** Daim ntawv ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb: ** Qhov no yog cov ntawv sau cia, tsis yog phau ntawv ua haujlwm niaj hnub no. Tsis txhob hlawv cov yas thiab tsis txhob tshav kub, txiav, vuam, kua nplaum lossis tshuaj tsuag cov polymers tsis paub txog yam tsis muaj kev qhia txog cov khoom siv, cov ntaub ntawv kev nyab xeeb, qhov cua kom zoo, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo. Hlawv yas tuaj yeem tso cov pa phem heev. Keeb kwm hais tias qhib nplaim taws, mercury, asbestos, roj kub, kub xaim, benzene, chloroform, nitrocellulose thiab nplaim taws txheej tsis pom zoo rau daim ntawv thov niaj hnub no.
Polyplastics, adhesives, solvents thiab paints tsis yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem tam sim no ntawm Savo Kusić. Lub hom phiaj niaj hnub no yog ntoo qhov rais, ntoo-aluminium Qhov rais thiab kev cai qhov rooj.
Kev txheeb xyuas ntawm polyplasts
Kev txheeb xyuas cov polyplasts tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim txawm tias cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov chaw kuaj mob zoo. Hom, uas yog, pawg ntawm polyplasts rau mastering nyob rau hauv tsev, yog txiav txim siab npaum li cas yooj yim dua, ntau ntse.
Qhov kev sim no tsuas yog yuav tsum muaj qhov sib tw thiab, tau kawg, ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv kuaj, thiab qee qhov kev coj ua thiab kev saib xyuas thaum ua haujlwm.
keeb kwm kev xeem ntws
Peb ua tib zoo ua kom sov ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas nrog qhov sib tw. Yog tias nws melts, nws txhais tau tias thermoplastic, yog tias nws tsis yog, nws yog duroplast. Yog tias peb tshem tawm qhov sib tw, los ntawm cov thermoplastics, cov nram qab no tseem hlawv: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate thiab nitrocellulose. Cov nplaim taws tawm mus yog peb muaj: polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene thiab silicones (daim duab 1).
SLIKA 1
Ntawm cov uas hlawv ntxiv, polyethylene muaj cov nplaim me me thiab tsw zoo li tswm ciab thaum tua, thiab yog tias peb kov lawv, peb xav tias lawv softer, fatter. Polypropylene (A) yog qhuav, yooj yim dua, polystyrene (B) muab peb cov nplaim taws thiab tsw qab. Tsis-soot, o, crackles ntawm combustion, tsw zoo li acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Hlawv nrog cov nplaim taws uas tsis muaj hluav taws, tawg, tsw zoo li txiv hmab txiv ntoo polymethyl methacrylate (D). Ceev ceev hlawv nitro-cellulose.
Polyamide swells, crackles thiab tsw zoo li cov ntaub plaub uas hlawv los ntawm cov khoom tsis-combustible nyob rau hauv nplaim taws. Cov nplaim nplaim yog xim ntsuab, nws tsw zoo li polyvinyl chloride acid. Yog tias nws yaj me ntsis hauv cov nplaim taws, muab cov mis dawb dawb, nws tsw zoo li cov kua qaub, nws yog poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Polyplastics uas tsis soften thaum rhuab. Thaum tus yam ntxwv tsw ntawm bakelite tawm los ntawm nplaim taws, nws yog phenoplast. Los ntawm cua sov lub crackle, nws tsw zoo li aminoplast ammonia. Nws kub hnyiab, kub hnyiab nrog cov nplaim taws, tawg, tawg hauv nplaim taws, thaum nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab nws muab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsw qab (qab zib) polyester. Nws tsis tawg hauv nplaim taws, yog tias koj tshem tawm qhov sib tw, nws kub hnyiab ntau dua rau lub sijhawm luv luv thiab tsw zoo li cov plaub hau hlawv epoxy resin.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm polyplasts nrog “fillers”, cov khoom ntxiv feem ntau npog cov duab tiag tiag, thiab nws tseem ceeb dua uas yuav tsum tau xyuam xim rau cov ntxhiab tsw.
Ua ntawm polyplast
Paub txog kev ua haujlwm tau siv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov hlau thiab polyplastic feem ntau yog tshwm sim hauv cov cua kub ceev ntawm polyplastic thiab nws cov adhesion rau cov cuab yeej. Tias yog vim li cas qeeb-tsav, cov cuab yeej loj-toothed, uas feem ntau yog siv hauv kev ua ntoo. Yog li: scraping, planing, sanding, drilling, stripping. Kev sib tsoo tsawg kawg yog pom zoo.
Txiav, carving ntau yam duab, txias dabtsi yog khoov, yog ua tib yam li ua cov hlau mos (alumlnium) (daim duab 2).
SLIKA 2
Kev ua haujlwm sov ntawm polyplast yog txawv kiag li.
Kub ua ntawm polyplast
Cov khoom ua los ntawm phenoplast thiab aminoplast, kub tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, twv yuav raug hu hardened, tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav vim cov cua sov. Cov polyplastics (feem ntau yog textile thiab ntawv bakelites) yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tshem tawm nti xwb. Thermoplastics soften nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm tshav kub, ua yas, tuaj yeem tsim thiab khaws lawv daim ntawv tshiab, zoo li thaum txias. Cov thermoplastics feem ntau yog tawv thiab mos PVC, polymethyl methacrylate (Plexi-iav), polystyrene thiab celluloid.
Cov cua kub tuaj yeem ua cua sov hauv zos lossis tag nrho cov cua sov. Lub hom phiaj txiav txim siab seb peb yuav siv cov cua sov li cas.
keeb kwm txoj kev cua sov
1. Txee rau cua sov (qhov cub rau ci ncuav, nqaij). Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas polyplast muab tso rau hauv qhov cub heats li sib npaug ntawm txhua sab. Nws yog tsim rau cua sov daim hlau, cov kav dej. Qhov ntsuas kub tuaj yeem tswj tau nrog lub ntsuas cua mercury.
2. Rhaub phaj (qhov cub). Ntawm qhov ntsuas kub, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau cua sov cov phaj me.
3. Qhib nplaim taws (Bunsen teeb, lub nroog gas, soldering torch, thiab lwm yam.) Lub tshav kub ntawm cov nplaim taws ntawm cov chaw no yeej ib txwm siab tshaj qhov kub uas yuav tsum tau rau kev kho cua sov ntawm polyplast. Lawv siv yuav tsum muaj kev paub zoo thiab ceev faj. Peb yuav ua kom txoj hauj lwm yooj yim dua yog tias peb txuas cov hlau tube burners. Hom kev txuas ntxiv no tiv thaiv qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha ntawm cov nplaim taws, vim tias hauv kev xyaum tsuas yog cua kub tawm hauv cov yeeb nkab, uas tuaj yeem siv tsis tshua muaj kev pheej hmoo rau cov cua sov hauv zos (daim duab 3)
4. Cov roj kub. Kev npaj cov roj da dej yuav tsum muaj kev paub zoo thiab ceev faj. Lub flash point ntawm cov roj yuav tsum paub. Qhov kub ntawm lub da dej yuav tsum tau tswj tas li. Nws yog txwv tsis pub siv cov nplaim taws kom sov cov roj. Cov cua sov hauv zos yuav tsum zam kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov thiab nplawm. Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws kub heev. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov kws tshaj lij polyplastics, qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo heev, vim tias qhov kub thiab txias tau yooj yim tswj tau thiab qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm nws qhov siab yog yooj yim tswj. Tab sis yog tias cov txheej txheem ua raws li gluing, nws yog qhov nyuaj dua vim tias muaj cov txheej txheem oily ntawm qhov chaw, uas nyuaj rau tshem tawm tag nrho.
5. Kub xuab zeb. Nws yog siv thaum khoov cov kav dej polyplastic.
6. Cua kub. Lub tshuab ziab plaub hau, ua qhov cua sov, tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau cov cua sov hauv zos.
7. Heated Ienjir. Ib tug hlau kav rhuab los ntawm nplaim taws los yog hluav taws xob tam sim no zoo siv thaum khoov poly yas los xij. (Image 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Infrared rhaub. Cov qib ntawm cov txiaj ntsig muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cua sov no nyob ntawm lub hauv paus xim ntawm polyplast thiab ntawm lawv lub zog nqus. Peb kuj tseem tuaj yeem suav nrog cov cua sov tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov cua sov no.
Qhov kev ua haujlwm kub zoo ntawm qee cov polyplasts yog raws li nram no: PVC 130-140, plexiglass 145-150, celluloid 100°C. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias, vim hais tias los ntawm cua sov rau lub sij hawm ntev, peb ua rau cov qauv ntawm, piv txwv li, PVC. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv empirical, nws yuav siv li ntawm 1,5 minut kom sov ib 1mm tuab phaj. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua kom sov lub phaj kom sai li sai tau, ces kom txias nws kom sai li sai tau. Kev ua kom txias yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws nrog cov ntaub ntub dej los yog daim txhuam cev.
Phaj dabtsi yog khoov
Khoov tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv ib kab ntawm ntau lub kaum ntse ntse lossis hauv daim ntawv ntawm arc ntawm tag nrho cov phaj. Ob txoj haujlwm xav tau kev saib xyuas zoo thiab cov thev naus laus zis sib txawv.
Yog tias lub phaj yog nyias dua 1,5 mm, peb siv 2-3 mm tuab hlau kav. Ib qho kawg ntawm tus kav, thermally insulated nrog daim ntawv los yog lub rooj tsavxwm asbestos, yog tsau ntawm lub puab tsaig ntawm lub mangel, nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm kab rov tav. Tshav kub rau lwm qhov kawg ntawm tus pas ntsuas nrog lub burner rau qhov kub thiab txias. (Saib daim duab 3). Txoj kev khoov yog raws li nram no: kos cov kab bending nrog ib tug cwj mem roj, ces nteg lub rooj tsavxwm raws kab ntawm ib tug kub kav. Polyplast softens raws kab. Nrog lub zog tsis muaj zog, khoov lub phaj mus rau lub kaum sab xis uas xav tau, tom qab ntawd txias nws hauv txoj haujlwm ntawd nrog daim ntaub ntub dej lossis daim txhuam cev. Yog tias lub phaj tuab dua, nws tsis txaus kom sov ib sab xwb. Hauv qhov no, peb siv ob txoj cai, muab tso rau hauv qhov sib npaug. Tus pas ntsuas kub yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg ob zaug tuab li cov ntawv yas uas peb tab tom khoov.
Khoov tag nrho saum npoo (lub tog raj kheej yas) yuav tsum tau siv tshuab sib txawv. Polyplastic board yuav tsum tau rhuab tag nrho thiab txias nyob rau hauv ib tug txias template (pwm). Peb tuaj yeem ua kom sov lub phaj siv ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem hais dhau los. Cov khoom siv template tuaj yeem yog: ntoo, hlau, ceramic. Kev khoov yog yooj yim, polyplast tsis tuaj yeem tawg, vim tias yog tias peb tsis khoov, los ntawm kev rov ua kom sov peb soften lub phaj, uas rov qab los rau nws cov qauv qub thiab peb tuaj yeem rov ua cov txheej txheem. Lub sij hawm txaus yuav tsum tau mob siab rau kom txias, kom lub phaj txias tag nrho hauv nws cov thickness. Thaum khoov, nco ntsoov tias lub phaj yuav tsum tsis txhob rov ua dua vim nws rov qab los rau nws qhov qub, tiaj tus.
Softened PVC zaj duab xis, daim hlau, vim lawv elasticity, peb tsis muaj peev xwm mus tas li - txias - khoov, thiab peb raug yuam kom thov kub dabtsi yog khoov raws li nrog nyuaj PVC.
Bending polyplastic kav
Peb tau tswj kom khoov cov yeeb nkab kom zoo, yog tias txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa ntawm qhov taw tes ntawm dabtsi yog khoov hloov me ntsis. Cov xwm txheej no tsis suav nrog qhov ua tau ntawm lub luj tshib wrinkling. Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub koov, thaum khoov, lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa txo, thaum nyob rau sab hauv nws thickens. Qhov loj ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab cov phab ntsa tuab, qhov ntau dua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm wrinkling. Los ntawm kev txo lub kaum sab xis, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm deformation nce. Rau cov arches loj, peb ua kom sov cov yeeb nkab poly yas ntawm qhov chaw uas peb xav khoov, siv cua kub lossis nplaim taws. Tom qab ntawd nws muab tso rau ntawm lub phaj tiaj tus los yog nrog tus pas ntsuas square thiab khoov (daim duab 4, sab sauv).
Yuav kom ua tiav cov arcs me me, cov yeeb nkab yuav tsum tau ntim nrog kub (100°C) xuab zeb, cork hmoov los yog lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav kauv ntawm tib txoj kab uas hla raws li cov yeeb nkab uas peb xav khoov. Yog tias peb siv xuab zeb, kaw ib kawg ntawm cov yeeb nkab nrog lub conical plug, sau tag nrho nrog xuab zeb thiab kaw rau lwm qhov kawg. Cua sov qhov chaw ntawm dabtsi yog khoov los ntawm sab nraud, peb tos kom txog thaum lub arc tsim nyog los ntawm nws tus kheej qhov hnyav. Txias nrog ib daim ntaub ntub dej los yog daim txhuam cev. Yog tias phab ntsa txias los ntawm sab nraud, cov xuab zeb raug tshem tawm tam sim ntawd.
Thaum siv cork hmoov, tsis muaj preheating; qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev sau no yog qhov nyuaj dua kom tshem tawm cov hmoov nplej. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav coil yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum tau txais lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav nrog tib txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub raj.
Nrog cov kav dej ua los ntawm PVC softened, peb tsis tuaj yeem tham txog qhov tseeb dabtsi yog khoov, tab sis tejzaum nws yuav kho cov yeeb nkab profile. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cua sov qhov chaw tsim nyog rau lub xeev yas, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev kaw ib kawg thiab tshuab rau lwm qhov kawg, peb kho qhov deformed profile ntawm cov yeeb nkab, ces txias.
Cua kub welding
Txoj kev no feem ntau yog siv rau cov tawv PVC, tab sis nws kuj tau siv rau kev ua cov polyamide, plexiglass thiab softened PVC. Thaum ua cov polyamide, nitrogen yog siv los hloov huab cua.
Vim cov nyhuv ntawm cov cua kub, lub zog PVC phaj tsis ua kua, tab sis es ua pasty, sticks thiab welded. Kev vam meej vuam nyob ntawm qhov kev npaj ua, uas yog, yuav ua li cas peb tswj kom ua tiav qhov kawg, npoo, npoo ntawm daim hlau lossis cov kav dej. Ntawm ib sab ntawm lub phaj welded peb txheej txheem nrog ib tug “V” seam, thiab yog hais tias peb xav welded rau ob sab, ces peb npaj ib tug “X” seam. Peb tsim cov npoo ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 60°. Cov khoom siv los ntawm cov pas nrig vuam nkag mus rau qhov sib txawv (daim duab 4, sab qis).
SLIKA 4
Cua rhuab rau 200–500°C, zoo tshaj plaws ua nrog ib tug vuam “phom”. Ib “phom” rau vuam yog ib lub raj perforated, rhuab los ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no los yog roj, los ntawm cov cua ntws, uas yog rhuab nyob rau hauv no txoj kev.
Yog siv hluav taws xob tam sim no, nws yog qhov txaus rau nruab ib lub tshuab cua sov ntawm 200 W. Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los siv “phom” rau soldering, vim nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau hloov me me xwb. Peb tuaj yeem nqa cua los ntawm lub tsheb log tsheb. Tus nqi ntawm cov pa siv yog qhov loj. Nws nqa 1500-1800 liters ib teev. Cov cua nozzle yuav tsum muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 3 mm. Cov khoom siv ntawm cov welding rods yuav tsum muaj qhov qis qis dua li cov khoom ntawm cov phaj uas peb xav tau welding. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov pas nrig yog 2-5 mm. Yog tias peb tsis tau txais cov khoom siv electrodes, peb tuaj yeem sim nrog ib daim hlau txiav los ntawm cov hlau peb vuam. Peb kho qhov kub ntawm lub dav hlau cua los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm ib daim ntawv nyob rau hauv 25 mm tam sim ntawd. Qhov ntsuas kub yog qhov tseeb yog tias daim ntawv hloov daj nyob rau hauv 5 vib nas this (duab 4).
Weld los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Peb tuav ib tug pas nrig nyob rau hauv peb sab tes xis, ib tug “phom” nyob rau hauv peb sab tes xis. Peb ib txwm tuav tus pas nrig vertically, yog li cov cua kub yuav yaj tus pas nrig thiab var yog tsim. Peb sov lub seam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub bar nrog cua kub. Txawm hais tias nws qhov yooj yim, vuam yuav tsum muaj kev paub zoo thiab kev saib xyuas. Mus txog lub phaj tuab ntawm 4 mm, peb npaj V seam, thiab rau cov phaj tuab X seam.
Nrog softened PVC, txoj kev vuam yog tib yam, tab sis vim cov khoom yog softer, peb nias lub melted pas nrig nrog ib tug me me log.
Plexi-iav, polyethylene thiab polyamide kuj tuaj yeem welded nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhov no tshwm sim ntau tsawg zaus.
Txiav ua npuas ncauj polyplasts
Kev txiav tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog nrog txiab, cwj mem, rab chais, tab sis kuj nrog cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov. Peb dai cov hlau rau ntawm lub rooj ntawm qhov siab ntawd, uas sib haum rau lub thickness ntawm txheej uas peb xav txiav lub npuas board. Tom qab tig lub hwj chim, peb nias lub phaj mus rau lub glowing hlau. Cov hlau yuav tsum yog 0,17-0,25 mm tuab, thiab muaj 20-24 V voltage (daim duab 5).
SLIKA 5
Gluing polyplast
Gluing yog kev koom ua ke ntawm ob yam khoom zoo tib yam lossis sib txawv siv cov khoom thib peb: kua nplaum. Adhesives yog siv, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xeev ua kua, rau qhov chaw txias. Peb nplaum tib lub polyplasts nrog lawv cov kuab tshuaj kom peb kis tau lawv thiab lo rau lawv ua ke. Tom qab cov kuab tshuaj tau evaporated, qhov chaw yog glued. Peb siv txoj kev hnyav no los ua kua nplaum:
celluloid nrog acetone,
polystyrene nrog benzene,
plexi-iav nrog chloroform.
Ntawm kev ua lag luam koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam khoom, nplaum, haum rau gluing ntau yam polyplasts.
Nto kho thiab pleev xim ntawm polyplast
Duroplasts, vim muaj “fillers”, feem ntau nyuaj rau polish. Yog tias peb tsis txaus siab rau saum npoo, smoothness, xim, peb yuav tsum rub tag nrho saum npoo nrog emery ntawv. Yog tias peb tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov kab nrib pleb hauv txoj kev ntawd, peb smear qhov tsis sib xws, ua yuam kev nrog “epokit”. Tom qab cov epoxy tau hardened, peb yuav tsum polish nws dua, ces varnish nrog nitro-cov kua roj vanish - nyob rau hauv cov xim xav tau. Nitro-cov kua roj vanish tuaj yeem siv tau siv cov tshuaj tsuag me me rau cologne lossis naj hoom (Ceeb toom! Vim muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws, ua haujlwm nrog lub qhov rais qhib lossis sab nraud!) Tau kawg, peb tuaj yeem siv cov kua roj vanish nrog txhuam, tab sis nws yog ib txoj hauj lwm nyuaj dua, nws yog qhov nyuaj dua kom ua tiav cov kua roj vanish tuab, sib npaug, tsis muaj wrinkles.
Yog tias peb tsis txaus siab rau qhov ua tiav, peb tuaj yeem pab nrog cov txhais tau tias yuav, uas yog, siv hauv kev tu tsheb, smearing nto nrog dej polishing.
Txhawm rau dye pob tshab polyplasts hauv cawv lossis dab, yaj cov xim uas xav tau (uas yuav tsum tau yaj hauv cawv) thiab kub rau 50°C. Peb ntxuav lub ntsej muag nrog xab npum thiab muab tso rau hauv ib qho dej cawv. Los ntawm cov tshuaj, cov dye yuav cais mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom. Cov xim txheej yog nyias nyias thiab polishing hauv qee qhov chaw, peb tuaj yeem ua tiav cov teebmeem zoo nkauj, tsim qauv, qauv, thiab lwm yam.
Rau txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub no nrog cov khoom siv polymers, cov ntaub ntawv tsim cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev cai siv tau thiab cov kws tshaj lij kev tswj xyuas hluav taws kub, pa taws, kub thiab hluav taws xob khoom siv. Cov ntawv no tsuas yog luam tawm raws li keeb kwm kev kawm.