Chidziwitso chofunikira pachitetezo: Awa ndi zolemba zakale, osati buku lamakono logwiritsira ntchito. Osayatsa mapulasitiki ndipo musatenthe, kudula, kuwotcherera, kumata kapena kupopera ma polima osadziwika popanda chidziwitso chaukadaulo, pepala lachitetezo, mpweya wabwino, zida zodzitetezera komanso kuwunika zoopsa. Kuwotcha pulasitiki kungathe kutulutsa mpweya woopsa kwambiri. Moto wamoto, mercury, asbestos, mafuta otentha, waya wotentha, benzene, chloroform, nitrocellulose, nitrocellulose ndi zokutira zoyatsira zomwe zatchulidwa kale sizovomerezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito masiku ano.
Polyplastics, zomatira, zosungunulira ndi utoto sizili gawo la zomwe anthu akutsatsa pano za Savo Kusić. Lero tikuyang’ana kwambiri mazenera amatabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu ndi zitseko zamwambo.
Kuzindikiritsa ma polyplasts
Kuzindikira ma polyplasts si ntchito yophweka ngakhale kwa akatswiri a m’ma laboratories okhala ndi zida zokwanira. Mtundu, ndiko kuti, gulu la polyplasts kuti adziwe bwino kunyumba, amatsimikiziridwa mosavuta, bwino kwambiri.
Kuyesaku kumangofunika chofananira komanso, chidutswa cha zinthu zomwe zayesedwa, komanso chizolowezi ndi chidwi pogwira ntchito.
Mayendedwe a mbiri yakale
Timatenthetsa mosamala chidutswa cha chinthu chomwe chayesedwa ndi machesi. Ngati isungunuka, imatanthawuza thermoplastic, ngati sichoncho, ndi duroplast. Ngati tichotsa machesi, kuchokera ku thermoplastics, zotsatirazi zikupitiriza kuyaka: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate ndi nitrocellulose. Lawi lamoto limazima ngati tili ndi: polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene ndi silikoni (chithunzi 1).
SLIKA 1
Mwa iwo omwe amawotcha kwambiri, ma polyethylene amakhala ndi lawi laling’ono labuluu ndipo amanunkhiza ngati kandulo akazimitsidwa, ndipo tikawakhudza, timamva kuti ndi ofewa, onenepa. Polypropylene (A) ndiyouma, yosalimba, polystyrene (B) imatipatsa lawi la sooty ndi fungo lokoma. Wosakhala mwaye, amafufuma, amanjenjemera akayaka, amanunkhira ngati acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Amayaka ndi lawi losatentha, amanjenjemera, amanunkha ngati chipatso cha polymethyl methacrylate (D). Imayaka msanga nitro cellulose.
Polyamide imafufuma, kung’ambika ndi kununkhiza ngati ubweya woyaka kuchokera kuzinthu zosayaka pamoto. Mphepete mwa lawilo ndi lobiriwira, limanunkhira ngati polyvinyl chloride acid. Ngati zimasungunuka pang’ono pamoto, zimatulutsa misa yoyera yamkaka, imanunkhira ngati asidi, ndi poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Mapulasitiki omwe safewa akatenthedwa. Pamene fungo la bakelite limatulutsidwa ndi moto, ndi phenoplast. Potenthetsa crackle, imanunkhira ngati aminoplast ammonia. Imayaka kwambiri, imayaka ndi lawi la sooty, imasweka, ming’alu yamoto, lawi lamoto likazimitsidwa limatulutsa fungo la zipatso (lokoma) polyester. Simaphulika pamoto, ngati mutachotsa machesi, amawotcha kwambiri kwa kanthawi kochepa ndipo amanunkhiza tsitsi la epoxy-resin.
Pankhani ya ma polyplast okhala ndi “zodzaza”, zinthu zowonjezera nthawi zambiri zimaphimba chithunzi chenicheni, ndipo ndikofunikira kwambiri kulabadira fungo.
Kukonza polyplast
Zoyeserera zodziwika bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa machitidwe opangira zitsulo ndi polyplastic makamaka kumawonekera pakutentha kwachangu kwa polyplastic ndi kumamatira kwake ku chida. Ndicho chifukwa chake zida zoyenda pang’onopang’ono, za mano akuluakulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga matabwa. Choncho: kukwapula, planing, mchenga, kubowola, kuchotsa. Kupera sikovomerezeka.
Kudula, kusema mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kupindika kozizira, amachitidwa mofanana ndi kukonza zitsulo zofewa (alumlnium) (chithunzi 2).
SLIKA 2
Kutentha kwa polyplast ndikosiyana kotheratu.
Kutentha kwa polyplast
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi phenoplast ndi aminoplast, zotentha zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yopanga, zowumitsidwa, sizingathenso kukonzedwa chifukwa cha kutentha. Ma polyplastics (makamaka nsalu ndi mapepala a bakelite) amakonzedwa ndi kuchotsa tchipisi kokha. Thermoplastics imafewetsa pansi pa kutentha, kukhala pulasitiki, imatha kupangidwa ndikusunga mawonekedwe awo atsopano, mawonekedwe akakhazikika. Thermoplastics yodziwika kwambiri ndi PVC yolimba komanso yofewa, polymethyl methacrylate (Plexi-glass), polystyrene ndi celluloid.
Kutentha kumatha kukhala komweko kapena kutentha kwathunthu. Cholinga ndichosankha njira yowotchera yomwe tidzagwiritse ntchito.
Njira zakale zowotchera
1. Kabati yowotchera (ng’anjo yophika mikate, nyama). Ndikofunikira kuti polyplast yoyikidwa mu uvuni itenthetse mofanana mbali zonse. Ndizoyenera kutentha mbale, mapaipi. Kutentha kumatha kuyendetsedwa ndi mercury thermometer.
2. Kutenthetsa mbale (chitofu). Pa kutentha kolamulidwa, ndizoyenera kutenthetsa mbale zing’onozing’ono.
3. Lawi lotseguka (nyali ya Bunsen, gasi wa tauni, tochi yowotchera, etc.) Kutentha kwa lawi la magwerowa kumakhala kokulirapo nthawi zonse kuposa kutentha komwe kumafunikira pakuchiza kwa polyplast. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumafuna chidziwitso chachikulu komanso kusamala. Tidzapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta ngati tikulitsa zoyatsira zitsulo zazitsulo. Kuwonjeza kotereku kumalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa motowo, chifukwa pochita mpweya wotentha wokha umachoka patope, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda chiopsezo chocheperako pakuwotcha kwanuko (chithunzi 3)
4. Mafuta otentha. Kukonzekera mafuta osambira kumafuna chidziwitso chachikulu ndi kusamala. Kuwala kwa mafuta kuyenera kudziwika. Kutentha kwa kusamba kuyenera kuyendetsedwa nthawi zonse. Ndikoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito lawi lotseguka kuti litenthe mafuta. Kutentha kwa m’deralo kuyenera kupewedwa ndi kutentha kosalekeza ndi kusonkhezera. Kuopsa kwa moto ndi kwakukulu. Kuchokera ku akatswiri a polyplastics, iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa kutentha kumayendetsedwa mosavuta ndipo nthawi zonse kutalika kwake kumayendetsedwa mosavuta. Koma ngati kukonzanso kumatsatiridwa ndi gluing, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mafuta osanjikiza pamtunda, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa kwathunthu.
5. Mchenga wotentha. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popinda mapaipi a polyplastic.
6. Mpweya wotentha. Chowumitsira tsitsi, monga gwero la mpweya wofunda, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino pakuwotchera kwanuko.
7. Heated Ienjir. Wolamulira wachitsulo wotenthedwa ndi lawi kapena mphamvu yamagetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino popinda mapepala apulasitiki. (Chithunzi 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Ma heaters a infrared. Mlingo wa zothandiza za heaters izi zimadalira mtundu m’munsi wa polyplast ndi mphamvu mayamwidwe awo. Tithanso kuphatikizira zinthu zowotcha zosagwira mgululi.
Kutentha koyenera kwa ma polyplasts ndi motere: PVC 130-140, plexiglass 145-150, celluloid 100°C. Ndikofunika kusunga kutentha koyenera, chifukwa pakuwotcha kwa nthawi yayitali, timawononga mapangidwe, mwachitsanzo, PVC. Malinga ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo, pamafunika pafupifupi 1,5 minut kutentha mbale yokhuthala 1mm. Ndikofunikiranso kupanga mbale yotenthetsera mwachangu momwe mungathere, kenako ndikuziziritsa mwachangu momwe mungathere. Kuziziritsa ndikosavuta kuchita ndi nsalu yonyowa kapena siponji.
Kupindika mbale
Kupinda kumatha kuchitidwa mumzere umodzi pamakona osiyanasiyana kapena ngati mawonekedwe a arc pamtunda wonse wa mbale. Ntchito zonse ziwiri zimafunikira chidwi chachikulu komanso umisiri wosiyanasiyana.
Ngati mbaleyo ndiyoonda kuposa 1,5 mm, timagwiritsa ntchito 2-3 mm chola chachitsulo chochindikala. Mapeto amodzi a wolamulira, otetezedwa ndi thermally ndi pepala kapena bolodi la asbestosi, amakhazikika pakati pa nsagwada za mangel, pamalo opingasa. Kutenthetsa mbali ina ya wolamulira ndi chowotchera kutentha koyenera. (Onani Chithunzi 3). Njira yopindika ili motere: lembani mzere wopindika ndi pensulo yamafuta, kenaka ikani bolodi motsatira mzerewu pa wolamulira wotentha. Polyplast imafewetsa motsatira mzere. Ndi kukakamiza kofooka, pindani mbaleyo kumalo omwe mukufuna, kenaka muziziziritsa pamalo omwewo ndi nsalu yonyowa kapena siponji. Ngati mbaleyo ndi yokhuthala, sikokwanira kutentha mbali imodzi yokha. Pankhaniyi, timagwiritsa ntchito olamulira awiri, omwe amaikidwa mofanana. Chotenthetsera chikuyenera kukhala chokhuthala kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa pepala lapulasitiki lomwe tikupinda.
Kupinda pamwamba pa nthaka yonse (silinda yapulasitiki) kumafuna ukadaulo wina. Gulu la polyplastic liyenera kutenthedwa lonse ndikukhazikika mu template yozizira (nkhungu). Tikhoza kutentha mbale pogwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa njira zomwe tazitchula kale. Zinthu za template zitha kukhala: matabwa, zitsulo, ceramic. Kupinda kumakhala kosavuta, polyplast sichitha kusweka, chifukwa ngati tilephera kupindika, mwa kutenthetsanso timafewetsa mbale, yomwe imabwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira ndipo tikhoza kubwereza ndondomekoyi. Nthawi yokwanira iyenera kuperekedwa ku kuzirala, kuti mbaleyo izizire kwathunthu mu makulidwe ake onse. Mukamapinda, kumbukirani kuti mbaleyo siyenera kutenthedwanso chifukwa imabwerera momwe inalili yophwatalala.
Makanema ofewetsa a PVC, mbale, chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake, sitingathe kupindika mpaka kalekale - mozizira, ndipo timakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito kupindika kotentha ngati ndi PVC yolimba.
Kupinda mapaipi apulasitiki
Tidakwanitsa kupindika chitolirocho bwino, ngati m’mimba mwake wa chitoliro ndi makulidwe a khoma pamlingo wopindika asintha pang’ono. Mkhalidwewu ukupatula kuthekera kwa makwinya a chigongono. Kunja kwa chipilalacho, popinda, makulidwe a khoma amachepa, pamene mkati mwake amakula. Kukula kwake kwa chitoliro ndi kukhuthala kwa makoma, m’pamenenso ngozi ya makwinya imakula. Pochepetsa kupindika kopindika, chiopsezo cha deformation chimawonjezeka. Pazipilala zazikulu, timatenthetsa chitoliro cha pulasitiki cha pulasitiki pamalo omwe tikufuna kupindika, pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotentha kapena lawi lamoto. Kenako amaikidwa pa mbale yathyathyathya kapena ndi sikweya wolamulira ndi kupindika (chithunzi 4, chapamwamba).
Kukwaniritsa ma arcs ang’onoang’ono, chitolirocho chiyenera kudzazidwa ndi mchenga wotentha (100°C), ufa wa cork kapena kasupe wozungulira wofanana ndi chitoliro chomwe tikufuna kupindika. Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito mchenga, kutseka mbali imodzi ya chitoliro ndi pulagi ya conical, mudzaze kwathunthu ndi mchenga ndikutseka mapeto ena. Kutenthetsa malo opindika kuchokera kunja, timadikirira mpaka arc yoyenera itapangidwa kuchokera kulemera kwake. Kuziziritsa ndi nsalu yonyowa kapena siponji. Khoma likazizira kuchokera kunja, mchenga umachotsedwa nthawi yomweyo.
Mukagwiritsa ntchito ufa wa cork, palibe kutentha koyambirira; mbali yoipa ya mtundu uwu wa kudzazidwa ndikuti ndizovuta kwambiri kuchotsa ufa. Kasupe wa koyilo ndiye wabwino kwambiri, komabe, muyenera kupeza kasupe wokhala ndi mainchesi ofanana ndi chubu.
Ndi mapaipi opangidwa ndi PVC yofewa, sitingathe kulankhula za kupinda kwenikweni, koma mwina kukonza mbiri ya chitoliro. Izi zimachitika potenthetsa malo oyenerera ku pulasitiki, ndiye potseka mapeto amodzi ndi kuwomba kumbali inayo, timakonza mawonekedwe opunduka a chitoliro, kenako ozizira.
kuwotcherera mpweya wotentha
Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa PVC yolimba, koma imagwiritsidwanso ntchito bwino pokonza polyamide, plexiglass ndi PVC yofewa. Pokonza polyamide, nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa mpweya.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mpweya wotentha, mbale yolimba ya PVC sikhala yamadzimadzi, koma imakhala yofufuma, yomamatira komanso yowotcherera. Kuwotcherera bwino kumadalira zochita zokonzekera, ndiko kuti, momwe tinatha kukonza malekezero, m’mphepete, m’mphepete mwa mbale kapena mapaipi. Kumbali imodzi ya mbale yowotcherera timakonza ndi »V« msoko, ndipo ngati tikufuna kuwotcherera mbali zonse ziwiri, timakonzekera »X« msoko. Timapanga m’mphepete mwa ngodya ya 60°. Zinthu zochokera ku ndodo zowotcherera zimalowa mpata (chithunzi 4, gawo lapansi).
SLIKA 4
Mpweya wotenthedwa mpaka 200–500°C, wopangidwa bwino ndi “mfuti”. “Mfuti” yowotcherera ndi chubu cha perforated, chotenthedwa ndi magetsi kapena gasi, momwe mpweya umayenda, womwe umatenthedwa motere.
Ngati magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikwanira kukhazikitsa chinthu chotenthetsera cha 200 W. Ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito “mfuti” pa soldering, chifukwa pamafunika kusintha pang’ono. Titha kukwera mpweya kuchokera ku tayala lagalimoto lomwe lakwera. Mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wokulirapo. Imanyamula 1500-1800malita paola. Mpweya wa mpweya uyenera kukhala ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 3 mm. Zinthu za ndodo zowotcherera zimayenera kukhala ndi malo otsika osungunuka kuposa a mbale zomwe tikufuna kuwotcherera. Kutalika kwa ndodozo ndi 2-5 mm. Ngati tilephera kupeza maelekitirodi oterowo, tikhoza kuyesa ndi chidutswa chodulidwa kuchokera ku mbale zomwe tikuwotchera. Timakonza kutentha kwa ndege ya mpweya poyitulutsa papepala lomwe lili 25 mm kutali. Kutentha kuli koyenera ngati pepala likhala lachikasu mkati mwa masekondi 5 (chithunzi 4).
Timawotcherera kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Timagwira ndodo m’dzanja lathu lamanzere, “mfuti” m’dzanja lathu lamanja. Nthawi zonse timagwira ndodo molunjika, kotero kuti mpweya wotentha udzasungunuka ndodoyo ndipo var imapangidwa. Timatenthetsa msoko kutsogolo kwa bar ndi mpweya wotentha. Ngakhale kuphweka kwake, kuwotcherera kumafuna chidziwitso chachikulu ndi chisamaliro. Kufika ku makulidwe a mbale 4 mm, timapanga V seam, ndipo pa mbale zokulirapo timapanga X seam.
Ndi PVC yofewa, njira yowotcherera ndi yofanana, koma popeza zinthuzo ndi zofewa kwambiri, timakanikiza ndodo yosungunuka ndi gudumu laling’ono.
Plexi-glass, polyethylene ndi polyamide amathanso kuwotcherera motere, koma m’mene izi zimachitika kawirikawiri.
Kudula thovu polyplasts
Kudula sikutheka kokha ndi lumo, penknife, lumo, komanso ndi waya wokana kutentha. Timapachika waya patebulo pamtunda umenewo, womwe umafanana ndi makulidwe a wosanjikiza omwe tikufuna kudula bolodi la thovu. Pambuyo kuyatsa mphamvu, timakanikiza mbale pa waya wonyezimira. Waya uyenera kukhala 0,17-0,25 mm wandiweyani, ndipo ukhale ndi 20-24 V voltage (chithunzi 5).
SLIKA 5
Gluing polyplast
Gluing ndi kuphatikiza kwa zinthu ziwiri zofanana kapena zosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chachitatu: zomatira. Zomatira zimayikidwa, makamaka mumadzimadzi, kumalo ozizira. Timamatira ma polyplasts omwewo ndi zosungunulira zawo kuti tifalikire ndikumamatira pamodzi. Zosungunulirazo zikasungunuka, pamwamba pake amamatira. Timagwiritsa ntchito njira yosungunulirayi kumamatira:
celluloid yokhala ndi acetone,
polystyrene yokhala ndi benzene,
plexi-glass yokhala ndi chloroform.
Pamsika mutha kupeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomatira, zoyenera kumata ma polyplasts osiyanasiyana.
Chithandizo cha pamwamba ndi utoto wa polyplast
Duroplasts, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa “zodzaza”, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kupukuta. Ngati sitikukhutira ndi pamwamba, kusalala, mtundu, tiyenera kupukuta lonse ndi emery pepala. Ngati sitingathe kuchotsa ming’alu mwanjira imeneyo, timapaka kusagwirizana, zolakwika ndi “epokit”. Pambuyo poumitsa epoxy, tiyenera kupukuta kachiwiri, kenaka ndi varnish ndi nitro-varnish - mu mtundu womwe tikufuna. Nitro-varnish ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito opopera ang’onoang’ono a cologne kapena mafuta onunkhira (Chenjerani! Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa moto, gwirani ntchito ndi zenera lotseguka kapena kunja!) Inde, tingagwiritsenso ntchito varnish ndi maburashi, koma ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse zosalala, mofanana wandiweyani wosanjikiza wa varnish, popanda makwinya.
Ngati sitikukhutitsidwa ndi gloss yomwe tapeza, titha kuthandiza ndi njira zomwe zimagulidwa, ndiko kuti, zogwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira magalimoto, kupaka malo ndi madzi opukuta.
Kupaka utoto wa polyplast wowonekera mu mowa kapena mizimu, sungunulani mtundu womwe mukufuna (womwe uyenera kusungunuka mu mowa) ndi kutentha mpaka 50°C. Timatsuka pamwamba ndi detergent ndikuviika mu njira ya mowa. Kuchokera ku yankho, utoto umapatukana pamwamba pa chinthucho. Zosanjikiza zamitundu ndi zoonda kwambiri ndipo popukuta m’malo ena, titha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, mapangidwe, mapangidwe, ndi zina.
Pantchito zonse zamakono zokhala ndi ma polima, zolembedwa za opanga zinthu, malamulo ovomerezeka komanso kuwongolera mwaukadaulo wamoto, utsi, kutentha ndi zida zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malembawa amasindikizidwabe ngati magwero a maphunziro a mbiri yakale.