** Archival kws tshaj lij cov ntsiab lus:** tsab xov xwm khaws cov txheej txheem keeb kwm, cov qauv, cov rooj thiab cov duab kos hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov qauv zoo li qub, tab sis tsis yog ib qhov project, kev suav zoo li qub, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm lub peev xwm thauj khoom, kev npaj sib dhos lossis kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub tsev uas twb muaj lawm. Kev txhawb nqa, spans, loads, kev sib txuas ntawm kev ua, geometry, cov ntaub ntawv, kev sib txuas, kev ruaj ntseg, qaug zog, seismicity thiab kev tsim kho theem yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab rau ib yam khoom raws li cov qauv siv tau. Load-bearing structures yog tsim thiab tshuaj xyuas los ntawm lub luag haujlwm tso cai engineers.
Hnub no, Savo Kusić tau tsom mus rau qhov rais ntoo, wood-aluminium Qhov rais, kev cai Qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab thov lus hais. Kab lus no tseem yog keeb kwm archive thiab tsis sawv cev rau kev tsim, suav lossis ua tiav cov qauv tsim.
** Cov qauv thiab cov cim:** cov lus qhia lej hauv cov ntawv nyeem tau raug xa mus digitally los ntawm qhov chaw scanned thiab tej zaum yuav muaj cov ntawv sau lossis OCR yuam kev. Lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob nkag mus rau hauv kev suav yam tsis muaj kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, kuaj xyuas, cov paib, kev xav thiab ciam teb.
Yooj yim beam
Kev txhawb nqa, khoov lub sijhawm, deformations thiab lub sijhawm zoo li qub ntawm M0-nto rau qee qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim feem ntau tau muab rau hauv rooj 1.
Kev thauj khoom tas li nrog lub zog muaj zog
Nrog symmetrical loading (Fig.1) kev suav yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los ntawm ob kab ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub rooj. Raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm load, transverse force thiab lub caij
_Qn = Qn+1+ Pn thiab Mn +1/_λ _= Mn/_λ + Qn+1
lub transverse quab yuam nyob rau hauv lub teb n yog txiav txim siab ua ntej, pib ntawm lub transverse quab yuam nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub beam, thiab ces lub bending moments ntawm tej ntsiab lus pib los ntawm tus nqi Mi/λ.
Fig.1nrog cov rooj pabcuam.
Thaum lub load yog asymmetrical, thiab lub zog sib npaug sib npaug, cov lus hauv qab no yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev suav (daim duab.2). Ib qho asymmetric load tuaj yeem ua raws li daim duab.3hloov nrog ib tug antimetric load, uas yog feem ntau pab tau heev nyob rau hauv lub xam. Hloov cov rog Pi thiab P’i nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm symmetrical loading, lub rog (Pi + P’i) /2ntawm cov ntsiab lus i thiab i’, thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv antimetric ntawm kev thauj khoom, lub zog (Pi-P’i) /2at point i and force -(Pi-P’i)/2ntawm point i’. Thaum cov kev cuam tshuam kev txhawb nqa tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev thauj khoom antimetric, lub zog hloov pauv thiab lub sijhawm khoov tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hauv lub rooj.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Tsiv load
Lub sijhawm khoov ntawm qhov chaw i tau txais cov duab siv lub zog polygon thiab saw polygon rau ib qho khoom thauj. Lub saw polygon tuaj yeem kos tau raws li qhia hauv daim duab.4. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab txoj haujlwm tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev thauj khoom rau lub sijhawm tam sim no ntawm qhov chaw kuv, kev txhawb nqa tau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lub load (Fig.5) kom txog thaum tus nqi max η__i txiav txim siab, los ntawm qhov twg max_Mi_ = H * max_η__i_ tau txais. Qhov loj tshaj plaws transverse quab yuam ntawm taw tes kuv yog tau thaum lub load yog tsiv kom tus thawj quab yuam mus txog qhov point i. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm polygon ntawm lub zog hauv daim duab.6: max_Oi_ =1_/l_ * ∑Pib. A-polygon yog cov saw polygon nrog cov ncej sib nrug H = l, kos rau lub zog txav ntawm lub zog muaj zog thaum thawj lub zog nyob ntawm kev txhawb nqa b.
Fig. 4.
Fig.5.
Fig.6.
** Tsiv loads: ** kev xaiv ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab kev sib txuas ntawm kev txav mus los yog nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv, tus qauv ua haujlwm, kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo thiab cov kev cai siv tau. Cov txheej txheem nraaj keeb kwm tsis yog pov thawj txaus ntawm lub xeev tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim kho niaj hnub no.
Bracket nrog cov pob qij txha
tsis tu ncua load
Ua ntej, cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab kev quab yuam hauv cov pob qij txha yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov sib npaug thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm cov pob qij txha. Tom qab ntawd, khoov lub sijhawm thiab lub zog hloov pauv rau cov phiaj xwm txhawb nqa tus kheej tuaj yeem txiav txim siab raws li cov kab teeb yooj yim, lossis kab teeb nrog overhangs. Sl.7qhia tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim rau kev thauj khoom peb daim hlau nrog cov concentrated rog. Txoj kab ntawm txoj kab hla hla hla cov pob qij txha raws li qhov tsis tu ncua, thiab cov kab tam sim no tsis muaj kev tawg, yog tias tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke.
Fig.7.
Rau qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm kev txhawb nqa tag nrho, qee qhov sib txawv loj ntawm lub sijhawm dhau ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab lub sijhawm siab tshaj plaws hauv cov teb tau txais, raws li qhov sib piv thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov pob qij txha, daim duab.8. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txhawb nqa nrog cov pob qij txha nrog ntau tshaj ob qhov qhib (daim duab.9) thiab nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov sib npaug l ntawm nruab nrab teb xaiv qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg l1= ib0,8535_l_ thiab ob txoj hauj lwm c=0,1465_l_, tom qab ntawd nrog cov khoom sib npaug sib npaug, nws tau txais tias qhov txwv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm dhau ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab hauv thaj teb yog qhov sib npaug, M=0,0625_gl_ ib2. Yog tias qhov kawg teb kuj muaj ntau yam ntawm l, ces max_M_= rau lawv0,0957_gl_ ib2.
Fig.8.
Fig.9.
Influence kab
Raws li daim duab. 10 cov kab cuam tshuam rau Mi thiab Qi nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus a thiab b yog tib yam li cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm cov nqaj yooj yim. Cov chav kawm ntxiv ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob yog txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab cov pob qij txha uas sawv cev rau cov ncej tseem ceeb thiab cov ncej nruab nrab ntawm cov saw hlau kinematic tsim los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov khoom zoo li qub ntawm point i. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev zoo sib xws, cov kab cuam tshuam rau Mr thiab Qr tau txiav txim siab pib ntawm lub nqaj txhawb nqa ntawm cov ntsiab lus g1 thiab c. Lub nra ntawm lub nqaj nrog lub overhang ntawm qhov ag1 tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm thiab lub zog hla ntawm qhov taw tes r. Cov kab cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm thiab lub zog hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus overhang (k thiab v) yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws tau txais thaum cov ordinates rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub load nyob rau hauv lub sib koom tes txiav txim.
Fig. 10.
** qauv ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab cov pob qij txha: ** qhov tseeb nruj ntawm cov pob qij txha, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev txhawb nqa, kev tshem tawm, kev sib txhuam, kev tsis zoo thiab kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib dhos tuaj yeem hloov pauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov quab yuam piv rau cov qauv zoo tagnrho. Cov kev xav yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho thiab tshuaj xyuas rau txhua theem cuam tshuam.
Peb leeg hneev
Thaum arbitrary loading ntawm lub koov ntawm peb lub pob qij txha, cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txhawb nqa tuaj yeem txiav txim siab graphically. Qhov tshwm sim R1 ntawm lub zog nquag uas raws li daim duab. 11 ua yeeb yam ntawm sab laug phaj yuav tsum sib npaug nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Kb1, nws txoj kab ntawm kev tawm tsam yuav tsum dhau los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke g, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Ka1. Zoo ib yam, muaj Ka2 thiab Kb2, vim R2. Nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ib txhij R1 thiab R2 tau los ntawm kev txav mus los sib npaug thiab stacking ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zaum kawg Ka thiab Kb thiab sib koom siab G.
Fig.11.
Nrog rau kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los nqa tawm cov kev suav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kab rov tav thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau ntsug loads.
Kab rov tav load
Kab rov tav load nyob rau hauv daim duab.12ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv
Fig.12.
qhov twg C thiab D yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kev taw qhia koom nrog cov ntsiab lus a thiab b. ∑H = C*cos_a_ – D_cos_a + ∑W =0. Lub zog shear nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog:
Ni = -Asin__φ__i – Ccos(φ__i-a) – Wmcos__φ__i__,_
Qi = +Acos__φ__i – Csin(φ__i-a) – Wmsin__φ__i,_
Mi = A__x__i _– Ccosa*_y__i – Wm(hi-hm).
Vertical load
Vertical load ntawm koov ntawm peb lub pob qij txha hauv daim duab.13ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv A0thiab B0, uas yog sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib qho yooj yim beam ntawm span l, thiab kab rov tav thrust C = cosa = Dcosa = H = Mg0/f(1), where Mg0 lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug yooj yim beam nyob rau hauv seem g. Nrog ntsug Cheebtsam C thiab D qhov kawg ntsug ntu ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog A = A0 + H_tg_a; B = B0– H_tg_a. Yog hais tias lub axis ntawm lub koov yog square parabola, yi = f xi x’i/la lb, ces rau ib tug sib npaug faib tag nrho load g t / m (Fig.14)Mi=0, Qi=0.
Fig.13.
Fig.14.
Influence kab
Influence kab rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv A0 thiab B0 yog tib yam li cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm cov nqaj yooj yim. Cov kab hluav taws xob rau kab rov tav thrust H yog tau raws li qhov sib npaug (1) los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob rau lub sijhawm Mg0 ntawm cov nqaj yooj yim, duab. 15. Cov kab cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm khoov Mi muaj cov kab cuam tshuam nrog Mi0 thiab H, qhov tom kawg yog muab faib ua -yi. Ob txoj kab uas muaj hwj chim no yog superimposed ntawm qhov ncaj ab’ raws li ib txoj kab xoom, los ntawm cov seem aa’ = xi thiab bb’ = -lb yi/f tau kos. Qhov txawv ntawm qhov txav ai’g’b sawv cev rau txoj kab kawg rau Mi. Lub divider lossis xoom taw tes ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob sib raug rau lub ntsiab ncej ntawm lub phaj ig yog tau los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kab ai thiab bg. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kab hluav taws xob, qhov yooj yim beam ntawm span a - n yog qhia. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug koov uas nws axis yog ib tug square parabola, qhov sib npaug faib load tsis ua rau bending lub sij hawm, yog li tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov kab yuav tsum sib npaug zos rau xoom.
Fig. 15.
Hauv daim duab. 16 cov kab cuam tshuam rau Qi thiab Ni tau txais los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob rau Qi0 thiab H. Hais txog ab’ raws li txoj kab xoom, ob kab ntawm kev cuam tshuam yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no cov kab ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob yooj yim. Rau kev tsim kho lossis tswj cov kab muaj txiaj ntsig, ntu nQ thiab nN ntawm kab bg thiab cov kab kos los ntawm ib qho sib npaug tuaj yeem siv ntawm no, raws li. ib txwm rau lub tangent uas overlaps lub kaum sab xis φ__i nrog rau kab rov tav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug parabolic arch nrog peb pob qij txha, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub hwj chim kab rau lub transverse quab yuam yuav tsum sib npaug zos rau xoom.
Fig. 16.
** Arches thiab kab rov tav thrust: ** txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov pob qij txha, geometry ntawm lub axis, qhov nruj ntawm lub hauv paus thiab kev lees txais ntawm kab rov tav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev coj tus cwj pwm. Hloov cov kev txhawb nqa, nro, hanger lossis mounting theem tuaj yeem hloov qhov ntws ntawm lub zog; daim duab keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws tsis txaus rau kev tua lossis rov kho dua.
Arch stiffened nrog beam thiab dai bracket
Vertical load
Ntsug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum lub sij hawm ntsug loading ntawm nruj daim hlau ntawm statically txiav txim arch txhawb stiffened nrog ib tug nqaj, dai kev txhawb nqa thiab arches ntawm peb pob qij txha thiab nro nyob rau hauv daim duab.17a rau f yog tau los ntawm equations A0 =1/l * ∑Pnbn and B0 =1/l * ∑Pnan thaum A muab tso rau systems a thiab d_0 = A+K’l, B0 = B+K’r thiab rau lwm lub tshuab A = A0, B=B0. Reactions A thiab B rau systems a thiab d yog txiav txim siab los ntawm:
A = A0 - K’l = A0– H(tgal-tg__δ)
B = B0– K’r = B0– H(tgar+tg__δ)
Fig.17.
Rau cov tshuab a, d, e thiab f, kab rov tav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog C=0, and for system b is E=0. Kab rov tav thrust, los yog kab rov tav nro H ntawm lub kaw lus a rau d, kab rov tav ntawm lub zog ntawm lub arc ntawm lub system e thiab lub zog ntawm qhov nro ntawm lub system f yog txiav txim siab raws li qhov sib npaug (1). Cov lus hauv qab no muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txhawb nqa thiab quab yuam hauv rods Sn thiab Zn rau ib tus neeg lub cev.
Kab rov tav load
Yog tias lub zog kab rov tav W ua rau ntawm daim phiaj ntawm qhov deb c los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke g (fig.17thiab rau e) kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev txhawb nqa uas nws ua rau yog:
Influence kab
Cov kab kev cuam tshuam rau lub zog shear yog tau raws li qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov cwj pwm ntawm cov tshuab no thiab ib qho yooj yim peb-hinged arch. Rau ib tug pas nrig nrog ib tug stiffening beam nyob rau hauv lub koov (Langer’s beam) nyob rau hauv daim duab.18cov kab muaj txiaj ntsig rau U tau qhia2, D4 thiab L4. Force hauv stick U2 tau txais los ntawm lub sijhawm2Upper siv: U2 = M2/h. Los ntawm cov xwm txheej ∑V=0peb tau D4 = Q40/sin__φ – Mg0/f tas4/tus__f. Kuj los ntawm cov xwm txheej ∑V=0raws li (load ntawm txoj siv hauv qab) L4= Q50+ Mg0/f * uas4.
Fig.18.
Yog hais tias cov nodes ntawm ib tug peb-jointed arch nrog ib tug khov stiffening beam (daim duab.19) pw ntawm lub square parabola thiab yog tias qhov sib koom ua ke nyob rau hauv axis ntawm lub nqaj, ces nrog ib qho sib npaug faib load g t / m lub sijhawm khoov yog M=0nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm hangers, thiab M=g__λ__2/8nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub teb ntawm cov hangers.
Fig.19.
** Hangers, tensioners thiab stiffeners:** cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv cov kev sib txuas tuaj yeem nkag siab rau qhov tsis zoo, qhov kev ntxhov siab thib ob, qaug zog, corrosion, poob ntawm prestress thiab kev sib dhos. Lawv hloov, nruj lossis tshem tawm yuav tsis ua yam tsis muaj lub xeev ib ntus thiab zaum kawg.
Ncej txhawb nqa
Fig.20.
Sl.20qhia lub sijhawm daim duab ntawm ib tug peb-hinged thav duab nrog overhangs thiab ncua girders vim yog ib tug sib npaug faib tag nrho load. Cov kab hluav taws xob rau lub sijhawm Me tau txais los ntawm kev qhia Me=-Hh + Mk, los ntawm superposition ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob rau kab rov tav thrust H (nrog rau qhov sib npaug -h) thiab rau lub sijhawm khoov Mk ntawm lub overhang.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis-symmetric loading ntawm symmetric kev txhawb nqa, lub xam feem ntau yuav yooj yim los ntawm kev faib cov load rau hauv symmetrical thiab anti-symmetric loading, fig.21. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tseeb rau cov ncej txhawb nyob rau hauv fig.22thiab23, uas qhia lub caij cov duab kos vim yog cov concentrated quab yuam ntawm ib tug arbitrary point ntawm lub Upper kev them nyiaj yug. Kab rov tav load ntawm qhov siab ntawm joist tuaj yeem nkag siab tias yog antimetric. Txij li cov kab rov tav load ntawm lub sub-strut tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho kev thauj khoom virtual rau kev suav cov kab rov tav hloov chaw ntawm lub sub-strut, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd los ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no mus rau sab twg lub sub-strut txav thaum lub sijhawm ntsug. Cov kev hloov pauv no tau txais los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib npaug. Yog li ntawd, rau rooj plaub hauv fig.22thiab23cov kab hauv qab txav mus rau sab xis.
Fig.21.
Fig.22.
Fig.23.
** Ncej thiab kev txav chaw:** qhov xaus ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev hloov pauv los ntawm daim duab zoo tshaj plaws tsis hloov qhov kev kuaj xyuas deformations, qhov cuam tshuam thib ob, kev ruaj ntseg, nruj ntawm cov pob qij txha, cov hauv paus thiab cov khoom tsis muaj kabmob. Lub load-bearing thiab serviceability txwv lub xeev raug kuaj xyuas ntawm tus qauv ua tiav.
Spatial daim phiaj
Fig.24.
Schwedler lub dome (daim duab.24) thiab hemmed daim phiaj pyramid (Fig.25), raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Shwedler's dome qhov twg cov meridians tsis muaj kev so, nrog m pem teb thiab n sab, muaj m*n meridional rods S, (m+1)n rods of rings R and m*n diagonal rods D. As the number of nodes k=(m+1)n kev txhawb nqa tau txiav txim siab thaum tus naj npawb ntawm kev txhawb nqa a =3k-s =2n, qhov ntawd yog thaum txhua qhov taw qhia ntawm lub ntsiab lus tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus nrog kev txhawb nqa ntsug thiab kab rov tav. Yog hais tias tus pas nrig ntawm lub nplhaib qis poob tawm, ib qho chaw nres tsheb nrog peb qhov kev txhawb nqa yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv txhua qhov vertex. Kev siv tau ntawm kev npaj cov kev txhawb nqa kab rov tav yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas. Cov lus qhia ntawm kev txhawb nqa hauv daim duab.26raug xaiv tsis raug vim nws muaj peev xwm kos ib txoj kev npaj ncej uas tsis yog qhov sib txawv.
Fig.25.
Trapezoids tsim los ntawm meridian rods thiab nplhaib rods tuaj yeem stiffened nrog K-filling. Cov nodes tshwm sim yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog cov nodes ntawm lub tiaj tus lattice. Loads tsuas yog kis tau los ntawm lub ntsiab nodes. Lub load ntsug P uas tawm tsam ntawm lub node yuav decomposed rau hauv ib feem _Ks=Ps/_λ nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub meridian thiab mus rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav tivthaiv _H=Pa/_λ. Kab rov tav tivthaiv yog ntxiv decomposed rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub nplhaib rods _Kl \ = Hc/a=Pc/_λ _i Kr=Hb/a=Pb/_λ ib.
Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, lub Cheebtsam Kl thiab Kr ntawm arbitrary kab rov tav quab yuam W yog txiav txim, thiaj li hais tias lub load tswvyim qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab.27. Cheebtsam X nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub meridian rods tsis muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab.
Fig.26thiab27, raws.
Thaum cov kev txhawb nqa thiab cov load P yog cyclically symmetrical, ces cov rog Kl sib npaug rau cov rog Kr, yog li cov kab pheeb ces kaum tsis ntxhov siab thaum lub zog hauv meridian rods yog:
_S1= -P1s/_λ; S2= -(P1+P2s/λ; S3= -(P1+P2+P3)s/λ
thiab nyob rau hauv rods ntawm lub nplhaib:
_Ri = Pib/_λ
Kev suav ntawm Schwedler’s dome tuaj yeem ua tau zoo ib yam thaum txhua lub tsev nkag siab tias yog lub pas nrig pyramid. Sib nrug los ntawm cov active rog P thiab W, cov rog hauv cov pas nrig S thiab D ntawm cov pem teb sab saud yuav tsum tau qhia raws li sab nraud quab yuam, feem. lawv cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm meridian pas nrig thiab lub nplhaib rods. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub lattice pyramid lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug concentrated quab yuam yog hnov tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub rods ntawm ob daim hlau nyob ib sab, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Schwedler\ lub dome nws lub hwj chim txuas mus rau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm rods. Hauv daim duab.24cov pas nrig uas raug kev nyuaj siab vim yog lub zog P nyob rau hauv lub nplhaib vertex yog cim.
** Spatial trusses thiab domes: ** kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov tshuab no nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm spatial, kev txhawb nqa, geometric imperfections, buckling ntawm rods, nruj ntawm cov nodes, kev ua raws li ib ntus thiab kev sib sau ua ke. Lub tiaj tus duab kos los yog ib qho kev sib npaug tsis ua pov thawj thoob ntiaj teb kev ruaj ntseg, thauj cov kabmob tshwj xeeb lossis kev nyab xeeb thaum nqa.