Inothi elibalulekile lokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wengobo yomlando, hhayi incwadi yesimanje yokusebenza. Ungawashisi amapulasitiki futhi ungawashisi, usike, ushise, unamathisele noma ufafaze ama-polymer angaziwa ngaphandle kokuhlonza izinto ezisebenzayo, ishidi ledatha yezokuphepha, ukungena komoya ngendlela efanele, okokuvikela kanye nokuhlola ubungozi. Ipulasitiki evuthayo ingakhipha amagesi ayingozi kakhulu. Umlando oshiwo ngelangabi elivulekile, i-mercury, i-asbestos, uwoyela oshisayo, intambo eshisayo, i-benzene, i-chloroform, i-nitrocellulose nama-coatings avuthayo akunconyelwe ukusetshenziswa namuhla.
Ama-Polyplastic, izinto ezinamathelayo, izinyibilikisi nopende akuyona ingxenye yokunikezwayo komphakathi kwamanje kwe-Savo Kusić. Namuhla okugxilwe kukho amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela ezingodo-aluminium kanye neminyango yangokwezifiso.
Ukuhlonza ama-polyplasts
Ukuhlonza ama-polyplast akuwona umsebenzi olula ngisho nakochwepheshe bakumalabhorethri ahlome kahle. Uhlobo, okungukuthi, iqembu le-polyplasts lokuphatha kahle ekhaya, linqunywa kalula, ngempumelelo kakhulu.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kudinga kuphela okufanayo kanye, vele, ucezu lwento ehloliwe, ukuzilolonga nokunakwa lapho kusebenza.
Ukugeleza kokuhlolwa komlando
Sishisisa ngokucophelela ucezu lwento ehloliwe ngomentshisi. Uma incibilika, kusho i-thermoplastic, uma ingashintshi, i-duroplast. Uma sisusa umdlalo, kusukela ku-thermoplastics, okulandelayo kuyaqhubeka kushisa: i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polystyrene, i-polymethylene, i-polymethacrylate, i-cellulose acetate ne-nitrocellulose. Ilangabi liyacisha uma sinalo: i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polytetrafluoroethylene nama-silicone (isithombe 1).
SLIKA 1
Kulawo avutha kakhulu, ama-polyethylenes anelangabi elincane eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi anuka njengekhandlela lapho ecishwa, futhi uma sizithinta, sizwa sengathi athambile, akhuluphele. I-Polypropylene (A) yomile, intekenteke kakhudlwana, i-polystyrene (B) isinika ilangabi le-sooty kanye nephunga elimnandi. I-non-soot, ikhukhumala, i-crackle lapho ivutha, inuka njenge-acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Isha ngelangabi elingancibiliki, iqhekeze, inuke njengesithelo se-polymethyl methacrylate (D). Ishisa ngokushesha i-nitro-cellulose.
I-Polyamide iyakhukhumala, iklebhuke futhi inuke njengoboya obushile obuvela ezintweni ezingashi elangabini. Unqenqema lwelangabi lunombala oluhlaza, lunuka njenge-polyvinyl chloride acid. Uma incibilika kancane elangabini, ikhipha ubisi olumhlophe olumhlophe, iphunga njenge-asidi, i-poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Ama-Polyplastics angathambisi uma kushisa. Lapho iphunga lesici se-bakelite likhishwa ilangabi, yi-phenoplast. Ngokushisisa i-crackle, iphunga njenge-aminoplast ammonia. Ivutha ngamandla, ivutha ngelangabi elinomsizi, iqhekeze, iqhekeke ilangabi, lapho ilangabi licisha likhipha iphunga lesithelo (elimnandi) i-polyester. Ayiqhephuki elangabini, uma ususa umeshisi, isha ngisho nangokwengeziwe isikhathi esifushane futhi inuka njengezinwele ezishile ze-epoxy-resin.
Endabeni yama-polyplast “anezinto zokugcwalisa”, izinto ezengeziwe zivame ukumboza isithombe sangempela, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukunaka iphunga.
Ukucutshungulwa kwe-polyplast
Imizamo yokucubungula eyaziwayo isetshenzisiwe. Umehluko phakathi kokuziphatha kokucubungula kwensimbi ne-polyplastic kubonakala ikakhulukazi ekushiseni okusheshayo kwe-polyplastic nokunamathela kwayo ethuluzini. Yingakho kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahamba kancane, anamazinyo amakhulu, asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni izinkuni. Ngakho-ke: ukukhuhla, ukuhlela, ukutshala, ukumba, ukuhlubula. Ukugaya akunconyiwe okungenani.
Ukusika, ukubaza izimo ezihlukahlukene, ukugoba okubandayo, kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nokucubungula izinsimbi ezithambile (i-alumlnium) (isithombe 2).
SLIKA 2
Ukucubungula okufudumele kwe-polyplast kuhluke ngokuphelele.
Ukucubungula okushisayo kwe-polyplast
Izinto ezenziwe nge-phenoplast ne-aminoplast, ezishisayo ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ziqiniswe nakanjani, ngeke zisacutshungulwa ngenxa yomphumela wokushisa. Lawa ma-polyplastics (ikakhulukazi ama-bakelite endwangu nawephepha) acutshungulwa ngokukhipha ama-chip kuphela. Ama-Thermoplastics athambekiswa yisenzo sokushisa, abe yipulasitiki, angakhiwa futhi agcine ifomu lawo elisha, ukuma ngokupholisa. Ama-thermoplastic ajwayeleke kakhulu yi-PVC eqinile futhi ethambile, i-polymethyl methacrylate (i-Plexi-glass), i-polystyrene ne-celluloid.
Ukushisa kungaba indawo noma ukushisisa kwenqwaba. Umgomo unquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokushisisa esizoyisebenzisa.
Izindlela zomlando zokushisisa
1. Ikhabhinethi yokufudumala (ihhavini lokubhaka amaqebelengwane, inyama). Kubalulekile ukuthi i-polyplast efakwe kuhhavini ishise ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Kufanelekile ukushisa amapuleti, amapayipi. Izinga lokushisa lingalawulwa nge-thermometer ye-mercury.
2. Ipuleti elishisayo (isitofu). Emazingeni okushisa alawulwayo, kufanelekile ukushisa amapuleti amancane.
3. Ilangabi elivulekile (isibani se-Bunsen, igesi yedolobha, ithoshi yokunamathisela, njll.) Ukushisa kwelangabi lale mithombo kuhlale kuphezulu kunokushisa okudingekayo ekwelapheni ukushisa kwe-polyplast. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kudinga isipiliyoni esikhulu nokuqapha. Sizokwenza umsebenzi ube lula uma sinweba izishisi zensimbi zensimbi. Lolu hlobo lwesandiso luvimbela umphumela oqondile welangabi, ngoba ekusebenzeni umoya oshisayo kuphela oshiya ipayipi, ongasetshenziswa ngengozi encane yokushisa kwendawo (isithombe 3)
4. Amafutha ashisayo. Ukulungiselela okugeza amafutha kudinga isipiliyoni esikhulu nokuqapha. Iphuzu elikhanyayo lamafutha kufanele laziwe. Ukushisa kokugeza kufanele kulawulwe njalo. Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ilangabi elivulekile ukushisa amafutha. Ukushisa kwendawo kufanele kugwenywe ngokushisa njalo nokunyakazisa. Ingozi yomlilo inkulu. Ngokombono wochwepheshe be-polyplastics, lena yindlela enhle kakhulu, ngoba izinga lokushisa lilawulwa kalula futhi ukuqina kokuphakama kwalo kulawulwa kalula. Kodwa uma ukucubungula kulandelwa i-gluing, kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwesendlalelo samafutha ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, okunzima ukususa ngokuphelele.
5. Isihlabathi esishisayo. Isetshenziswa lapho kugoba amapayipi e-polyplastic.
6. Umoya oshisayo. Isomisi sezinwele, njengomthombo womoya ofudumele, singasetshenziswa kahle ekushiseni kwendawo.
7. I-Ienjir eshisayo. Irula lensimbi elishisiswe ilangabi noma ugesi lisetshenziswa kahle lapho kugotshwa amashidi epulasitiki enziwe ngobuningi. (Isithombe 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Izifudumezi ze-infrared. Izinga lomphumela owusizo walezi zifudumezi lincike kumbala oyisisekelo we-polyplast kanye namandla awo okumunca. Singaphinda sifake izinto zokushisisa ukumelana naleli qembu lezifudumezi.
Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokucubungula lama-polyplast athile lingokulandelayo: I-PVC 130-140, i-plexiglass 145-150, i-celluloid 100°C. Kubalulekile ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanele, ngoba ngokufudumeza isikhathi eside, silimaza isakhiwo, isibonelo, i-PVC. Ngokusho kwedatha ye-empirical, kuthatha cishe 1,5 minut ukushisa ipuleti eliwugqinsi elingu-1mm. Kubalulekile futhi ukwakha ipuleti elishisayo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, bese upholisa phansi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukupholisa kulula kakhulu ukwenza ngendwangu emanzi noma isipontshi.
Ukugoba kwepuleti
Ukugoba kungenziwa emugqeni owodwa kuma-engeli ahlukahlukene noma ngendlela ye-arc kuyo yonke indawo yepuleti. Yomibili imisebenzi idinga ukunakwa okukhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene.
Uma ipuleti lincanyana kuno-1,5 mm, sisebenzisa 2-3 mm irula yensimbi ewugqinsi. Ingxenye eyodwa yerula, ifakwe nge-thermal ngephepha noma ibhodi le-asbestos, igxiliwe phakathi kwemihlathi ye-mangal, endaweni evundlile. Shisisa omunye umkhawulo werula nge-burner ezingeni lokushisa elifanele. (Bona Umfanekiso 3). Inqubo yokugoba imi kanje: phawula umugqa wokugoba ngepensela yamafutha, bese ubeka ibhodi kulowo mugqa phezu kwerula elishisayo. I-Polyplast ithambisa emgqeni. Ngokucindezela okubuthakathaka, goba ipuleti ku-engeli oyifunayo, bese uyipholisa kuleyo ndawo ngendwangu emanzi noma isipontshi. Uma ipuleti likhulu, akwanele ukushisa uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela. Kulesi simo, sisebenzisa amarula amabili, abekwe ngokufana. Irula yokushisisa kufanele okungenani ibe wugqinsi oluphindwe kabili kuneshidi lepulasitiki esiyigobayo.
Ukugoba phezu kwendawo yonke (isilinda sepulasitiki) kudinga ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile. Ipuleti le-polyplastic kufanele lishiswe lilonke futhi lipholile kwisifanekiso esibandayo (isikhunta). Singashisisa ipuleti sisebenzisa enye yezindlela ezishiwo ngaphambili. Izinto zesifanekiso zingaba: izinkuni, insimbi, i-ceramic. Ukugoba kulula, i-polyplast ayikwazi ukuphulwa, ngoba uma sihluleka ukugoba, ngokushisa kabusha sithambisa ipuleti, elibuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala futhi singaphinda inqubo. Isikhathi esanele kufanele sinikezelwe ekupholiseni, ukuze ipuleti iphole ngokuphelele kuwo wonke ubukhulu bayo. Uma ugoba, khumbula ukuthi ipuleti akufanele lishiswe kabusha ngoba libuyela esimweni salo sangempela, esiyisicaba.
Amafilimu e-PVC athambile, amapuleti, ngenxa yokunwebeka kwawo, asikwazi ukugoba unomphela - ngokubanda, futhi siyaphoqeleka ukuthi sisebenzise ukugoba okushisayo njengase-PVC eqinile.
Ukugoba amapayipi e-polyplastic
Sikwazile ukugoba ipayipi kahle ngaleso sikhathi, uma ububanzi bepayipi kanye nobukhulu bodonga endaweni yokugoba kushintsha kancane kuphela. Lesi simo asibandakanyi amathuba okushwabana kwendololwane. Engxenyeni engaphandle ye-arch, ngesikhathi sokugoba, ubukhulu bodonga buyancipha, kanti ohlangothini lwangaphakathi luyaqina. Uma ubukhulu bepayipi bukhulu futhi izindonga ziba mkhulu, ingozi yokushwabana iyanda. Ngokunciphisa i-angle yokugoba, ingozi yokuguqulwa iyanda. Kumakhothamo amakhulu, sishisisa ipayipi lepulasitiki eline-poly endaweni lapho sifuna ukugoba khona, sisebenzisa umoya oshisayo noma ilangabi. Bese ibekwa epuleti eliyisicaba noma ngerula eyisikwele bese igotshwa (isithombe 4, ingxenye engaphezulu).
Ukufeza ama-arcs amancane, ipayipi kufanele igcwaliswe ngesihlabathi esishisayo (100°C), ufulawa kakhokho noma isiphethu esivunguzayo sobubanzi obufana nepayipi esifuna ukugoba. Uma sisebenzisa isihlabathi, vala umkhawulo owodwa wepayipi ngepulaki ye-conical, ugcwalise ngokuphelele ngesihlabathi bese uvala omunye umkhawulo. Ukushisa indawo yokugoba kusuka ngaphandle, silinda kuze kube yilapho i-arc efanele idalwe ngesisindo sayo. Pholisa ngendwangu emanzi noma isipontshi. Uma udonga luphola ngaphandle, isihlabathi siyasuswa ngokushesha.
Uma usebenzisa ufulawa kakhokho, akukho ukushisa kwangaphambili; uhlangothi olubi lwalolu hlobo lokugcwalisa ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukususa ufulawa. I-coil spring yiyona engcono kakhulu, kodwa-ke, kufanele uthole isiphethu esinobubanzi obufana neshubhu.
Ngamapayipi enziwe nge-PVC ethambile, asikwazi ukukhuluma ngokugoba kwangempela, kodwa mhlawumbe mayelana nokulungisa iphrofayela yepayipi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokushisa indawo efanelekile esimweni sepulasitiki, khona-ke ngokuvala umkhawulo owodwa bese ushaya ngakolunye uhlangothi, silungisa iphrofayili ekhubazekile yepayipi, bese ipholile.
I-hot air welding
Le ndlela isetshenziselwa kakhulu i-PVC eqinile, kodwa futhi isetshenziselwa ukucubungula i-polyamide, i-plexiglass ne-PVC ethambile. Lapho kusetshenzwa i-polyamide, kusetshenziswa i-nitrogen esikhundleni somoya.
Ngenxa yomphumela womoya oshisayo, ipuleti le-PVC eliqinile alibi uketshezi, kodwa liyanameka, linamathele futhi lishiselwe. I-welding ephumelelayo incike ezenzweni zokulungiselela, okungukuthi, ukuthi sakwazi kanjani ukucubungula iziphetho, imiphetho, imiphetho yamapuleti noma amapayipi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwamapuleti ahlanganisiwe sicubungula nge-“V« seam, futhi uma sifuna ukuthungatha izinhlangothi zombili, bese silungiselela “X« seam. Sakha imiphetho nge-engeli engu-60°. Izinto eziphuma entweni yokushisela zingena esikhaleni esibangwayo (isithombe 4, ingxenye engezansi).
SLIKA 4
Umoya oshiselwe ku-200–500°C, ukhiqizwe kahle kakhulu nge-»gun« yokushisela. “Isibhamu” se-welding yi-tube ene-perforated, eshiswa amandla kagesi noma igesi, okugeleza kuyo umoya, okushiswa ngale ndlela.
Uma kusetshenziswa i-electric current, kwanele ukufaka into yokushisa engu-200 W. Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa “isibhamu” ukuze kufakwe i-solder, ngoba kudinga ukulungiswa okuncane kuphela. Singakwazi ukudonsa umoya ethayini lemoto eligcwele umoya. Inani lomoya osetshenzisiwe likhulu kakhulu. Ithwala 1500-1800 amalitha ngehora. Umbhobho womoya kufanele ube nobubanzi obungaba ngu-3 mm. Impahla yezinduku zokushisela kufanele ibe nendawo encibilikayo ephansi kunempahla yamapuleti esifuna ukuwashisela. Ububanzi bezinti 2-5 mm. Uma sihluleka ukuthola ama-electrode anjalo, singazama ngocezu olusikiwe lwamapuleti esiwashiselayo. Silungisa izinga lokushisa lendiza yomoya ngokuyikhulula ephepheni elitholakala 25 mm kude. Izinga lokushisa lilungile uma iphepha libaphuzi phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-5 (isithombe 4).
Sishisela ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla. Sibamba induku esandleni sobunxele, “isibhamu” esandleni sethu sokudla. Sihlala sibamba ibha ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke umoya oshisayo uzoncibilikisa ibha futhi wenze i-var. Sishisa umthungo phambi kwebha ngomoya oshisayo. Naphezu kokulula kwayo, i-welding idinga isipiliyoni esikhulu nokunakwa. Kufika kugqinsi lwepuleti elingu-4 mm, silungisa umthungo we-V, bese emapuletini aminyene silungise umthungo ongu-X.
Nge-PVC ethambile, indlela yokushisela iyafana, kodwa njengoba impahla ithambile kakhulu, sicindezela induku encibilikisiwe ngesondo elincane.
Plexi-glass, i-polyethylene ne-polyamide nazo zingashiselwa ngale ndlela, kodwa empeleni lokhu kwenzeka kancane kakhulu.
Ukusika ama-polyplasts egwebu
Ukusika angeke kwenziwe kuphela ngesikele, ipenknife, insingo, kodwa futhi nangocingo olushisayo. Silenga ucingo etafuleni kulokho kuphakama, okuhambisana nobukhulu bongqimba lapho sifuna ukusika khona ibhodi le-foam. Ngemva kokukhanyisa amandla, sicindezela ipuleti ocingweni olukhazimulayo. Intambo kufanele ibe wugqinsi 0,17-0,25 mm, futhi ibe no-20-24 V voltage (isithombe 5).
SLIKA 5
I-Gluing polyplast
Gluing ukuhlanganisa izinto ezimbili ezifanayo noma ezehlukene kusetshenziswa into yesithathu: iglu. Izinto ezinamathelayo zisetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi esimweni esiwuketshezi, ezindaweni ezibandayo. Sinamathisela ama-polyplast afanayo ngezincibilikisi zawo ukuze siwasakaze futhi siwahlanganise ndawonye. Ngemuva kokuthi i-solvent ihwamukile, izindawo ezingaphezulu zinamathiselwe. Sisebenzisa le ndlela yokuncibilikisa ukunamathisela:
celluloid ene-acetone,
polystyrene ene-benzene,
plexi-glass ene-chloroform.
Emakethe ungathola imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, izinto zokunamathisela, ezifanele ukunamathisela ama-polyplast ahlukahlukene.
Ukwelashwa kwendawo nokupenda kwe-polyplast
Ama-Duroplast, ngenxa yokuba khona “kokugcwalisa”, ngokuvamile kunzima ukuwapholisha. Uma singanelisekile ngobuso, ubushelelezi, umbala, kufanele sihlikihle yonke indawo ngephepha le-emery. Uma singakwazi ukususa imifantu ngaleyo ndlela, sigcoba ukungalingani, amaphutha nge “epokit”. Ngemuva kokuthi i-epoxy iqinile, kufanele siyipholise futhi, bese siyivanisha nge-nitro-varnish - ngombala oyifunayo. I-Nitro-varnish ingasetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa izifutho ezincane ze-cologne noma i-perfume (Ukunaka! Ngenxa yengozi yomlilo, sebenza ngefasitela elivulekile noma ngaphandle!) Yiqiniso, singasebenzisa i-varnish ngamabhulashi, kodwa kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, kunzima kakhulu ukufeza ungqimba olubushelelezi, olulingana ngokulinganayo lwe-varnish, ngaphandle kwemibimbi.
Uma singanelisekile ngokucwebezela okuzuziwe, singasiza ngezindlela ezithengwayo, okungukuthi, ezisetshenziswa ekunakekelweni kwemoto, ukugcoba indawo ngamanzi acwebezelayo.
Ukuze udaye ama-polyplasts abonisa ngale otshwaleni noma ku-spirit, ncibilikisa umbala owufunayo (okumele uncibilikiswe otshwaleni) bese ushisa ku-50°C. Sihlanza indawo engaphezulu nge-detergent bese siyicwilisa kusixazululo sotshwala. Kusukela kusixazululo, udayi uzohlukana phezu kwento. Ungqimba olunemibala luncane kakhulu futhi ngokupholisha ezindaweni ezithile, singathola imiphumela emihle kakhulu, imiklamo, amaphethini, njll.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wesimanje onama-polymer, amadokhumenti omkhiqizi wezinto ezibonakalayo, imithethonqubo evumelekile nokulawulwa komlilo, umusi, izinga lokushisa kanye nezinto zikagesi ezichazwe ngochwepheshe. Lo mbhalo usashicilelwa kuphela njengomthombo wemfundo ongokomlando.