** Zolemba za akatswiri a Archive: ** nkhaniyi imasunga ndondomeko za mbiri yakale, ndondomeko, matebulo ndi zojambula pamapangidwe a static, koma si ntchito, kuwerengera kosasunthika, umboni wa mphamvu ya katundu, ndondomeko ya msonkhano kapena kuwunika kwa nyumba yomwe ilipo. Zothandizira, ma spans, katundu, kuphatikiza zochita, geometry, zida, zolumikizira, kukhazikika, kutopa, kugwedezeka kwamphamvu ndi magawo omanga ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pa chinthu china malinga ndi miyezo yoyenera. Zomangamanga zonyamula katundu zimapangidwa ndikuwunikidwa ndi mainjiniya ovomerezeka.
Masiku ano, Savo Kusić amayang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo, khomo ndi zopempha za mawu. Nkhaniyi ikhalabe ngati mbiri yakale ndipo siyikuyimira kuperekedwa kwa mapangidwe, kuwerengera kapena kuchita zomanga nyumba.
Mafomula ndi Zizindikiro: mawu a masamu omwe ali m’mawuwa adasamutsidwa ndi digito kuchokera kugwero lojambulidwa ndipo atha kukhala ndi zolakwika za kalembedwe kapena OCR. Sayenera kulowetsedwa mu kuwerengera popanda kuyerekeza ndi gwero lovomerezeka, kufufuza mayunitsi, zizindikiro, malingaliro ndi malire.
Dongosolo losavuta
Kuthandizira, kupindika, kupindika ndi mphindi zosasunthika za M0-pamalo onyamula katundu omwe amachitika kawirikawiri amaperekedwa patebulo 1.
Katundu wokhazikika wokhala ndi mphamvu zokhazikika
Ndi kutsitsa kofananira (mkuyu.1) kuwerengera ndikosavuta kuchita kudzera m’mizati iwiri yowonjezera monga tebulo. Kutengera mgwirizano pakati pa katundu, mphamvu yodutsa ndi mphindi
_Qn = Qn+1+ Pn ndi Mn +1/_λ _= Mn/_λ + Qn+1
mphamvu yopingasa m’munda n imatsimikiziridwa poyamba, kuyambira pamphamvu yodutsa pakati pa mtengo, ndiyeno nthawi yopindika pazigawo zina kuyambira pamtengo Mi/λ.
Chith.1ndi matebulo othandizira.
Pamene katunduyo ndi wa asymmetrical, ndipo mtunda wa mphamvu uli wofanana, matebulo otsatirawa ndi oyenera kuwerengera (mkuyu.2). Katundu uliwonse wa asymmetric ukhoza kukhala molingana ndi mkuyu.3m’malo ndi katundu wina wa antimetric, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wothandiza kwambiri pakuwerengera. M’malo mwa mphamvu Pi ndi P’i potengera kutsitsa kofanana, mphamvu (Pi+P’i)/2pa mfundo i ndi i’, ndipo mu nkhani ya antimetric yotsegula, mphamvu (Pi-P’i)/2pa malo i ndi kukakamiza -(Pi-P’i)/2pa i’. Zothandizira zothandizira zikatsimikiziridwa pansi pa kukweza kwa antimetric, mphamvu zopingasa ndi mphindi zopindika zimatha kudziwitsidwa patebulo.
Chith. 2.
Chith. 3.
Kusuntha katundu
Nthawi yopindika pamalo i imapezeka mwachiwonetsero pogwiritsa ntchito polygon yamphamvu ndi unyolo wa polygon pa katundu woperekedwa. Unyolo wa polygon ukhoza kujambulidwa monga momwe tawonera mkuyu.4. Kuti mudziwe malo oyipa kwambiri a katundu pakali pano, chithandizo chimasunthidwa pansi pa katundu (mkuyu.5) mpaka mtengo woposa η__i utatsimikiziridwa, pomwe max_Mi_ = H * max_η__i_ apezeka. Mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yodutsa pamtunda i imapezeka pamene katunduyo asunthidwa kuti mphamvu yoyamba ifike pa i. Itha kupezeka kuchokera ku polygon of forces mumkuyu.6: max_Oi_ =1_/l_ * ∑Pibi. A-polygon ndi poligoni ya unyolo yokhala ndi motalikirana H = l, yomwe imakokedwa kuti ikhale yosunthika ya mphamvu zokhazikika pamene mphamvu yoyamba ikupezeka pakuthandizira b.
Chith. 4.
Chith.5.
Chith.6.
** Kusuntha katundu: ** kusankhidwa kwa malo oyenerera ndi kuphatikiza kwa katundu wosuntha kumadalira cholinga cha kapangidwe kake, kachitidwe kachitidwe, zisonkhezero zamphamvu ndi malamulo ogwira ntchito. Ndondomeko yowonetsera mbiri yakale si umboni wokwanira wa mkhalidwe woipa kwambiri wa zomangamanga zamakono.
Bracket yokhala ndi zolumikizira
Katundu wanthawi zonse
Choyamba, machitidwe a zothandizira ndi mphamvu zogwirizanitsa zimatsimikiziridwa kuchokera kuzinthu zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwirizanitsa. Kenako, nthawi yopindika ndi mphamvu zopingasa za mbale zothandizira payokha zitha kuzindikirika ngati matabwa osavuta, kapena chitsulo chokhala ndi zopindika. Sl.7kuwonetsa zotsatira zokweza mbale zitatu zokhala ndi mphamvu zokhazikika. Mzere wa mphamvu zodutsa umadutsa pamagulu monga nthawi zonse, ndipo mzere wa mphindi popanda kusweka, ngati palibe mphamvu yokhazikika mu mgwirizano.
Chith.7.
Kwa katundu wogawidwa mofanana pa chithandizo chonse, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mphindi pa zothandizira ndi nthawi yochuluka m’minda imapezedwa, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha span ndi malo a olowa, mkuyu.8. Ngati pali zogwiriziza zolumikizana ndi zolumikizira zopitilira ziwiri (mkuyu.9) ndi milingo yofanana l ya magawo apakati sankhani magawo omaliza l1=0,8535_l_ ndi malo olowa c=0,1465_l_, ndiye ndi katundu wogawidwa mofanana, amapeza kuti malire a nthawi pa zothandizira ndi m’minda ndi ofanana, M=0,0625_gl_2. Ngati minda yomaliza ilinso ndi l, ndiye max_M_= kwa iwo0,0957_gl_2.
Chith.8.
Chith.9.
Mizere yachikoka
Malinga ndi mkuyu. 10 mizere yokokera ya Mi ndi Qi pakati pa mfundo a ndi b ndi yofanana ndi mizere yachikoka cha mtengo wosavuta. Njira yowonjezera ya mzere wa chikoka imatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a zothandizira ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimayimira mizati yayikulu ndi mitengo yapakatikati ya unyolo wa kinematic wopangidwa pochotsa kuchuluka kwa static pamfundo i. Mofananamo, mizere yosonkhezera ya Mr ndi Qr imatsimikiziridwa kuyambira pamtengo wothandizidwa pa mfundo g1 ndi c. Katundu wa mtengowo wokhala ndi overhang pagawo ag1 alibe mphamvu pa mphindi ndi mphamvu zodutsa pamalopo r. Mizere yachikoka pakanthawi ndi mphamvu zodutsa pamalo otalikirana (k ndi v) amapezeka mosavuta pamene ma ordinatere a malo a katundu wolumikizana atsimikiziridwa.
Chith. 10.
Chitsanzo cha zothandizira ndi zolumikizira: kuuma kwenikweni kwa zolumikizira, kukhazikika kwa zothandizira, zololeza, mikangano, zophophonya ndi dongosolo la msonkhano zitha kusintha kugawa kwamphamvu poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chokhazikika. Zongoganizira ziyenera kugwirizana ndi tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga ndikuwunika magawo onse oyenera.
Mivi itatu yolumikizana
Pakutsitsa mopanda tsankho pamalumikizidwe atatu, momwe zothandizira zimatha kuzindikirika bwino. Zotsatira R1 za mphamvu zogwira ntchito zomwe molingana ndi mkuyu. 11 Kuchita pa mbale yakumanzere kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi zomwe Kb1, zomwe mzere wake wowukira udutse g, ndi zomwe Ka1. Momwemonso, pali Ka2 ndi Kb2, chifukwa cha R2. Ndi kuchitapo nthawi imodzi R1 ndi R2 zimapezedwa mwa kusamuka kofanana ndi kusanjika kwa mphamvu zomaliza Ka ndi Kb ndi kukakamiza kolumikizana G.
Chith.11.
Ndi njira yowunikira, ndikosavuta kuwerengera makamaka zopingasa komanso makamaka zolemetsa zoyima.
Katundu wopingasa
Katundu wopingasa mkuyu.12zimayambitsa zochita
Chith.12.
pomwe C ndi D ali zigawo zomwe zimalumikizana ndi mfundo a ndi b. ∑H = C*cos_a_ – D_cos_a + ∑W =0. Mphamvu za shear zomwe zilipo ndi:
Ni = -Asin__φ__i – Ccos(φ__i-a) - Wmcos__φ__i_,_
Qi = +Acos__φ__i – Csin(φ__i-a) – Wmsin__φ__i,
Mi = A__x__i _– Ccosa*_y__i – Wm(hi-hm).
Katundu woyima
The ofukula katundu wa arch pa mfundo zitatu mu mkuyu.13zimayambitsa reactions A0ndi B0, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi momwe mtengo wosavuta wa span l, ndi kukankhira kopingasa C=cosa = Dcosa = H = Mg0/f (1), ku Mg0 mphindi pamtengo wosavuta mu gawo g. Ndi zigawo zoyimirira C ndi D zigawo zoyimirira zomaliza za zomwe zimachitika ndi A = A0 + H_tg_a; B = B0 – H_tg_a. Ngati mzere wa arch ndi parabola lalikulu, yi = f xi x’i/la lb, ndiye kuti katundu wogawanika mofanana g t/m (Mkuyu.14) Mi=0, Qi=0.
Chith.13.
Chith.14.
Mizere yachikoka
Mizere yachikoka pamachitidwe A0 ndi B0 ndi ofanana ndi mizere yachikoka ya mtengo wosavuta. Mzere wachikoka wa kukankhira kopingasa H umapezeka molingana ndi equation (1) kuchokera pamzere wokokera pakadali pano Mg0 wa mtengo wosavuta, mkuyu. 15. Mzere wachikoka wa mphindi yopindika Mi imakhala ndi mizere yokokera yomwe ili ndi Mi0 ndi H, pomwe yotsirizirayo imachulukitsidwa ndi -yi. Mizere iwiri yamphamvuyi imayikidwa pamwamba pa mzere wowongoka ab’ ngati mzere wa ziro, pomwe magawo aa’ = xi ndi bb’ = -lb yi/f ajambulidwa. Kusiyana komwe kukuwonetsedwa ndi kusuntha ai’g’b kumayimira mzere womaliza wa Mi. Wogawanika kapena zero mfundo ya chikoka chofanana ndi mzati waukulu wa mbale ig imapezeka ndi mphambano ya mizere ai ndi bg. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanga mzere wa chikoka, pomwe mtengo wosavuta wa span a - n umayambitsidwa. Pankhani ya arch yomwe olamulira ake ndi sikweya parabola, katundu wogawika mofanana suyambitsa nthawi yopindika, kotero kuti gawo lonse la mzere wokokera liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi ziro.
Chith. 15.
Mu mkuyu. 16 mizere yachikoka ya Qi ndi Ni idapezedwa potengera mizere yofananira ya Qi0 ndi H. Pankhani ya ab’ ngati mzere wa ziro, mizere iwiri yonseyi ndi mizere yachikoka cha mtengo wosavuta. Pomanga kapena kuyang’anira mizere yodziwika bwino, magawo nQ ndi nN a mzere bg ndi mzere wojambulidwa kudzera mu zofanana angagwiritsidwe ntchito pano, motsatira. zachilendo kwa tangent yomwe imapirikiza ngodya φ__i ndi yopingasa. Pankhani ya arch yofananira yokhala ndi mfundo zitatu, gawo lonse la chikoka cha mphamvu yodutsa liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi ziro.
Chith. 16.
Mabwalo ndi kukankhira kopingasa: malo olumikizirana, geometry ya axis, kuuma kwa maziko ndi kuvomereza kwamayendedwe opingasa ndizofunikira kwambiri pamachitidwe adongosolo. Kusintha kwa chithandizo, kukangana, hanger kapena kukwera gawo kungasinthe kayendedwe ka mphamvu; chojambula chodziwika bwino cha mbiri yakale sichikwanira kuphedwa kapena kukonzanso.
Arch yowumitsidwa ndi mtengo komanso bulaketi yolendewera
Katundu woyima
Mawonekedwe osunthika pamitsempha yoyima ya mbale zokhazikika zokhazikika zokhazikika zowumitsidwa ndi mtengo, zomangira zomangira ndi zipilala pamalumikizidwe atatu ndi kupsinjika mumkuyu.17a to f amachokera ku equations A0 =1/l * ∑Pnbn ndi B0 =1/l * ∑Pnan pamene A ayikidwa ku machitidwe a ndi d_0 = A+K’‘l, B0 = B+K’’r ndi machitidwe ena A = A0, B=B0. Zochita A ndi B pamakina a ndi d zimatsimikiziridwa kuchokera ku:
A = A0 - K’’l = A0 - H(tgal-tg__δ)
B = B0 – K’’r = B0 – H(tgar+tg__δ)
Chith.17.
Kwa machitidwe a, d, e ndi f, kuyankhidwa kopingasa ndi C=0, ndi dongosolo b ndi E=0. Kukankhira kopingasa, kapena kukanikizana kopingasa H kwa dongosolo a mpaka d, gawo lopingasa la mphamvu mu arc ya dongosolo e ndi mphamvu yakukanika kwa dongosolo f zimatsimikiziridwa potengera equation (1). Gome ili m’munsili lili ndi chithunzithunzi chazothandizira ndi mphamvu mu ndodo Sn ndi Zn pamakina awo pawokha.
Katundu wopingasa
Ngati mphamvu yopingasa W ikugwira ntchito pa mbale patali c kuchokera pamgwirizano g (mkuyu.17ndi ku e) kuyankhidwa kwa zothandizira zomwe zimayambitsa ndi:
Mizere yachikoka
Mizere yachikoka cha mphamvu zometa ubweya amapezedwa potengera kufanana kwa machitidwe a machitidwewa ndi arch losavuta katatu. Kwa chipilala cha ndodo chokhala ndi mtengo wowumitsa pansi pa chipika (mtengo wa Langer) mu mkuyu.18mizere yamphamvu ya U ikuwonetsedwa2, _D4_ndi L4. Mphamvu mu ndodo U2 imatengedwa kuchokera pomwe pano2lamba wapamwamba: U2=M2/h. Kuchokera pa chikhalidwe ∑V=0timapeza D4 = Q40/sin__φ - Mg0/f izi4/mwana__φ. Komanso kuchokera ku chikhalidwe ∑V=0amatsatira (katundu pa lamba wapansi) L4 = -Q50+ Mg0/f * kuti4.
Chith.18.
Ngati mfundo za chipilala chophatikizana zitatu chokhala ndi mtengo wolimba wolimba (mkuyu.19) kugona pa sikweya parabola ndipo ngati cholumikizira chagona mu nsonga ya mtengo, ndiye ndi katundu wogawidwa mofanana g t/m mphindi zopindika ndi M=0m’malo opachika, ndi M=g__λ__2/8m’katikati mwa munda pakati pa zopachika.
Chith.19.
** Ma hanger, tensioners and stiffener:** zinthuzi ndi malumikizidwe ake zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi zofooka, kupsinjika kwachiwiri, kutopa, dzimbiri, kutaya kupsinjika ndi kusonkhana. Kusintha kwawo, kulimbitsa kapena kuchotsedwa sikumachitidwa popanda ntchito yanthawi yochepa komanso yomaliza.
Frame imathandizira
Chith.20.
Sl.20limasonyeza mphindi chithunzi cha chimango atatu-hinged ndi overhangs ndi inaimitsidwa girdard chifukwa mofanana anagawira zonse katundu. Mzere wachikoka pakadali pano Me umapezeka potengera mawu akuti Me=-Hh + Mk, ndi superposition ya mzere wa chikoka pa kukankhira kopingasa H (ndi chochulukitsa -h) ndi mphindi yopindika Mk pakupindika.
Pankhani ya kutsitsa kosagwirizana ndi ma symmetric othandizira, kuwerengera kumatha kukhala kosavuta pogawa katunduyo mu symmetric ndi anti-symmetric loading, mkuyu.21. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa chimango amathandiza mkuyu.22ndi23, zomwe zikuwonetsa zojambula za mphindi chifukwa cha mphamvu yokhazikika pamalo osagwirizana ndi chithandizo chapamwamba. Katundu wopingasa pamtunda wa joist amatha kumveka ngati antimetric. Popeza katundu wopingasa wa sub-strut amatha kuonedwa ngati katundu wowerengeka wa kusamutsidwa kopingasa kwa sub-strut, zitha kutsirizidwa nthawi yomweyo kuchokera pomwe pomwe gawo laling’ono limasuntha panthawi yonyamula katundu. Kusamutsidwa kumeneku kumapezedwa pophatikiza zigawo za antimetric equilibrium. Chifukwa chake, kwa odwala omwe ali mumkuyu.22ndi23mzere wapansi ukupita kumanja.
Chith.21.
Chith.22.
Chith.23.
** Mafelemu ndi kusamuka: ** mapeto a mayendedwe a kusamuka kuchokera ku chithunzi chodziwika bwino sichilowa m’malo mwa kuyang’ana zowonongeka, zotsatira zachiwiri, kukhazikika, kuuma kwa ziwalo, maziko ndi zinthu zopanda pake. The katundu kunyamula ndi serviceability malire limati amafufuzidwa pa chitsanzo wathunthu.
Ma gridi a malo
Chith.24.
Dome la Schwedler (mkuyu.24) ndi piramidi ya gridi ya hemmed (Mkuyu.25), ngati chochitika chapadera cha dome la Schwedler\ kumene ma meridians alibe zopuma, ndi m pansi ndi n mbali, zimakhala ndi m*n meridional rods S, (m+1)n ndodo za mphete R ndi m*n ndodo zozungulira D. Monga chiwerengero cha mfundo k=(m+1)n chithandizo chimatsimikiziridwa mokhazikika pamene chiwerengero cha zothandizira a =3k-s =2n, ndipamene gawo lililonse la mutuwo limathandizidwa pa likulu la mphamvu yokoka ndi chithandizo choyimirira komanso chopingasa. Ngati ndodo za mphete ya m’munsi zagwa, pakufunika kuima kokhala ndi zochirikiza zitatu pa vertex iliyonse. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa makonzedwe a zothandizira zopingasa kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Njira zothandizira mumkuyu.26amasankhidwa molakwika chifukwa ndizotheka kujambula pulani ya mzati yosagwirizana.
Chith.25.
Ma trapezoid opangidwa ndi meridian ndodo ndi mphete akhoza kuumitsidwa ndi K-kudzaza. Zotsatira zake ziyenera kuonedwa ngati mfundo za latisi lathyathyathya. Katundu akhoza kusamutsidwa kudzera mu node zazikulu zokha. Katundu woyimirira P amene akuukira pa mfundo adzawola kukhala chigawo _Ks=Ps/_λ molunjika ku meridian ndi kukhala chigawo chopingasa _H=Pa/_λ. Chigawo chopingasacho chimawolanso kukhala zigawo molunjika ku ndodo za mphete _Kl=Hc/a=Pc/_λ _i Kr=Hb/a=Pb/_λ.
Momwemonso, zigawo Kl ndi Kr za mphamvu yopingasa yokhazikika W zimatsimikiziridwa, kotero kuti chiwembu cholemetsa chikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.27. Zigawo X kumbali ya ndodo za meridian sizikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.
Chith.26ndi27, motsatira.
Pamene chithandizo ndi katundu P ndizofanana mozungulira, ndiye kuti mphamvu Kl ndi zofanana ndi mphamvu Kr, kotero kuti ma diagonal samapanikizika pamene mphamvu muzitsulo za meridian ndi:
_S1= -P1s/_λ; S2= -(P1+P2s/λ; S3= -(P1+P2+P3)s/λ
ndi m’mipingo ya mphete;
_Ri = Pib/_λ
Kuwerengera kwa dome la Schwedler kungathe kuchitidwa mofanana pamene pansi pamtundu uliwonse kumamveka ngati piramidi ya lattice. Kupatula mphamvu zogwira ntchito P ndi W, mphamvu zomwe zili mu ndodo S ndi D zapamwamba ziyenera kuyambitsidwa ngati mphamvu zakunja, motsatira. zigawo zawo molunjika kwa meridian ndodo ndi mphete. Ngakhale mu piramidi ya lattice chikoka cha mphamvu imodzi yokhazikika imamveka mu ndodo za mbale ziwiri zoyandikana, pankhani ya dome ya Schwedler’s chikoka chake chimafikira ku ndodo zokulirapo. Mu mkuyu.24ndodo zomwe zimatsindikiridwa chifukwa cha mphamvu P mu mphete ya vertex zimalembedwa.
** Ma trusses ndi domes: ** kukhazikika kwa machitidwewa kumadalira ntchito ya malo, kuthandizira, zolakwika za geometric, kugwedeza ndodo, kuuma kwa node, kutsata kwakanthawi ndi kutsatizana kwa msonkhano. Chojambula chathyathyathya kapena equation yamunthu sizitsimikizira kukhazikika kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kusungitsa katundu kapena chitetezo pakukweza.