Okuqukethwe kochwepheshe benqolobane: isihloko silondoloza izinqubo zomlando, amafomula, amathebula nemidwebo emkhakheni wezakhiwo ezimile, kodwa akuyona iphrojekthi, ukubala okumile, ubufakazi bomthamo womthwalo, ipulani yokuhlanganisa noma ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo esikhona. Izisekelo, ububanzi, imithwalo, inhlanganisela yezenzo, i-geometry, izinto zokwakha, ukuxhumana, ukuzinza, ukukhathala, ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezigaba zokwakha kufanele kunqunywe into ethile ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezivumelekile. Izakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo ziklanywa futhi zihlolwe onjiniyela abagunyaziwe.
Namuhla, i-Savo Kusić igxile emafasiteleni okhuni, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela ngokwezifiso, umnyango kanye nezicelo zekhotheshini. Lesi sihloko sihlala siyingobo yomlando yomlando futhi asimeleli ukunikezwa kwedizayini, ukubalwa noma ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo zokwakha.
Amafomula Namamaki: izinkulumo zezibalo embhalweni zidluliselwe ngedijithali zisuka emthonjeni oskeniwe futhi zingaqukatha amaphutha okubhala noma e-OCR. Akumele zifakwe esibalweni ngaphandle kokuqhathaniswa nomthombo ogunyaziwe, amayunithi okuhlola, izimpawu, okucatshangwayo kanye nezimo zemingcele.
I-beam elula
Ukusabela kosekelo, izikhathi zokugoba, ukonakala nezikhathi ezimile zobuso be-M0-zezinye izimo zokulayisha ezivame ukwenzeka zinikezwa kuthebula 1.
Umthwalo oqhubekayo onamandla agxilile
Ngokulayisha okulinganayo (isib.1) ukubala kulula kakhulu ukuwenza ngamakholomu amabili okuhlanganisa ngendlela yetafula. Ngokusekelwe ebudlelwaneni phakathi komthwalo, amandla aguquguqukayo nesikhathi
_Qn = Qn+1+ I-Pn ne-Mn+1/_λ _= Mn/_λ + Qn+1
amandla aguquguqukayo ensimini n anqunywa kuqala, kusukela kumandla aguquguqukayo phakathi nogodo, bese kuba izikhathi zokugoba emaphoyintini athile kusukela enanini Mi/λ.
Fig.1namatafula asizayo.
Lapho umthwalo u-asymmetrical, futhi amabanga amandla alingana, amatafula alandelayo afanele ukubala (isib.2). Noma yimuphi umthwalo we-asymmetric ungaba ngokusho komkhiwane.3buyisela ngomthwalo owodwa we-antimetric, ovame ukuba wusizo kakhulu ekubaleni. Esikhundleni samandla okuthi Pi kanye no-P’i esimweni sokulayisha okulinganayo, amandla (Pi+P’i)/2kumaphoyinti i kanye no-i’, futhi esimweni se-antimetric yokulayisha, amandla (Pi-P’i)/2endaweni i kanye nokuphoqa -(Pi-P’i)/2endaweni ethi i’. Uma ukusabela kosekelo kunqunywa ngaphansi kokulayisha kwe-antimetric, amandla aguquguqukayo nezikhathi zokugoba nakho kunganqunywa kuthebula.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Ihambisa umthwalo
Isikhathi sokugoba endaweni i sitholakala ngokunemifanekiso kusetshenziswa ipholigoni yamandla nepholigoni yeketango kumthwalo othile. Ipholigoni yeketango ingadwetshwa njengoba kukhonjisiwe emkhiwaneni.4. Ukuze unqume isikhundla esingesihle kakhulu somthwalo okwamanje endaweni i, ukusekelwa kuhanjiswa ngaphansi komthwalo (I-Fig.5) kuze kube yilapho kunqunywa inani elingu-η__i, okutholakala kulo u-max_Mi_ = H * max_η__i_. Amandla amakhulu aguquguqukayo endaweni i atholakala lapho umthwalo uhanjiswa ukuze amandla okuqala afinyelele iphuzu i. Ingatholakala kupholigoni yamabutho emkhiwaneni.6: max_Oi_ =1_/l_ * ∑Pibi. I-A-polygon iyipholigoni yeketango elinezikhala zezigxobo H = l, edwetshelwe uhlelo olunyakazayo lwamandla agxilile lapho amandla okuqala atholakala phezu kosekelo b.
Fig. 4.
Fig.5.
Fig.6.
Imithwalo enyakazayo: ukukhethwa kwendawo efanele kanye nenhlanganisela yemithwalo ehambayo kuncike enjongweni yesakhiwo, imodeli yesenzo, amathonya ashukumisayo kanye nemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Inqubo yesithombe somlando ayilona ubufakazi obanele besimo esingesihle kakhulu sokwakhiwa kwesimanje.
Ibakaki elinamalunga
Ukulayisha njalo
Okokuqala, ukusabela kokusekela kanye namandla emalungeni kunqunywa kusukela ezimweni zokulinganisa kanye nemibandela yamalunga. Khona-ke, izikhathi zokugoba namandla aguquguqukayo amapuleti asekelayo angawodwana anganqunywa njengemishayo elula, noma ugongolo olunama-overhangs. Sl.7ibonisa umphumela wokulayisha amapuleti amathathu anamandla agxilile. Umugqa wamandla aguquguqukayo udlula phezu kwamalunga njengokungaguquki, futhi umugqa wesikhashana ngaphandle kwamakhefu, uma kungekho amandla agxilile ekuhlanganyeleni.
Fig.7.
Ngomthwalo owabiwe ngokulinganayo kukho konke ukusekelwa, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezikhathi phezu kwezisekelo kanye nezikhathi eziphezulu emasimini zitholakala, ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-span kanye nendawo yamalunga, umkhiwane.8. Uma esimweni sezisekelo ezinamajoyinti anezikhala ezingaphezu kwezimbili (isib.9) futhi ngobubanzi obulinganayo l bezinkambu ezimaphakathi khetha ububanzi bezinkambu zokugcina l1=0,8535_l_ nendawo ehlanganyelwe c=0,1465_l_, bese kuthi ngomthwalo owabiwe ngokulinganayo, kutholwe ukuthi amanani omkhawulo wezikhathi ezisekelweni nasezinsimini ayalingana, M=0,0625_gl_2. Uma izinkambu zokugcina nazo zinebanga elingu-l, kuzosho u-max_M_= kuzo0,0957_gl_2.
Fig.8.
Fig.9.
Imigqa yethonya
Ngokuvumelana nefig. 10 imigqa yokuthonya ethi Mi kanye no-Qi phakathi kwamaphoyinti a kanye no-b iyafana nemigqa yethonya ye-beam elula. Inkambo eqhubekayo yomugqa wethonya inqunywa indawo yokusekela kanye namalunga amele izigxobo eziyinhloko nezigxobo ezimaphakathi zeketango le-kinematic elidalwe ngokususa ubuningi obuyi-static endaweni ethi i. Ngendlela efanayo, imigqa yokuthonya ethi Mr kanye nethi Qr inqunywa kusukela kusebe olusekelwe emaphoyintini angu-g1 kanye naku-c. Umthwalo we-beam one-overhang engxenyeni ethi ag1 awunawo umthelela ezikhathini namandla aguqukayo endaweni ethi r. Imigqa yethonya yezikhathi namandla aguquguqukayo ezindaweni zokuleqa (k kanye no-v) atholakala kalula uma izixhumanisi zendawo yomthwalo ekuhlanganyeleni kunqunywa.
Fig. 10.
Imodeli yezisekelo namajoyinti: ukuqina kwangempela kwamalunga, ukuminyana kwezisekelo, ukucaciswa, ukungqubuzana, ukungapheleli nokuhleleka kokuhlangana kungashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli eyenziwe kahle. Ukuqagela kufanele kuhambisane nemininingwane yokwakha futhi kuhlolwe zonke izigaba ezifanele.
Iminsalo emithathu ehlangene
Ekulayishweni ngokungafanele kwe-arch kumajoyinti amathathu, ukusabela kwezisekelo kunganqunywa ngemifanekiso. Umphumela R1 wamandla asebenzayo okuthi ngokomkhiwane. 11 ukusebenza kupuleti elingakwesokunxele kumelwe kuhambisane nokusabela Kb1, umugqa wawo wokuhlasela kufanele udlule ku-g, kanye nokusabela Ka1. Ngendlela efanayo, kukhona Ka2 kanye no-Kb2, ngenxa ye-R2. Ngesenzo kanyekanye R1 kanye R2 kutholwa ngokugudluka okuhambisanayo nokunqwabelana kwamandla okugcina okusabela Ka kanye no-Kb kanye nokucindezela okuhlangene G.
Fig.11.
Ngesixazululo sokuhlaziya, kulula ukwenza izibalo ikakhulukazi ezivundlile futhi ikakhulukazi imithwalo eqondile.
Umthwalo ovundlile
Umthwalo ovundlile kufig.12kubangela ukusabela
Fig.12.
lapho u-C kanye no-D kuyizingxenye zokusabela esiqondisweni esihlanganisa amaphuzu a kanye no-b. ∑H = C*cos_a_ – D_cos_a + ∑W =0. Amandla okugunda akhona yilawa:
Ni = -Asin__φ__i – Ccos(φ__i-a) - Wmcos__φ__i_,_
Qi = +Acos__φ__i – Csin(φ__i-a) – Wmsin__φ__i,
Mi = A__x__i _– Ccosa*_y__i – Wm(hi-hm).
Ukulayisha okuqondile
Umthwalo omile we-arch emalungeni amathathu akufig.13kubangela ukusabela A0futhi B0, okulingana nokusabela kwe-beam elula ye-span l, kanye ne-thrust evundlile C=cosa = Dcosa = H = Mg0/f (1), lapho Mg0 isikhashana kugongolo olula esigabeni g. Ngezingxenye eziqondile C kanye D izingxenye zokugcina ezime mpo zokusabela zithi A = A0 + H_tg_a; B = B0 – H_tg_a. Uma i-eksisi ye-arch iyi-parabola eyisikwele, yi = f xi x’i/la lb, bese kuba ngomthwalo ogcwele ohlukaniswe ngokulinganayo g t/m (Fig.14) Mi=0, Qi=0.
Fig.13.
Fig.14.
Imigqa yethonya
Imigqa yethonya yokusabela A0 kanye ne-B0 iyafana nemigqa yethonya ye-beam elula. Umugqa wokuthonya we-thrust ovundlile H utholwa ngokuya ngesibalo (1) kusukela kumugqa wokuthonya okwamanje Mg0 we-beam elula, fig. 15. Ulayini wokuthonya wesikhathi sokugoba Mi uqukethe imigqa yethonya ethi Mi0 kanye no-H, lapho lokhu okulandelayo kuphindwaphindwa ngokuthi -yi. Le migqa emibili enamandla ibekwe phezulu kumugqa oqondile ab’ njengomugqa onguziro, lapho kukhishwa khona izigaba aa’ = xi kanye no-bb’ = -lb yi/f. Umehluko oboniswa umnyakazo ai’g’b umele umugqa wethonya wokugcina we-Mi. Isihlukanisi noma iphoyinti elinguziro lomugqa wethonya elihambisana nesigxobo esikhulu sepuleti ig litholwa ngokuphambana kwemigqa ai kanye no-bg. Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa komugqa wethonya, lapho i-beam elula ye-span a - n yethulwa. Esimeni se-arch lapho i-eksisi eyi-parabola eyisikwele, umthwalo osabalaliswe ngokulinganayo awubangeli izikhathi zokugoba, ngakho-ke indawo ephelele yomugqa wokuthonya kufanele ilingane noziro.
Fig. 15.
Kufig. 16 imigqa yokuthonya ethi Qi kanye ne-Ni itholwe ngokuphakama okuhambisanayo kwemigqa yethonya ethi Qi0 kanye nokuthi H. Ngokuphathelene nokuthi ab’ njengomugqa onguziro, yomibili imigqa yethonya kulesi simo imigqa yethonya ye-beam elula. Ukuze kwakhiwe noma kulawulwe imigqa enethonya, izigaba nQ kanye nN zomugqa bg kanye nomugqa odwetshwe ngo-a ngokuhambisana zingasetshenziswa lapha, ngokulandelana. evamile ku-tangent edlula i-engeli φ__i nevundlile. Esimeni se-arch e-parabolic enamalunga amathathu, ingqikithi yendawo yomugqa wokuthonya wamandla aguqukayo kufanele ilingane noziro.
Fig. 16.
Amakhothamo nokuphokophela okuvundlile: ukuma kwamalunga, ijometri ye-eksisi, ukuqina kwesisekelo nokwamukela ukusabela okuvundlile kubalulekile ekuziphatheni kwesistimu. Ukushintsha ukusekela, ukushuba, i-hanger noma isigaba sokukhuphuka kungashintsha ukugeleza kwamandla; umdwebo owenziwe waba yinhle ngokomlando awanele ukwenziwa noma ukuvuselelwa.
I-Arch iqiniswe ngogongolo nabakaki abalengayo
Ukulayisha okuqondile
Ukusabela okuqondile phakathi nokulayisha okuqondile kwamapuleti aqinile wezisekelo ze-arch ezinqunywe ngokwezibalo eziqiniswe ngogongolo, izisekelo ezilengayo namakhothamo kumalunga amathathu kanye nokungezwani ku-Fig.17a kuya ku f atholakala ezilinganisweni A0 =1/l * ∑Pnbn kanye no-B0 =1/l * ∑Pnan lapho A ifakwa kumasistimu a kanye no-d_0 = A+K’‘l, B0 = B+K’’r nezinye izinhlelo A = A0, B=B0. Ukusabela A kanye no-B kumasistimu a kanye no-d bese kunqunywa kusukela ku-:
A = A0 - K’’l = A0 – H(tgal-tg__δ)
B = B0 – K’’r = B0 – H(tgar+tg__δ)
Fig.17.
Kuzinhlelo a, d, e kanye f, ukusabela okuvundlile kuthi C=0, futhi kusistimu b ithi E=0. Ukusunduza okuvundlile, noma ukushuqeka okuvundlile H kwesistimu a ukuya ku-d, ingxenye evundlile yamandla ku-arc yesistimu e namandla ekucindezelekeni kwesistimu f kunqunywa ngokusekelwe kusibalo (1). Ithebula elilandelayo liqukethe isifinyezo sokusabela kwezisekelo namandla kuzinduku Sn kanye no-Zn kumasistimu angawodwana.
Umthwalo ovundlile
Uma amandla avundlile W esebenza emapuletini ebangeni c ukusuka ekuhlanganyeleni g (isig.17kanye naku e) ukusabela kokusekela okubangwayo yilezi:
Imigqa yethonya
Imigqa yethonya yamandla e-shear itholakala ngokusekelwe ekufaneni ekuziphatheni kwalezi zinhlelo kanye ne-arch elula enezinsika ezintathu. Ukuze uthole ikhothamo lenduku elinogongolo oluqinisayo ngaphansi kwekhothamo (ugongolo lukaLanger) emkhiwaneni.18imigqa enethonya ye-U iyaboniswa2, D4 kanye no-L4. Ngena endukwini U2 itholakala kusukela ngaleso sikhathi2ibhande eliphezulu: U2 = M2/h. Kusukela kusimo ∑V=0sithola D4 = Q40/sin__φ – Mg0/f lokho4/indodana__φ. Futhi kusukela kusimo ∑V=0kulandela (layisha ebhandeni eliphansi) L4 = -Q50+ Mg0/f * lokho4.
Fig.18.
Uma ama-node e-arch ehlangene emithathu enogongolo oluqinile oluqinile (isib.19) lala ku-parabola eyisikwele futhi uma ilunga lilele eksisi yomugqa, ngomthwalo owabiwe ngokulinganayo g t/m izikhathi zokugoba ngu-M=0ezindaweni zokuphanyeka, kanye M=g__λ__2/8phakathi kwenkundla phakathi kwama-hangers.
Fig.19.
Ama-Hanger, ama-tensioner nama-stiffener: lezi zakhi kanye nokuxhumana kwazo kungase kuzwele ukungapheleli, ukucindezeleka kwesibili, ukukhathala, ukugqwala, ukulahlekelwa ingcindezi nezimo zokuhlanganisa. Ukushintshwa kwabo, ukuqiniswa noma ukususwa akwenziwa ngaphandle kwephrojekthi yesimo yesikhashana neyokugcina.
Uhlaka lusekela
Fig.20.
Sl.20ikhombisa umdwebo wesikhashana wohlaka olunamahinji amathathu olunama-overhang namabhande amisiwe ngenxa yomthwalo ogcwele osatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo. Ulayini wokuthonya okwamanje Me utholakala ngokususelwe kusisho esithi Mina=-Hh + Mk, ngokubekwa phezulu komugqa wokuthonya wokuphokophela ovundlile H (ngokuphindaphinda -h) kanye nangesikhathi sokugoba Mk phezu kwe-hang.
Endabeni yokulayisha okungeyona i-symmetric yokusekela kwe-symmetric, ukubala ngokuvamile kungenziwa lula ngokuhlukanisa umthwalo ku-symmetric and anti-symmetric loading, fig.21. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezisekelweni zohlaka kufig.22futhi23, ebonisa imidwebo yesikhathi ngenxa yamandla agxilile endaweni engafanele yosekelo olungaphezulu. Umthwalo ovundlile ekuphakameni kwe-joist ungaqondwa njenge-antimetric. Njengoba umthwalo ovundlile we-sub-strut ungabhekwa njengomthwalo obonakalayo ekubalweni kokugudluzwa okuvundlile kwe-sub-strut, kungaphethwa ngokushesha ukusuka endaweni yesikhashana ukuya ngaluphi uhlangothi i-sub-strut ehamba phakathi nomthwalo oqondile. Lokhu kususwa kutholakala ngokuhlanganisa izifunda ze-antimetric equilibrium. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni ezikufig.22futhi23ukudwebela kuya kwesokudla.
Fig.21.
Fig.22.
Fig.23.
Amafreyimu kanye nokugudluzwa: isiphetho sesiqondiso sokusuka kumdwebo owenziwe kahle akuthathi indawo yokuhlolwa kokuguqulwa, imiphumela ye-second-order, ukuzinza, ukuqina kwamalunga, izisekelo nezinto ezingathwali. Izimo zomkhawulo wokuthwala nokusevisa zihlolwa kumodeli ephelele.
Amagridi wendawo
Fig.24.
Idome likaSchweler (isib.24) kanye nephiramidi yegridi ene-hemmed (Fig.25), njengendawo ekhethekile yedome ka-Schwedler\ lapho ama-meridians angenakho ukunqamuka, anezitezi ezingu-m kanye nezinhlangothi ezingu-n, ahlanganisa m*n meridional rods S, (m+1)n izinti zamasongo R kanye m*n ama-diagonal rods D. Njengenani lamanodi k=(m+1)n ukwesekwa kunqunywa ngokwezibalo lapho inani lezisekelo a =3k-s =2n, kungaleso sikhathi lapho unyawo ngalunye lwetimu lusekelwa esikhungweni esiwumugqa sokudonsela phansi esinokusekelwa okuqondile nokuvundlile. Uma izinti zendandatho engezansi ziwa, kudingeka ibhodi emile enezisekelo ezintathu ku-vertex ngayinye. Ukusebenziseka kokuhlelwa kwezisekelo ezivundlile kufanele kuhlolwe. Izikhombisi-ndlela zokusekela ku-fig.26zikhethwe ngokungalungile ngoba kungenzeka ukudweba uhlelo lwesigxobo olungaphikisani.
Fig.25.
Ama-trapezoid akhiwe ngama-meridian rods namaringi angaqiniswa ngokugcwaliswa K-. Ama-node avelayo kufanele abhekwe njengama-node we-lattice flat. Imithwalo ingadluliswa kuphela ngamanodi amakhulu. Umthwalo ome mpo P ohlasela ku-node uzohlukaniswa ube ingxenye _Ks=Ps/_λ ekuqondeni kwe-meridian futhi ube ingxenye evundlile _H=Pa/_λ. Ingxenye evundlile ibuye iboliswe ibe izingxenye eziqondiswe kuma-ring rods _Kl=Hc/a=Pc/_λ _i Kr=Hb/a=Pb/_λ.
Ngendlela efanayo, izingxenye Kl kanye Kr zamandla avundlile angenasizathu W anqunywa, ukuze isikimu somthwalo esiboniswe kumfanekiso.27. Izingxenye X eziqondiswe kuma-meridian rods aziboniswa esithombeni.
Fig.26futhi27, ngokulandelana.
Uma ukusekela nomthwalo P kuhambisana ngomjikelezo, khona-ke amandla Kl alingana namandla Kr, ngakho-ke ama-diagonal awagcizeki ngenkathi amandla aku-meridian rods ethi:
_S1= -P1s/_λ; S2= -(P1+P2)s/λ; S3= -(P1+P2+P3)s/λ
nasezintini zendandatho.
_Ri = Pib/_λ
Ukubalwa kwedome lika Schwedler kungenziwa ngendlela efanayo lapho iphansi ngalinye liqondwa njengephiramidi ye-lattice. Ngaphandle kwamandla asebenzayo P kanye W, amandla ezintini S kanye D zesitezi esingaphezulu kufanele ke zethulwe njengamandla angaphandle, ngokulandelana. izingxenye zabo ohlangothini lwentonga ye-meridian nezinduku zendandatho. Ngenkathi kuphiramidi ye-lattice ithonya lamandla agxilile lizwakala kuphela ezindongeni zamapuleti amabili aseduze, esimweni sedome Schwedler’s ithonya layo lidlulela enanini elikhulu kakhulu lezinduku. Emkhiwaneni.24izinduku ezicindezelwe ngenxa yamandla P kwiringi ye-vertex zimakwe.
Ama-Spatial trusses and domes: ukuzinza kwalezi zinhlelo kuncike ekusebenzeni kwendawo, ukusekelwa, ukungapheleli kwejometri, ukuboshelana kwezinduku, ukuqina kwama-node, ukuthobela isikhashana nokulandelana kokuhlanganisa. Umdwebo oyisicaba noma i-equation ngayinye ayikhombisi ukuzinza komhlaba wonke, ukubekelwa umthwalo osindayo noma ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa.