti uwane equilibrium mamiriro ane imwechete isingazivikanwe yega yega, zviri nyore kuverenga neiyo yakatwasuka zvikamu zvemabatiro A uye B uye zvikamu C uye D pamutsara unobatanidza mapoinzi ekutsigira. Kubva pamamiriro ezvinhu Mb = 0 uye Ma = 0, masimba A uye B anowanikwa, uye kubva mumamiriro ekubatana kweMg = 0, nokuda kwemasimba anorwisa ndiro yekuruboshwe, simba reC rinowanikwa, uye nokuda kwemasimba ari pandiro yakarurama, kumanikidza D. Nenzira yakafanana, maitiro ezvitsigiro zvefuremu zvinogadziriswa. 12. Pamutoro wakapihwa pano, nzira inokurumidza yekuwana mhedzisiro ndeye graphically. Bracket ine majoini maererano neonde. 13. Zvikamu zvakadzika zvemasimba ekunze anorwisa rubatsiro zvinogamuchirwa nemubhedha wakamira, simba F rinowanikwa kubva ∑H = 0. Plate II inomira panzvimbo g1 uye g2 pamahwendefa I na III, uye ndiro IV pa g3 pa III. Masimba akamira mumajoini G1, G2, G3 uye maitiro E anotariswa kubva pakuenzanisa mamiriro eplate II kana IV, uyezve nhanho nhanho maitiro ndeaya B,D_, zvakatemwa.
Fig. 11 uye 12, zvichiteerana
Fig. 13
Kutemerwa kwemukati static saizi
Axial forces S yetsvimbo yakapfava, sekutonga, inoonekwa seyakanaka kana iine tension forces, uye yakaipa kana iri masimba ekumanikidza. Nenzira imwecheteyo, chiratidzo chesimba rakajairika N mudanda chinotemwa. Simba rinogara riripo Ni pachinhanho i ndicho chikamu chinofambirana negonyo kuakisi yedanda panzvimbo i yezvinobuda R zvemasimba ose anobata padanda kune rimwe divi repoindi i. Simba rinochinjika Qi ndicho chikamu chakajairwa kune axis yetsvimbo panzvimbo uye yakafanana uye inoguma, uye nguva yekukotama Mi ndiyo nguva yemhedzisiro (fig. 14). Kutsunga kwehuwandu N, Q uye M kunoitwa nguva nenguva kubva kumasimba ega ega uye zvikamu zvawo zvakadarikidzana uye perpendicular kune axis yetsvimbo pasina kutarisisa mhedzisiro R. Kokorodzano yenzira dzakanaka inoratidzwa mufig. 15.
Fig. 14 uye 15, zvichiteerana
Sezvo maitiro erutsigiro akatariswa zvine graphical, masimba akajairwa, nguva dzekukotama uye masimba anochinjika anogona kutariswa kubva paporigoni yesimba uye chirongwa umo masimba anopiwa nechinzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, muchikamu chekuruboshwe chetatu-hinged furemu mufig. 11 the vertical component yesimba Ka isimba rakajairwa (negative), chikamu chakachinjika isimba rinochinjika (negative), uye Mi = Kari nguva yekukotama, isina kunaka kana nguva dzinokonzera kusawirirana mukati dzichionekwa sezvakanaka.
Munzvimbo dzese dzine tsvimbo, mamiriro ∑X=0, ∑Y=0 anofanira kusangana. MaGridhi anoumbwa nenzira yakapfava - nekubatanidza node netsvimbo mbiri imwe neimwe - inogara iine kanodhi kamwechete panosangana tsvimbo mbiri chete. Nekubvisa node dzakadaro, chimiro ichi chinochengetwa. Kuverenga kweaxial forces mumatanda kunogona kuitwa nekugadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma maequation maviri ane maviri asingazivikanwe imwe neimwe.
Iyo graphic solution inowanikwa nekugadzira force plan (Cremana plan) maererano nefig. 16. Masimba ekunze P1 kusvika P6 ari mukuenzanisa. Masimba ari mumatanda Si anotemerwa zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kubva pachinhanho 1 uye kubva pane node kuenda kune node muhurongwa hwaanocherekedzwa. Kuisa chiratidzo chemasimba kunoitwawo maererano nekurongeka kwavanenge vatemwa. Node imwe neimwe inoenderana nepolygon yemauto ine museve unoramba uchitungamira, kubva kune izvo zviratidzo zvemasimba mumatanda zvinotevera. Kana chikamu chikaitwa kuburikidza nerutsigiro uye kana panzvimbo dzakachekwa matanda masimba anoshanda mumatanda iwayo anoshandiswa semasimba ekunze, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chelatiti chiri mukuenzanisa. Pane izvi, Culmann’s maitiro anorekodhwa, ayo simba riri mutsvimbo isina mwero rinogona kutariswa zvine graphic rakazvimiririra kubva kune mamwe masimba.
Fig. 16
Mumhinduro yekuongorora yedambudziko rekuisa equations neasingazivikanwe, Ritter maitiro akakosha zvakanyanya. Iyo latisi inochekwa kuitira kuti matanda matatu akanganiswa nekucheka. Masimba ari muzvikamu zvezvikamu anoshandiswa kune imwe neimwe chikamu chetruss semasimba ekukakavadzana, kubva pane node kusvika kune chikamu. Equilibrium mamiriro anoshanda kune imwe neimwe chikamu chelatisi. Mharadzano yetsvimbo mbiri nembiri dzinopindirana ndiyo nguva yekutarisisa simba riri mutsvimbo yechitatu (Ritter’s point). Kana ri iri chinhambwe chesimba Si kubva panguva i, uye Mi ndiyo nguva yesimba rinoshanda uye maitiro ezvitsigiro zvine chekuita neiyo poindi i, ipapo simba riri mutsvimbo rinopihwa nekutaura
Si = ± Mi/ri
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Maererano nemufananidzo. 17 uye 18 mauto ari muchinjika-chikamu matanda ndeaya:
On = -Mn/rn; Un-1 = Mn-1/rn-1;
Dn = Md/rd; Ln = Mv/rv.
Kana iyo graphical kuvaka ikasapa huchokwadi hwakakwana, nzvimbo dzenguva inopoinzi d uye v uye madaro rd uye rv anofanira kuverengerwa. Pakuverengera masimba D uye L, mazwi anotevera akakodzera zvakanyanya, umo chete hunhu hwemapoinzi egridi hunoonekwa senguva pfupi (fig. 19, 18):
D = (Mu/hu – M(o)/ho) * (d/λd), (35)
Ln = ± Ql ± (Mn tgβn + M’n tgγn)/hn.
Kune lattices ane mabhanhire akafanana, masimba D uye L anogona kuwanikwa zvakananga kubva kune inochinjika simba:
D = Q/chivi__φ_; L=±Q
Sl.19
Kufambisa mutoro uye pesvedzero mitsara
Kana iyo tsigiro yakatakurwa nemutoro unofamba, mauto akadzika pane imwe nguva chinhambwe pakati peumwe neumwe, ipapo bvunzo dzinofanirwa kuitwa kune most unfavorable load positions. Kune danda rakareruka pamatsigiro maviri, iro rakakura kudarika simba Qmax rinogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa A-polygon, uye yakakura yekukotama nguva Mmax uchishandisa cheni polygon yehurongwa hwemauto pasi pekutsigirwa kunofamba.
Pakusarudza mutsara wekupesvedzera kune imwe static kana geometric uwandu, uye yemutoro Pm=1iyo inofamba nebhanhire rakaremerwa remutakuri, kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo yekutakura m inoshandiswa pasi pesimba, kubva kune imwe zero mutsara, iyo yakaverengwa kukosha ηm yehukuru hunodiwa. Mutsetse unobatanidza magumo eaya ma ordinates ndiwo mutsara wekupesvedzera. Mitsetse yepesvedzero yenguva yekukotama Mi uye simba rinochinjika Qi panzvimbo i yedanda rinotsigirwa pamapoinzi a uye b mitsara yakatwasuka ga uye gb ine zvikamu zvakamira zvezvitsigiso zvinoti aa’ = xi (=M’i= ye_A).1) uye bb’ = x’i (=M’‘i ye B=1) (mukuyu.20) Mutsetse wesimba wesimba A unopihwa nemutsara gb, iwo dhizaini paakisi yakatwasuka inoti a aa’=1.
Sl.20
Mutsetse wepesvedzero yehuwandu hwakamira hwega hwega hwerutsigiro rwakatemerwa runosanganisira mitsetse yakatwasuka inoenderana nemarata akaomarara echeni yekumanikidzirwa yekinematic yakagadzirwa nekusabatanidzwa kwehuwandu hwakumbirwa. Iyo mitsetse inopindirana kune verticals kuburikidza nemapoinzi echinguvana, kana kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakasungirirwa mahwendefa. Nzvimbo yakasungwa nemutsara we zero, mutsara wepesvedzero uye maviri ma ordinates inonzi nzvimbo yepesvedzero. Iyo divider (zero point of the influence line) inopatsanura zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zvikamu zvepesvedzero pamusoro.
Sezvo ηm ichimiririra simba rekufamba Pm=1pahuwandu hunodiwa Z, i Pmηm simba resimba Pm, ukuwo maitiro emasimba P achikonzera kurudziro Z=∑Pη. Iwo muganho kukosha kwesimba maxZ uye minZ ichawanikwa kana iyo inofambisa sisitimu yeakabatana akabatana masimba akaiswa kuitira kuti mauto makuru awadzerwe neakanyanya maodhisheni. Kana iyo nzvimbo isingafadzi isingazivikanwe nechokwadi, pesvedzero kubva kumutsara wepesvedzero inofanirwa kuverengerwa padivi nedivi kune akasiyana mitoro nzvimbo (iterative process).
Pamutoro wakagovaniswa zvakaenzana p t/m i Z = _∫_p dx η = pF, apo F iri saizi yamaka yechikamu chakakodzera chenzvimbo inofurira. Pachikamu chemutoro wehurefu hushoma c uye rectilinear chimiro chepesvedzero mutsara (Fig.58) mutoro ngauiswe kuti η1 = η2 (c1= cxi/l; c2= cx’i/l), saka tinowana Z = pc (ηi + η1)/2. Mukufambiswa kwemutoro usina kunanga, mutsara wepesvedzero uri pakati pema ordinates ηn na ηn+1 shanduko mumutsara wakatwasuka, fig.21.
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