Kushushikana kwakajairika pamatanda akatwasuka nematanda ane kukombama kuduku
Tsananguro yesimba dzekucheka
Ngatitii tsvimbo yakatwasuka yakatakurwa nemasimba emarudzi akasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinongofungidzirwa kuti zvose zviri mundege imwe chete (ndege yemasimba) inopfuura nepakati peaxis yetsvimbo (mutsara unobatanidza nzvimbo dzepakati dzezvikamu zvemuchinjikwa).
Muf. 1
Kuti kuverengwe kushushikana kunoshanda muchikamu chemuchinjikwa n – n (fig. 1), zvinodikanwa kuziva simba rinopfuudzwa kuburikidza nechikamu ichi kubva pachikamu chimwe chetsvimbo kuenda kune chimwe. Zviri pachena kuti pahukuru nenzvimbo rinoenzana neuwandu hwemasimba ese anorwisa chikamu chimwe chetsvimbo. Uyu muunganidzwa unopatsanurwa kuva zvikamu muhurongwa hwemakongiresi umo x-axis inoenderana neaxis yetsvimbo, uye z-axis ndiro rwonzi rine ravanhu repasi rakatsemura ndege yemasimba. Chikamu chiri munzira yeaxis z chinonzi transverse force Q kana Qz uye kana chiri pabeam rakareruka rinoonekwa serakanaka kana kuruboshwe rwechikamu richienda kumusoro, uye kurudyi richienda pasi.
Kana tsvimbo yakakombama, maaxis emakorodhinati x ne z anenge aine gwara rakasiyana muchikamu chimwe nechimwe, uye zvinogara zvakadaro kuti x-axis igondobvu kune axis yetsvimbo. Kana ndege iri mairi axis yetsvimbo isingaenderani nendege yemasimba, kana kuti axis yetsvimbo iri curve yemuchadenga, mhedzisiro yemasimba kuruboshwe rwechikamu ine zvakare chikamu chechitatu, simba rekuyambuka Qy. Na N, Qz uye Qy saizi negwara resimba rinopfuudzwa nepachikamu zvinotsanangurwa, asi kwete nzvimbo yaro. Nokuda kweizvi zvinodiwawo kuti mamomenti aro maererano nemaaxis emakorodhinati azivikanwe. Panyaya yekukotama kwakatsetseka zvakakwana kuti kuzikanwe momendi yekukotama M kana My. Muchiitiko chakasarudzika zvikuru, panoonekwa imwezve momendi yekukotama Mz uye momendi kutenderedza x-axis, Mx.
Masimba matanhatu nemamomenzi akatsanangurwa muzvakataurwa kare anobatanidzwa pasi pezita rimwe rokuti “masimba emuchinjikwa”. Kuzviverenga ndiko rimwe remabasa makuru estatics yezvivakwa zvekuvaka.
Pakati pemutoro wakaparadzirwa zvisingapere p (saizi: simba pauniti yehurefu), masimba ekuchinjika Q uye moment yekukotama M pane hukama huri nyore panyaya yekukotama kwakatsetseka. Zvinoreva kuti, kubva pamamiriro ekuenzana kwechinhu chimwe chetsvimbo (muf. 2) zvinowanikwa
dQ + p dx = 0,
dM = Q dx;
naizvozvo
Q = dM/dx,
p = - dQ/dx = - d2M/dx2. (1a, b)
Fig. 2
Kugoverwa kwekushushikana kwakajairika
Kana tsvimbo ikatakurwa nesimba reaxial chete, muchikamu chinoonekwa chete kushushikana kweyakajairika kwakagoverwa zvakaenzana σ (tsvimbo iri mukutambanudzwa, kana mukumanikidzwa). Kana pamwe chete neizvozvo paonekwa momenti yokukotamisa, kushushikana uku kunofanira kugoverwa zvisina kuenzana neimwe nzira, kuitira kuti mhedzisiro yacho isazopfuura nepakati pegiravhiti yechikamu. Kuti kugoverwa uku kutsanangurwe, dzidziso yehunyanzvi yekukotamisa haibvi pane mhinduro yakasimba yezviitiko zvekutanga, asi inotsiva chikamu chezviitiko izvi nekufungidzira kunonzwisisika uko mune imwe nyaya yakareruka zvikuru kunyangwe kunonyatsozadzisika. Nyaya iyoyo chaiyo ndeyekukotamiswa kwetsvimbo yeprizmatic yakatwasuka pasina kuita kwemauto anoyambuka (fig. 3). Zvese zvikamu zvetsvimbo zviri kure zvakakwana kubva kumagumo ayo zvinotambura shanduko imwe chete, kubva pane izvo zvinobuda pakarepo kuti axis yetsvimbo inochinja kuita arc yedenderedzwa uye kuti ndege dzese dzezvikamu zvemuchinjikwa dzaimbova dzakatarisana neaxis yetsvimbo dzinoramba dzakatwasuka panguva yeshanduko, nokuti imwe neimwe yadzo inova ndege yekufanana kwezvikamu zviri pedyo zvetsvimbo yakashanduka. Zvinobva zvazvipa pachena kufungidzira kuti zvikamu zvemuchinjikwa zvinoramba zvakati sandara pedyo kunyange kana momenti yekukotamisa uye chikamu chemuchinjikwa chetsvimbo zvisiri zvenguva dzose, asi zvichichinja zvishoma nezvishoma pamwe chete netsvimbo. Kufungidzira uku kunonzi Navier-ova hypothesis ndiko kunoisa hwaro hwedzidziso yekukotamisa.
Fig. 3
Ukuru hwemishandirapamwe yenguva dzose
Kana chinhu chakatwasuka chedanda chakakotamiswa, chikamu chimwe che“tambo” dzacho, kureva mitsetse yezvinhu yakafanana neaxis yetsvimbo, chinotambanuka, nepo chimwe chikamu chipfupikiswa (muf. 4). Pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi pane tambo dzisina kushanduka z=0, dzisina kuchinja urefu padzichikotamiswa. Ngatiiti radius yekukombama kwetambo idzi kana dzakakotama iri ϱ uye ngairi mu x-z plano. Kubva pamuf. 4 m zvinogona kuverengwa
Δ dx/z = _dx/_ϱ
uye kubva ipapo kufungidzirwa kuwedzera kwefaibha pa chinhambwe z kubva paaxis isina mutoro, kuri
ε = Δ dx/dx = _z/_ϱ
saka zvichienderana nemutemo wa Hooke- nheyo kushushikana
σ _= Ez/_ϱ (2)
Muf. 4
Kushushikana uku kunoenderana nechinhambwe kubva kumafayibha asina mutoro. Mhedzisiro yakadaro yakabatana nefungidziro yekuti pamberi pekukanganisika mafayibha ese echikamu chebar aiva ehurefu hwakaenzana, zvekuti bhaa pakutanga raiva rakarurama, kana kuti raiva nekukotama kudiki zvekuti kukanganisa kwekukotama kwaigona kuregeredzwa. Mutsetse unocheka rukoko rwepakati pamwe neplane yechikamu unonzi axis isina mutoro. Tinougamuchira se y-axis (sl. 5). Nzvimbo yeaxis isina mutoro muchikamu chemuchinjikwa inowanikwa kubva pamamiriro ekuenzana kwemasimba munzira ye x-axis: kana simba rinomira N=0 (kukotama pasina simba rinomira), ipapo mhedzisiro yemasimba emukati inoratidzwa kuburikidza nekushushikana kwemaitiro muchikamu inofanirawo kuenzana ne zero:
Integral iri kurutivi rwerudyi i static moment yenzvimbo maererano ne y-axis. Kuti ive zero, axis iyi inofanira kuva rimwe remazhezi anopfuura nepane centre of gravity.
Moment M inokonzeresa deformation ine zvikamu zvayo maererano nemaaxis y na z ari mundege yechikamu (fig. 5):
Chiy. (3)
apo Iy, Iyz ari momenendi eequatorial necentrifugal einertia echikamu maererano nemaaxis akaratidzwa.
Nyaya inokosha zvikuru ndeyechikamu chakakosha apo Mz=0. Nyaya iyi inoitika apo Iyz=0, kureva kuti apo y ne z ndiwo maaxis makuru einertia echikamu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ndege yekukotama yakatorwa pano pamwe ne x-z-ndege inoenderana nendege iyo pairi kuita moment yekukotama M=My, kureva nendege yemasimba.
Muf. 5
Kana kubva kumaequations (2) na (3) _E/_ϱ ikabviswa, panowanikwa fomura yekuona kushushikana pakukotama kwakatwasuka (Iy=I):
σ = M/I * z (4)
kunzvimbo dzemicheto 1 uye 2 kunyanya kuri:
σ1 = M/I * h1 = M/W1, σ2 = - M/I * h2 = - M/W2. (5)
Hukuru W1,2 = I/h1,2 (chiyero: kureba kune wechitatu) hunonzi momeniti dzekudzivirira. Kana axis yepakati yakatwasuka iriwo axis yesymmetry yechikamu, ipapo W1 = W2, saka mamanikiro ekumucheto akaenzana maererano nehukuru hwawo hwakakwana.
Mutsara wakachinjika
Fig. 6
Kukosha kwemapatani ataurwa pamusoro apa kwakabatana nemutemo waHooke. Izvi zvinoda kuti σ << E, saka maererano ne (2) h << ϱ. Zvisinei, kukotama kunogona kuva kukuru zvekuti ϱ ive yehukuru hwakafanana nekureba kwetsvimbo l. Pamatanda akakotama anofungidzirwa mukuvaka nyaya iyi haiitiki; nguva dzose ϱ inenge iri huru zvikuru kupfuura l uye nokudaro kuderera w << l (fig. 6). Ipapo zvinofungidzirwa kuti:
1/ ϱ = - d2w/dx2 = -w’’
uye zvichibva pa(3):
w’’ = - M/EI.
Mhinduro iyi uye mamiriro ekuenzana (1b) zvinoumba hurongwa hweequation dzediferenshiyeri dzetanga rakakotama. Kuburikidza nekubvisa dzinogona kuderedzwa kuva imwe equation yedhigirii rechina:
wIV = + p/EI
kana, kana nguva ye inertia ichichinjika:
(EIw’’)’’ = +p.
Kubva mazviri, kuburikidza nekubatanidza, kunogona kuwanikwa chimiro chemutsara unochinjika kana mutoro p=p(x) wapihwa uye kana pamutsvimbo imwe neimwe muganhu miviri ichizivikanwa. Pamenzvimbo idzi, kanokwana maviri anofanira kunge achireva kushanduka. Kuti uwane zvakadzama, ona chinyorwa Statika yezvivakwa zvekuvaka.
Moyo wechikamu
Kana shaft isina kwairi ichicheka chikamu chemuchinjikwa, inoipatsanura kuita nzvimbo yekutambanuka nenzvimbo yekudzvanywa. Panyaya yezvinhu zvine simba diki pakutambanuka panomuka mubvunzo wokuti simba rekudzvanya rinofanira kurwisa papi, kana muchikamu chemuchinjikwa pasingafaniri panguva ipi zvayo kuva nekutambanuka. Nzvimbo inogona kurwiswa nesimba ipapo inoganhurirwa kunharaunda inonzi core yechikamu. Muganhu wecore zviri pachena nderuremekedzo rwemapoinzi, ayo mativi awo asina kwairi anoteta chikamu chemuchinjikwa pamupendero wayo. Nokudaro pano panguva imwe chete pane kupiwa kuvakwa kwayo.
Chinhambwe chemuganhu wekiresi kubva kuhwaro hwepakati, chakayerwa mune chero gwara, tichachiratidza ne k indekisi inoenderana negwara iroro. Kune maaxis makuru einershia maererano neequation
σ = N/F + Mz/Iz y + My/Iy z (6)
mazwi acho anotevera:
ky = i2z / ey, kz = i2y / ez. (7)
Pamusoro pekutenderera kwechikamu chemuchinjikwa chine radius r, chinhambwe chepakati pemwoyo ndeche k = r/4, uye pamhete yedenderedzwa (marezidhiyasi: ekunze R, emukati r) k = (R2 + r2) / 4R.
Kune rectangle (muf. 7) ky = 1/6 b, kz = 1/6 h. Saka, kana chikamu cherectangle chichitakura mutoro mune rimwe remaplanes ekuenzana (asi ipapo chete) zvinokwana kuti resultant irwise muchitatu chepakati chehurefu kana upamhi hwechikamu, kuti misungo muchikamu ive nechiratidzo chimwe chete.
Muf. 7
Kukotama munzvimbo yepurasitiki
Kana muganhu wekuyerera watosvikwa mumafiber ekunze etanda rakakotamiswa, simba raro harisati rapera ipapo, nekuti apo mafiber ekunze achichinjika nepurasitiki ari pakunetsekana kusingachinji, muzvikamu zviri pedyo neakisi isina mutoro, uko muganhu wekuyerera hausati wasvikwa, kushushikana kunowedzera, uye nekudaro zvakare momenti yekukotama iyo chikamu chingagamuchira inowedzera.
Kana nzira chaiyo yedhiyagiramu dzemutoro nekukanganisika ichizivikanwa, maitiro acho kune zvikamu zvine symmetry kaviri (urefu h) anogona kuteverwa nyore pakuverenga nenzira iyi: kana zvikamu zvichifungidzirwa kuti zvinoramba zvakati sandara, kubva kudhiyagiramu dzemutoro nekukanganisika panosarudzwa kugoverwa kwekushushikana σ kunokonzerwa nekukotama kunoenderana nekukwidziridzwa kwakatorwa kwekushanduka kwemafibha ekupedzisira ε__r uye kubva ipapo, nekubatanidza, panosarudzwa moment yekukotama. Kana izvi zvikaitwa kune dzakasiyana ε__r uye kune rumwe rutivi kukarukurwa kukombama kunoenderana kwemutsara wekukotama w’’ = 2 ε__r / h, unowana nhevedzano yemapoinzi ayo mutsara unopa hukama pakati pe moment yekukotama nekukombama M = M(w’’); hukama uhwu hausisiri hwemutsetse, uye kana hwazivikanwa zvinobvira nekubatanidza kwemifananidzo kusarudza mutsara wekukotama unoenderana nekugoverwa kwemamoment kwakapiwa. Kana chikamu chisina symmetry, kuverenga kunowedzera kuoma, nokuti kune imwe neimwe ε__r panofanira zvakare kutsanangurwa nzvimbo yeakisi isina mutoro.
Muf. 8
Kuverenga kunorerutswa kusvika pamwero wakati kana, kunze kwekuenzana kwechikamu, kufungidzirwa zvakare hukama hwakareruka pakati pekushushikana nekukura maererano nefig. 8. Ipapo kushushikana kunokonzerwa nekukotama mushure mekupfuura muganhu wekuyerera kune kugoverwa kunoratidzwa mufig. 9 uye momenzi wekukotama ndeuyu:
saka kukombama kwomutsetse wokukotama kunowanikwa kana equation (2) yashandiswa pachikamu chechikamu chine kushushikana munzvimbo yeelastic w’’ = σf / Ez’. Kana chimiro chechikamu chichizivikanwa kune yega yega z’ yakagamuchirwa, maintegral anogona kuverengwa. Semuenzaniso, panyaya iri nyore yechikamu chemuchinjiko chakatsetseka chine upamhi b nekukwirira h ndeiyi
Kana pano z’ ikaratidzwa nerubatsiro rwe w’’, zvinobuda
Pazvikamu zveI uye zvakafanana nazvo, kufamba kwe_ M-w’’_ curve munzvimbo yepurasitiki kunotonyanya kurereka uye moment inozoitika panotanga kuyerera yakaenzana zvinenge neyakakura kupfuura dzose yekukotama iyo chikamu chingakwanise kutsungirira. Saka, kukosha kwekukotama kwepurasitiki mukuvaka hakusi kuwedzera moment yekukotama iyo chikamu chinogona kutakura, asi pakuti kuumbwa kukuru kwenzvimbo kunoitika pamuganhu wekuyerera kunogona kutungamirira kushanduka kunobatsira kwekuparadzirwa kwemasimba mumasystem asingatsananguriki statically.
Muf. 9
Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa pamuenzaniso werutsigiro runoenderera rwune zvikamu zviviri. Ngatitii rutsigiro (muf. 10) rune zvikamu zvehurefu hwakaenzana, chikamu chakafanana uye rwakatakurirwa nemutoro wakagoverwa zvakaenzana. Ipapo, kusati kwasvikwa muganhu wekuyerera, moment pamusoro petsigiro MB = _pl_2/8. Kana mutoro p ukawedzerwa kusvika moment muchikamu chetsigiro wasvika kukosha Mf panotanga kuyerera, pakuwedzera mutoro mberi, pakwenzvimbo iyi kuchawedzerawo kukotama pasina kuwedzera kunooneka kwement. Panoumbwa inonzi plastic hinge, kureva kuti rutsigiro pasi pemutoro wekuwedzera runozvibata sokunge pamusoro petsigiro yepakati pane hinge. Mutoro unogona kuramba uchiwedzerwa kusvikira pakatanga kuyerera zvakare panzvimbo yemoment mukuru muchikamu. Kuwedzera mberi kwement yekukotama hakuchaiti uye kugona kutakura mutoro kwerutsigiro kunenge kwapera. Mutoro panotangira mamiriro aya unonzi mutoro wemuganhu.
Fig. 10
Kazhinji zvinogona kutarisirwa kuti musystem imwe ine kusarudzika kwestatiki kakawanda n kuchafanira kuonekwa (n+1) majoini epurasitiki usati system yava kufamba uye nokudaro yasvika pamuganhu wayo wekukwanisa kutakura mutoro. Zvisinei, mutemo uyu une zvisizvo kumativi ose maviri. Sezvinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso wakataurwa, pamuganhu wekutakura mutoro mapurasitiki maviri matsva anogona kuoneka panguva imwe chete (muminda miviri), kuitira kuti system yakanga ichiri isingafambi kusvika ipapo ipinde kamwechete musystem ine madhigirii maviri erusununguko. Kune rimwe divi, zvinogoneka kuti kunyange paine mashoma pane (n+1) majoini epurasitiki, kukwanisa kutakura mutoro kunenge kwatosvika pamuganhu wemunharaunda, semuenzaniso kana pajoini rinoramba richitakura mutoro repamusoro rimwe chete richityoka pabhiriji rinoenderera. Muf. 11 unoratidza kuti izvi zvinogona kuitika sei musystem ine kusarudzika kwestatiki kaviri ine n=2 majoini epurasitiki. Kana muchikamu chekurudyi chetsigiro chikawedzerwa zvakare chikamu chechina, tsigiro inova ine kusarudzika kwestatiki katatu, saka majoini epurasitiki (n-1) anokwana kuti chikamu chekuruboshwe chete chisvitswe pamuganhu wekukwanisa kutakura mutoro.
Muf. 11
Kusveta kunokonzerwa nekukotama
Kuverenga kwekutanga
Fig. 12
Maspaneti akajairwa σ, kureva maspaneti anoonekwa chaizvo nekuda kwekukotama haasi iwo ega maspaneti mutsvimbo yakakotama, asi pamusoro pawo panobudawo maspaneti ekusheara nekuda kwekuita kwesimba rekucheka. Tichifunga kuti chimiro chikuru chedzidziso yehunyanzvi yekukotama ndechekuti kukanganisika kunokonzerwa nemaspaneti ekusheara kunofuratirwa, aya anogona kutsanangurwa chete kubva pamamiriro ekuenzana. Kuti izvi zvimiswe, chinhu chebeam dx chinochekwa, sezvakaratidzwa pamuf. 12, nendege yakatwasuka kuita zvikamu zviviri, vozosetwa mamiriro ekuenzana kwemasimba akatwasuka anorwisa chikamu chezasi. Kuruboshwe pane masimba emukati anoratidzwa nemaspaneti σ nekuda kwekukotama, ayo anofanira kubatanidzwa kubva ku z’ = z kusvika ku z’ = h2
Kurutivi rwerudyi pane kushanda mafashoni mamwe chete, asi akawedzerwa nediferensheni zvinoenderana nemomento yekukotama inoenderana M + dM. Musiyano uri pakati pemasimba ari kumativi ese echinhu unofanira kuenzana nesimba rinobva kumafashoni ekutsvedza τ anoshanda munzvimbo yakachinjika yekucheka t dx:
Pano integral inomiririra static moment yechikamu checross-section chakaparadzaniswa nehorizontal cross plane maererano neaxis yepakati pechikamu. Inoratidzwa ne S. Kubva pa dM/dx = Q kubva mumamiriro ekuenzana tinowana:
τ = QS/It. (8)
Izvi, maererano nechirevo chekudyidzana kwemishear stress, ndihwo hukuru hwe vertical shear stress inoshanda pamusoro pechikamu chemuchinjikwa uye iyo, pamwe chete na S na t, iri basa ra z.
Fig. 13
Muf. 13.1
Equation (8) inopa data rakavimbika pakucheka kwese kwegobvu dzakatetepa kana ndege yekucheka ikasaaiswa yakafanana ne neutral axis, asi ichitarisa ukobvu hwemadziro. Saka I-profile inochekwa ichipfuura nepaflange nembabvu, zvichiita kuti pave nekupararira kwematambudziko kwakataridzwa pa sl. 13.1. Pakucheka kwechindori (sl. 13) shear stresses dzakarongwa zvakaenzana maererano nedhayamita yakatwasuka uye kuruboshwe nekurudyi pamutsetse wepakati dzinosvika pakakwirira
τ = Q / πrt.
Kana chikamu chakamurwa panzvimbo yepamusoro kana yepasi zvikuru, kugoverwa kwekushushikana kwekucheka hakuchinji; zvisinei, kana chikamu chakamurwa kumagumo ekurudyi kwehupamhi hwakatwasuka (muf. 14), kushushikana kwekucheka panzvimbo iyoyo kunoenzana ne zero, asi kukosha kwacho kunopetwa kaviri kumagumo ekuruboshwe kwehupamhi humwe chete.
Fig. 14
Zvikamu zvakazara
Pamakororo akazara echimiro chipi nechipi, dambudziko repfudzi dzekucheka rine hukama hwepedyo nedambudziko retorsion. Equation yekutanga (8) muchiitiko ichocho haitovimbi zvakare. Kune chikamu chakatenderera chine radius r equation (8) inopa
τ = 4Q / 3__πr2
sekureva kweavhareji yeshear stress pamwe ne neutral axis, uye kukosha chaiko kunongova kwakakura nezvikamu zvishoma zvemazana.
Nzvimbo yekusheura
Kana pakaverengwa kumanikidzwa kwekucheka kweU-chikamu nenzira yakatsanangurwa pamusoro, kugoverwa kwekumanikidzwa kunoratidzwa pa sl. 15. Mhedzisiro yemasimba emukati anowirirana isimba rekucheka Q. Kubva pamufananidzo kunoonekwa nzvimbo yaro maererano nechikamu, kureva kuti haripfuuri nepane pakati pehuremu hwechikamu, uye harirari mundege yeribhi. Kana simba rekucheka rakaverengwa kubva pasimba rekunze risina nzvimbo inoratidzwa pa sl. 15, danda harina kutakurwa nekukotama chete, asiwo netorsion.
Kana kune chiwanikwa chemuchinjikwa chimwe chete chikaonekwa chinopindirana nekushushikana kwekucheka kune mutoro wakatwasuka, panobuda mutsetse wokushanda wesimba rinoyambuka rakatwasuka. Pamharadzano yemitsara miviri iyi yekushanda panowanikwa poindi inozivikanwa yechikamu chemuchinjikwa chakapiwa, inonzi nzvimbo yekucheka M. Mucheka mutsigiro hapana kushushikana kunooneka nokuda kwekutenderera kana nzvimbo dzekucheka dzemichinjikwa yose dziri pamutsetse mumwe, uye mitoro yose yakatwasuka kune axis yetsvimbo ichipfuura nemutsetse iwoyo. Zvikasadaro, nguva yesimba rega rega maererano nemutsetse unobatanidza nzvimbo dzekucheka inomiririra kucheka kwekutenderera.
Muf. 15
Maitiro esimba retransversal pakukotama
Pfungwa yehunyanzvi yekukotama inobva pakuregeredza deformation dzinokonzerwa nemasimba ekusheera. Naizvozvo inogona kushandiswa chaizvo kumatanda marefu matete, apo kuregeredza uku kwakakodzera uye simba rinoyambuka harina simba rinonzwika pakukotama.
Zvakaitika zvisinei zvakaratidza kuti dzidziso yehunyanzvi yekukotama inogona, aine budiriro yakati, kushandiswawo pamatsigiro mapfupi, akakwirira, ayo pachokwadi isiri iyo yaakatarirwa. Ipapo panomuka kudiwa kuti pesvedzero yekushanduka kunokonzerwa nemaitiro ekugera, iyo yakaregeredzwa mudzidziso iyi, itariswe zvakare, kana zvishoma nezvishoma, pashure.
Sezvakangoitawo maitiro ekugera τ nokuda kwemasimba anoyambuka uye kutsvedza kunoenderana γ_’ =_ τ_/G_ zvakagoverwa zvisina kuenzana pamuchinjikwa. Nokudaro kunounzwa kukosha kwazvo kwepakati γ, kunoonekwa kuitira kuti simba rinoyambuka, pakukosha kwepakati uku kwekushanduka, riite pabumbiro regumbo dx basa rekushanduka rakaenzana nerinowanikwa kana mabasa emaitiro ekugera akabatanidzwa pane zvimedu zvevhoriyamu zvakasiyana zvinoumba chikamu chegumbo chiri kutariswa:
kwazvinobva
Integral inogona kuverengwa kana kugoverwa kwekushushikana kwekuveura mucheka kuchizikanwa. Sezvo kushushikana kwese kwekuveura kwakafanana ne Q/F, saka kukosha kwayo kwakafanana ne Q2/F2 * F, uye kana tichiti kuri κ__Q2/F, zvinobva zvawanikwa
γ = κ__Q / GF.
Rinoramba κ rinonzi koef. wekugoverwa kwematsindiro ekugera. Pamativi ane chimiro chechikwere kana rectangle κ=1,2.
Fig. 16
Kana koef. κ, uye nokudaro kutsvedza kwepakati γ, kuchizikanwa, kukotama kwekuwedzera wQ, kunokonzerwa nemasimba ekuyambuka, kunogona kuverengwa uye kunofanira kuwedzerwa kune kukotama w: nokuti maererano nemuf. 16 zviri
saka nekuda kwe Q = dM/dx:
apo chirevo chekubatanidza chinowanikwa kubva pamuganho mumwe chete.