Kudzvinyirirwa pamatunera kunosanganisira (muf. 1):
Muf. 1. Masimba ekudzvanya anoshanda pamatunhu
a) kudzvanywa kwakachinjika P pamusoro, kunonzi kudzvanywa kwepamusoro,
b) kumanikidzwa kwakatwasuka S, kunzi kumanikidzwa kweparutivi,
c) ma reaction kusvika pasi A, anonzi kumanikidzwa kwepasi.
Kukura kwekudzvanywa kwevhu paritunera kunofamba mumiganhu yakafara zvikuru. Pakutanga, panguva yekuchera tunera, kudzvanywa kwemakomo kwakaderera zvikuru uye kunobva pa0 kusvika ku0,50 kp/cm2, asi mushure mekuchera kunowedzera uye kunobva pa0,8 kusvika ku12,0 kp/cm2, zvichienderana nerudzi rwevhu nemaitiro aro epanyama, kukwirira kwematanho ari pamusoro petunera uye nekukura kwekufamba muvhu kunomuka semugumisiro wekudzvanywa kwematanho epamusoro. Nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kutsanangura kudzvanywa kwemakomo paritunera kunonetsa zvikuru, zvekuti nenzira yetheori hazvigone kutsanangurwa kukosha chaiko kwekudzvanywa kwevhu, asi kungofungidzirwa. Kupikisa chiito chekudzvanywa kwevhu paprofayiri yetunera kunoonekwa nekupikisa kwemukati kwevhu. Kana ivhu riri kuitwa tunera mariri riri dombo rakaoma uye rakasimba, kudzvanywa paprofayiri yetunera kudiki zvikuru, nokuti uremu hwematanho ari pamusoro petunera hunotambirwa nekusimukira kwekuchekwa kwedombo rakasimba. Mumamiriro akadaro hazvidiwi kuita lining yetunera kana kutsigira panguva yekuchera tunera, saka kutsanangura kudzvanywa kwevhu paprofayiri yetunera kunobviswawo.
Kana ari matombo asina kusimba uye anoora, kumanikidzwa kunokonzerwa nehuremu hwezvikamu zvepamusoro paprofaera yetunhu kunogona kudarika kusimba kwematombo akadaro, zvichikonzera kuputsika kwevhu uye deformation huru muprofaera yetunhu. Mumamiriro akadaro, panofanira kuitwa tsigiro panguva yekuchera tunhu, uyezve rukoko rwetunhu rucharwisa kumanikidzwa kwegomo uye kurufambisa kuburikidza nenheyo kuenda kuzvikamu zvepasi.
Muivhu rakasungwa, kupikisa kwemukati kunoumbwa necohesion uye kukweshana, asi muivhu risina kusungwa kunongoumbwa nekukweshana chete pasina cohesion. Zvisinei, tichifunga nezvekuchinja-chinja kwecohesion pasi pesimba rehunyoro, pamwe nekuti ivhu remhando dzakasiyana rakarongwa muzvikamu, cohesion haritombofungidzirwi sechikamu chekupikisa kwemukati, saka kunyange muivhu rakasungwa kuverengwa kunoitwa nekukweshana kwemukati chete. Naizvozvo, muzviitiko zviviri izvi zvekupedzisira panodiwa lining yetunhu, zvinoreva kuti kumanikidzwa kwevhu kunofanira kutsanangurwa patunhu.
Kuti uone hukuru hwekudzvanywa kwevhu patunira pane zvinotevera fungidziro:
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Fungidziro yekuti kudzvinyirirwa kwevhu kunowedzera zvakaenzana nekudzika
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Pfungwa yakavakirwa pamitemo yekuenzana kwezvinhu zvinoparara
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Pfungwa yekuumbwa kwebhawa rinoderedza mutoro muvhu
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Pfungwa yakavakirwa pamitemo yeelasticity.
Kufungidzira kuti kudzvinyirira kunowedzera zvakaenzana nekudzika
Maererano nepfungwoyi, padenga rerusvingo rwetunoro (fig. 2) pane kudzvanywa kwepamusoro P kunokonzerwa nehuremu hwevhu pachikamu chese chiri pamusoro petunoro kusvika pamusoro penyika, uye pahupamhi hwetunoro rakacherwa b. Naizvozvo, kudzvanywa kwepamusoro kuri
P = γ bt [Mp/m]
apo γ iri huremu hwevhoriyamu yezvikamu zvevhu zviri pamusoro petunari [Mp/m3], t kureba kwezvikamu zvevhu zviri pamusoro petunari [m].
Kufungidzira uku kunogamuchirwa chete muzviitiko zvakakosha, semuenzaniso apo ivhu riri pamusoro petunera rine silt, isina kana kupikisa kwemukati, kana kuti kubva muvhu rinobatana uye risingabatanidzani mumvura yepasi, apo kupikisa kwevhu kuri kushoma pane simba rehuremu hwevhu.
Mhosva dzakadaro hadziwanikwi kazhinji mukushanda uye dzinobatwa semhosva dzakakosha. Mune dzimwe nyaya dzose, kana zvichigona kuverengwa nekudzivirira kwemukati kwevhu, kutsanangura kudzvinyirirwa kwevhu pamatanho pasi pechifungidziro ichi hakuna kururama, nokuti kunopa kudzvinyirirwa kukuru kupfuura chaiko.
Muf. 2. Kusarudza kumanikidzwa kwevhu patunnel tichifungidzira kuti kumanikidzwa kunokwira zvinoenderana nekudzika
Pfungwa yakavakirwa pamitemo yekuenzana kwezvitunha zvinoparara
Sl. 3. Kusarudza kumanikidzwa kwevhu panotunnel zvichienderana nekufungidzira kwakavakirwa pamitemo yekuenzana kwemiviri inoputsika
Pasi pechifungidziro ichi, ivhu rakaoma rinoputsika rinotariswa uye zvinogamuchirwa kuti kumanikidzwa paarch yetunnel kuduku pane uremu hweprism ABA’B’ nekuda kwesimba rekukweshera panzvimbo dzakamira AA’ ne BB’ (fig. 3).
Pfungwa iyi ndiyo hwaro hwemafomura akati wandei ekuverenga kumanikidzwa padhome retunero, akadai seaya aForcheimer, Bierbaumer naEngesser.
Huremu hwese hwevhu riri pamusoro pechifukidziro chetunnel i W= γ bt, asi prism ABA’B’ haizokwanisi kutsvedza ichidzika yakasununguka, nokuti kukweshana kwezvinhu munzvimbo AA’ uye BB’ kuchapikisa kutsvedza uku. Kana o iri kona yekukweshana kwemukati yevhu riri pamusoro pechifukidziro chetunnel, coefficient yekukweshana i tgo, uye kudzvanywa kwakajairika pamusoro pekukweshana kuri chaizvo simba repadivi E, kumanikidzwa kwevhu kunoshingaira panzvimbo AA’ uye BB’. Naizvozvo pane chimwe nechimwe chezvibodzwa izvi pane simba rekukweshana
Q = Ea tg_ϕ._
Kudzvanywa P padenga re tuneru, kudzvanywa kwepamusoro, ndi
Kumanikidzwa kwevhu kunoshanda kunoverengwa maererano naRankine
Ea = ½ γt2 tg2(45o – ϕ/2)
Kusarudza kudzvanywa kwevhu panowanikwa mugero zvinoenderana nepfungwa iyi kunoitwa kashoma uye chete mune dzimwe mamiriro, semuenzaniso kana kukwirira kwezvikamu zvevhu pamusoro pemugero kuri kudiki, zvekuti pakuvapo kwechivharo chekurerutsa hazvigone kuumbwa.
Pfungwa yekuumbwa kwebhawa rinoderedza mutoro
Maererano nenzira iyi, muvhu rese rine kubatana uye risina kubatana, kunze kwemadhaka, pamusoro petunero munoumbwa denga rekusunungura mutoro, zvekuti pafinari yetunero panongoshanda chete zvinhu zviri pasi pedenga iroro, ukuwo denga racho pacharo richiramba riri mukuenzana nekuda kwekushanda kweruoko rwearch, izvo zvakaratidzwa nemiedzo muvhu rejecha rakasununguka. Pakusarudza kudzvinyirirwa kwevhu patunero zvinoenderana nefungidziro iyi pane nzira dzakawanda pakati padzo dzinonyanyozivikanwa dziri dzaKommerell nedzaProtođakonov. Maererano nenzira yaKommerell, denga rekusunungura mutoro rinotorwa riine chimiro chehafu yeellipse, uye maererano naProtođakonov chimiro cheparabola.
Nzira yaKommerell yehafu-ellipse yekumanikidzwa
Maererano nenzira iyi, zvinogamuchirwa kuti kureba kwevhu rekuvharira mutoro h kunoenderana nehupamhi hwetunera uye nekona yekukwesana kwemukati kwevhu mariri kuchicherwa tunera (fig. 4). Kureba kwevhu rekuvharira mutoro h kunogona kutsanangurwa pahwaro hwemufanidzo:
h = 100_a_/p
apo a kugadzikana kwechikuva kubva pakutanga kwekuchera mugero kusvika pakupedzwa kwekuvaka madziro omugero, p kusununguka kwevhu kusingachinji.
Muf. 4. Kutsanangura kumanikidzwa kwevhu pane tuneru maererano nenzira yehafu-ellipse yekumanikidzwa
Pasi pemamiriro akanaka zvinotorwa a = 10 – 15cm, pasi pemamiriro asina kunaka a = 15 – 40cm, pasi pemamiriro akanyanya kusafadza a = 40 – 70cm.
Kusununguka kusingagumi kwevhu p kunotarirwa pavhu rakacherwa retuneni, mu% mushure mekuchera nekudzvanyazve zvakare. Zvikoshe zve p zviri mumiganhu yakapiwa mutebhuri 1.
Zvisinei, kunyange kana fomura iri pamusoro yakashandiswa kakawanda mukuita, inofungidzirwa kuti haienderani nechokwadi. Kugara pasi a hakuna kukosha kwakazara, asi mumhando imwe chete yezvinhu kunosiyana zvinoenderana nerudzi rwepadenga repasi. Kana padenga repasi iri resimbi, kugara pasi kudiki, kana iri rehuni kugara pasi kukuru. Kune maprofile akajairika ematunnel pamigwagwa yezvitima nemigwagwa mikuru, pakakwirira kwevhu pamusoro petunnel t > 20 m zvinogamuchirwa kuti kukwirira kwearch yekuderedza mutoro h=20 m.
Kudzvanywa kweparutivi_. Maererano naKommerell, kudzvanywa kweparutivi kunomuka nekuda kwekuremerwa kweprizimu yevhu ABC (fig. 4), iyo yakaganhurirwa parutivi nepakati pekutsvedza AC uye ndege yakatwasuka yetunari AB, ukuwo pamusoro payo yakatakurwa nehuremu hweprizimu yevhu CBG. Pano zvinotorwa kuti prizimu yevhu rinoshanda rakaganhurirwa pamusoro nepeplane yakatwasuka CB iri pa plane yepamusoro pechivharo chetunari
Taf. 1. Maitiro anenge avepo evhu p mu %
Sezvo ndege AB iri yakatwasuka, uye ndege CB yakachinjika, zvinogamuchirwa kuti pane chiitiko cheRankine chekumanikidzwa kwevhu, uye kuti nzira yekumanikidzwa kwevhu kunoshanda E yakachinjika. Maererano naRankine, kutsvedza kwepamusoro pekutsvedza AC kuchikamu chakatwasuka kuri pakona α=45o+ϕ/2, kumanikidzwa kwevhu kunoshanda Ea kuri
Ea = ½ _γh_2tg2(45o-ϕ/2),
apo γ uremu hwevhu pahuwandu muMp/m3, h kureba kwemadziro anotsigira mu m, ϕ kona yekukakavadzana kwemukati yevhu.
Sezvo prism yevhu inoshanda ABC ichiremerwa kubva pamusoro nehuremu hweprism CBG, pachava pakureba kwetuneli h’
Ea = ½ γ h’ 2tg2(45o-ϕ/2),
uko γ1 = γ + 2p/h’
apo p = Q/CB = Q/h’tg(45o- ϕ/2)
Huremu Q hunowanikwa sesiyana pakati pehuremu W hwechikamu chechina chemifananidzo yechitubu CEF nehuremu W1:Q = W – W1.
Huremu W hunowanikwa kubva panzvimbo A yekota yeellipse uye huremu hwevhu γ, W = Aγ. Nzvimbo A inowanikwa pahwaro hwekuenzanisa kwenzvimbo yeellipse: A = h·e·π/4
Kana tikaisa kukosha kwe p muequation ye Ea tinowana:
Ea = ½ γ h’2 tg2 (45o-ϕ/2) + Q tg(45o-ϕ/2).
Kudzvanywa kwepamusoro pemarata. Sezvo denga rekuburitsa mutoro riri symmetrical maererano neaxis yakatwasuka, zvinogona kuverengwa kudzvanywa kwepamusoro kwehafu yeprofaili yetuneri. Huremu hweW1 prism yevhu BEFG yehurefu hwetuneri 1,00 m ndehwu:
W1 = (z+h)/2 · b/2 · 1,00 · γ
Muequation iyi zvose zvinozivikanwa kunze kwe z, yatinosarudza zvichienderana neequation yeelipse (sl. 5): b2x2 + a2y2 = b2a2. Muchiitiko chedu b=e; a=h; x=z;
Muf. 5. Kusarudza kudzvinyirirwa kwekorona yetuneri nenzira yehafu-ellipse yemutoro
Muf. 6. Kumanikidzwa kwepasi p pasi petsigiro
Kudzvanywa kwepasi. Nokuti zvinotorwa kuti kudzvanywa kwepasi A kwakaenzana nekudzvanywa kwepamusoro P, saka ukuru hwayo hwatosarudzwa.
Kana chimiro chemugodhi chine footing vault, kudzvanywa pasi pemugodhi p ndiko: p = P/(b·1,00m) [Mp/m2].
Asi kana iri yakasimba uye iine simba rekutakura rakakwana, kudzvanywa kwepamusoro P kunotakurirwa nenyanga dzakafara d kuenda muvhu (fig. 6), saka kudzvanywa kwepasi pasi penyanga ndiko: p = P/(2d·1,00m) [Mp/m2].
Zvinoratidzwa kuti muchiitiko ichi zvakakosha kuita ongororo yenzvimbo uye kutsanangura kugona kutakura mutoro pamwe nekugadzikana kwevhu, nokuti zvakamboitika kuti kugona kutakura mutoro kwevhu kwakanga kudiki kupfuura kumanikidzwa kwepasi, zvichikonzera kukanganisika kwehukwe hwetunnel uye kugadzikana kwe tunel yese.
Pfungwa inobva pamitemo yeelasticity
Munguva ichangobva kupfuura, kwakabuda fungidziro itsva yekuona ivhu semuviri umwechete unochinjika une isotropic, panogona kushandiswa mitemo yekuchinjika. Maererano nefungidziro iyi, maaxis echinjika evhu anoratidzwa nemodulus yacho ye elasticity E uye Poisson coefficient µ inotsamira pazvinhu zvepanyama zvevhu. Zvisinei, muchokwadi ivhu harisi isotropic, asi chinhu chine anisotropy, kukosha kwema modulus E uye coefficient µ kuchichinja nehudzamu. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei nekusiyana uku, kushandiswa kwedzidziso yekuchinjika pakusarudza kumanikidzwa kwepasi kune kufarira kukuru kwesainzi nematarisiro ekutsvakurudza mune ramangwana.
Kuongorora kugadzikana kwe lining yetunnel pasi pekuita kwekumanikidzwa kwepasi
Pakuyedza kugadzikana kwechivharo chetunera, unosarudzwa chikamu chekucheka chechivharo, uye zvinobatsira kushandisa mienzaniso yetunera dzakamboitwa pasi pemamiriro akafanana neaya aripo, dzakagara dziri mumamiriro akanaka, kana kuti chikamu chechivharo chetunera chinotemwa nenzira yeempirical (muf. 7a). Chikamu chechivharo chasarudzwa chinopatsanurwa kuita ma lamella ehupamhi hwakaenzana Δs kana zvichibvira. Kune rimwe nerimwe lamella panotemerwa kudzvanywa kwepamusoro nekwedivi, pamwe chete nehuremu hwelamella pacharwo.
Kudzvanywa kwakatwasuka PG pachelamu rehurefu hwetunnel 1,00 m (sl. 7a) kunowanikwa pahwaro hwefomura:
PG = (y1+y2)/2 · Δ_x_·1,00·γ
Muf. 7. Kutsanangura kudzvanywa kwevhu paritunera nenzira yaKommerll
Kumanikidzwa kwepadivi kunoumbwa nekumanikidzwa kwepasi Eh, kuprofile yetuneri ine hurefu h’ uye kumanikidzwa Ea kunokonzerwa nekuita kwemutoro Q
Eh’ = ½ γ h’2 tg2 (45o-ϕ/2); Ea = Q tg(45o-ϕ/2).
Pakutsunga kwedzvinyiriro dzemativi Eh pamarara ega ega e lining, dhayagiramu yedzvinyiriro dzemativi (7a) inoiswa zvichienderana nemaequation:
Masimba PG ne Eh anoita pamitsetse yepakati yemalella anoenderana.
Uyezve, huremu hwelamella yerukoko PZ hunotsanangurwawo, hunoshanda pakati pehuremu hwaro, uye resultant R yesimba rose pa lamella iri inowanikwa (muf. 7b). Nenzira iyi, resultants R1, R2, R3 kune dzose lamellae (muf. 8a) anotsanangurwa, oiswa muplan yesimba (muf. 8b), zvobuda resultant Rn. Zvadaro kubva kune chero pole O vanodhirowa rays uye vodhirowa mutsara wekutanga weutsigiro ac. Kubva pachinodiwa chekuti vault iri mu equilibrium kana kumanikidzwa kwehorizontal kwevault H, resultant yekumanikidzwa kwevhu patunhu _R_n uye kumanikidzwa kwepasi A zvichisangana panzvimbo imwe, tinowana poindi yekusangana S. Kana tikabatanidza poindi iyi nepoindi yepakati yesungano yevault panotangira, tinowana nzira yekumanikidzwa kwepasi kutsva A1. Kana tikasanganisa masimba Rn, A1 uye H muplan itsva yesimba (muf. 8c), tinowana ukuru H nepole itsva O1 kubva pairi tinodhirowa rays matsva uye mutsara wechipiri weutsigiro ac’.
Fig. 8 Chirongwa chemasimba uye mutsara unotsigira wekumanikidzwa kwevhu pane tunnel
Maererano nemutsara mutsva werutsigiro wakawanikwa, chimiro chemuchinjikwa chelining yeritunera chinogadziridzwa, uye mutsara werutsigiro unovakwa zvakare kana zvichidikanwa kechitatu. Chinangwa ndechekugamuchira chimiro chakadaro chelining yeritunera, chine axis inofambirana nemutsara werutsigiro. Mumamiriro akadaro, mamanikiro ekumanikidza chete ndiwo anotonga mulining. Mamanikiro ekumanikidza anoonekwa mune chero chikamu chemuchinjikwa n – n chelining yeritunera (muf. 8), anowanikwa kubva mufomura
apo N iri chikamu chakanangana cheresultanti Rn pakucheka kwechifukidziro n – n , rinowanikwa kubva purogiramu yemasimba yechikamu ichocho; d ukobvu hwechifukidziro chetunnel muchikamu n – n; e kusarudzika kwesimba rinorwisa N muchikamu chimwe chetecho.
Kushushikana kwekudzvanywa σ kunofanira kuva kudiki pane kushushikana kunotenderwa kwekuvhara. Kune mawaults emutunnel ekongiri yakasimbiswa zvinonzi nzira iyi haina kunyatsorurama, saka nzira yaSpangerberg inokurudzirwa.