Inqaku lokhuseleko elibalulekileyo: Lo ngumbhalo ongoovimba, hayi incwadi yokusebenza yangoku. Musa ukutshisa iiplastiki kwaye musa ukutshisa, ukusika, ukuwelda, iglue okanye ukutshiza iipolymers ezingaziwayo ngaphandle kokuchongwa kwezinto ezinobuchwephesha, i-data sheet yokhuseleko, umoya ofanelekileyo, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko. Ukutshisa iplastiki kunokukhupha iigesi eziyingozi kakhulu. Ngokwembali ikhankanyiwe elidangatye elivulekileyo, imekyuri, iasbestos, i-oyile eshushu, ucingo olushushu, ibenzene, ikloroform, i-nitrocellulose kunye nezaleko ezinokutsha azikhuthazwa ukuba zisetyenziswe namhlanje.
Ii-Polyplastics, i-adhesives, i-solvents kunye nepeyinti aziyonxalenye yokunikezelwa koluntu lwangoku lwe-Savo Kusić. Namhlanje iifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zamaplanga-aluminiyam kunye neengcango zesiko.
Ukuchongwa kweepolyplasts
Ukuchonga ii-polyplasts akuyona into elula nakwiingcali kwiilabhoratri ezixhotyiswe kakuhle. Uhlobo, oko kukuthi, iqela le-polyplasts lokulawula ekhaya, linqunywe lula kakhulu, liphumelele ngakumbi.
Olu vavanyo lufuna umdlalo kunye, ngokuqinisekileyo, iqhekeza lemathiriyeli evavanyiweyo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuhoywa xa usebenza.
Impompo yovavanyo lwembali
Sifudumeza ngononophelo iqhekeza lezinto ezivavanyiweyo ngomdlalo. Ukuba iyancibilika, ithetha i-thermoplastic, ukuba ayifuni, yi-duroplast. Ukuba sisusa umdlalo, kwi-thermoplastics, oku kulandelayo kuyaqhubeka kutshisa: i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polystyrene, i-polymethylene, i-polymethacrylate, i-cellulose acetate kunye ne-nitrocellulose. Idangatye liyacima ukuba sinayo: i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polytetrafluoroethylene kunye ne-silicones (umfanekiso 1).
SLIKA 1
Kwezo zivutha ngakumbi, iipolyethylenes zinedangatye elincinane eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yaye zinuka njengekhandlela xa zicinywa, yaye ukuba sizibamba, sivakalelwa kukuba zithambile, zityebile. I-Polypropylene (A) iyoma ngakumbi, inkeneke ngakumbi, i-polystyrene (B) isinika idangatye elithambileyo kunye nevumba elimnandi. I-non-soot, idumbile, iyakrazuka xa itsha, inuka njenge-acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Utsha ngedangatye elingatshoniyo, liyakrazuka, linuka njenge fruit polymethyl methacrylate (D). Itshisa ngokukhawuleza i-nitro-cellulose.
I-Polyamide iyadumba, iyakrazuka kwaye inuka njengoboya obutshisiweyo obusuka kwizinto ezingatshiyo edangatyeni. Umphetho wedangatye unombala oluhlaza, unuka njenge-polyvinyl chloride acid. Ukuba inyibilika kancinane elangatyeni, ikhupha i-milky mass mass, ivumba njenge-asidi, i-poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Iiplastiki ezingathambiyo xa zishushu. Xa iphunga elibonakalayo le-bakelite likhutshwa ngumlilo, yi-phenoplast. Ngokufudumeza i-crack, ivumba njenge-aminoplast ammonia. Itshisa ngamandla, ivutha ngedangatye le-sooty, iqhekeza, iqhekeza ilangatye, xa ilangatye licinywa likhupha isiqhamo esivumba (elimnandi) i-polyester. Ayigqabhuki edangatyeni, ukuba uyawususa umcinga, itshisa ngakumbi ixesha elifutshane kwaye ivumba njengeenwele ezitshisiweyo ze-epoxy-resin.
Kwimeko yeepolyplasts ezine “fillers”, izinto ezongezelelweyo zihlala zigubungela umfanekiso wangempela, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthobela iphunga.
Ukusetyenzwa kwe-polyplast
Iinzame zokuqhubekeka ezaziwayo ziyasetyenziswa. Umahluko phakathi kokuziphatha kokucutshungulwa kwesinyithi kunye ne-polyplastic ibonakala ngokufudumeza ngokukhawuleza kwe-polyplastic kunye nokunamathela kwayo kwisixhobo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezicothayo, ezinamazinyo amakhulu, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni umthi. Ke: ukukrwela, ukucwangcisa, ukukhuhla, ukugrumba, ukuhluba. Ukusila akukhuthazwa kakhulu.
Ukusika, ukukrola iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ukugoba okubandayo, kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nokulungiswa kwesinyithi esithambileyo (i-alumlnium) (umfanekiso 2).
SLIKA 2
Ukwenziwa kobushushu bepolyplast kwahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Ukusetyenzwa okushushu kwe-polyplast
Izinto ezenziwe nge-phenoplast kunye ne-aminoplast, ezishushu ezenziwe ngexesha lokuvelisa, ngokuqinisekileyo ziqinisiwe, azikwazi ukucutshungulwa ngenxa yefuthe lobushushu. Ezi polyplastics (ikakhulu ezilukiweyo kunye neebhakeli zephepha) zilungiswa ngokususwa kwetshiphu kuphela. I-Thermoplastics ithambile ngesenzo sobushushu, ibe yiplastiki, inokubunjwa kwaye igcine ifom yabo entsha, imilo ngokupholisa. Ezona zixhaphakileyo ze-thermoplastics yi-PVC eqinile kwaye ethambileyo, i-polymethyl methacrylate (i-Plexi-glass), i-polystyrene kunye ne-celluloid.
Ukufudumala kunokuba yindawo okanye ukufudumeza ubunzima obupheleleyo. Injongo igqiba ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokufudumeza esiya kuyisebenzisa.
Iindlela zembali zokufudumeza
1. Ikhabhinethi yokufudumala (i-oven yokubhaka amaqebelengwane, inyama). Kubalulekile ukuba i-polyplast efakwe kwi-oven ifudumale ngokulinganayo macala onke. Kufanelekile ukufudumeza iipleyiti, iipayipi. Iqondo lobushushu linokulawulwa ngethemometha imekyuri.
2. Ipleyiti eshushu (isitovu). Kwiqondo lokushisa elilawulwayo, lifanelekile ukufudumeza amacwecwe amancinci.
3. Umlilo ovulekileyo (isibane seBunsen, igesi yedolophu, itotshi ye-soldering, njl.) Ubushushu bomlilo wale mithombo buhlala buphezulu kunobushushu obufunekayo kunyango lobushushu lwepolyplast. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kufuna amava amakhulu kunye nokulumkisa. Siya kwenza umsebenzi ube lula ukuba sandisa izitshisi zetsimbi zetsimbi. Olu hlobo lokwandiswa luthintela umphumo othe ngqo womlilo, kuba ekusebenzeni kuphela umoya oshushu ushiya umbhobho, ongasetyenziselwa umngcipheko omncinci wokufudumeza kwendawo (umfanekiso 3)
4. Ioli eshushu. Ukulungiselela iibhafu zeoli kufuna amava amakhulu kunye nokulumkisa. I-flash point yeoli kufuneka yaziwe. Ubushushu bokuhlamba kufuneka buhlale bulawulwa. Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ilangatye elivulekileyo ukutshisa ioli. Ukufudumala kwendawo kufuneka kugwenywe ngokufudumeza rhoqo kunye nokuvuselela. Umngcipheko womlilo mkhulu. Ukususela kumbono weengcali ze-polyplastics, le ndlela yindlela enhle kakhulu, kuba iqondo lokushisa lilawulwa ngokulula kwaye ukuqina kokuphakama kwalo kulawulwa lula. Kodwa ukuba ukucutshungulwa kulandelwa yi-gluing, kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yobukho be-oily layer phezu kwendawo, okunzima ukuyisusa ngokupheleleyo.
5. Isanti eshushu. Isetyenziswa xa kugoba imibhobho yepolyplastic.
6. Umoya oshushu. Isomisi seenwele, njengomthombo womoya ofudumeleyo, singasetyenziselwa kakuhle ukufudumeza kwendawo.
7. Ishushu i-Ienjir. Irula yesinyithi efudunyezwa lidangatye okanye umbane wangoku isetyenziswa kakuhle xa kugotywa iiplastic sheets. (Umfanekiso 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Izifudumezi ze-infrared. Iqondo lempembelelo eluncedo yezi zifudumezi kuxhomekeke kumbala wesiseko sepolyplast kunye namandla abo okufunxa. Sinokuquka ukuxhathisa izinto zokufudumeza kweli qela lezifudumezi.
Elona qondo liphezulu lobushushu bokusebenza kwezinye iipolyplasts limi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: PVC 130-140, plexiglass 145-150, celluloid 100°C. Kubalulekile ukugcina ubushushu obuchanekileyo, kuba ngokufudumeza ixesha elide, sonakalisa isakhiwo, umzekelo, i-PVC. Ngokwedatha yobungqina, kuthatha malunga 1,5 minut ukutshisa ipleyiti eshinyeneyo 1mm. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwenza i-plate evuthayo ngokukhawuleza, emva koko uyipholise ngokukhawuleza. Ukupholisa kulula kakhulu ngelaphu elimanzi okanye isipontshi.
Ukugoba ipleyiti
Ukugoba kunokwenziwa kumgca omnye kwii-angles ezahlukeneyo okanye ngendlela ye-arc kuwo wonke umhlaba weplate. Yomibini le misebenzi ifuna ingqalelo enkulu kunye nobuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo.
Ukuba ipleyiti ibhityile kuno-1,5 mm, sisebenzisa 2-3 mm irula yentsimbi eshinyeneyo. Esinye isiphelo somlawuli, i-thermal insulated ngephepha okanye ibhodi ye-asbestos, igxininiswe phakathi kwemihlathi ye-mangal, kwindawo ethe tye. Fudumeza elinye isiphelo sorula ngesitshisi kwiqondo lobushushu elifanelekileyo. (Jonga uMfanekiso 3). Inkqubo yokugoba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: phawula umgca wokugoba ngepensile yegrisi, uze ubeke ibhodi ecaleni kwaloo mgca kumlawuli oshushu. Iipolyplast zithambisa ecaleni komgca. Ngoxinzelelo olubuthathaka, bhinqa iplate kwi-angle oyifunayo, uze uyipholise kuloo ndawo ngelaphu elimanzi okanye isipontshi. Ukuba ipleyiti ityebile, akwanelanga ukutshisa icala elinye kuphela. Kule meko, sisebenzisa iirula ezimbini, ezibekwe ngokufana. Irula yokufudumeza kufuneka ityebe ngokuphindwe kabini kunelaphu leplastiki siligobayo.
Ukugoba phezu kwendawo yonke (i-cylinder yeplastiki) ifuna iteknoloji eyahlukileyo. I-Polyplastic plate kufuneka ifudunyezwe iyonke kwaye ipholile kwi-template ebandayo (isikhunta). Sinokutshisa ipleyiti ngokusebenzisa enye yeendlela ezikhankanywe ngaphambili. Izinto zetemplate zinokuba: ukhuni, isinyithi, i-ceramic. Ukugoba kulula, i-polyplast ayinakuphulwa, kuba ukuba asiphumelelanga ukugoba, ngokufudumeza sithambisa iplate, ebuyela kwimo yayo yangaphambili kwaye sinokuphinda inkqubo. Ixesha elaneleyo kufuneka linikezelwe ekupholiseni, ukwenzela ukuba i-plate ipholile ngokupheleleyo kwi-thickness yayo yonke. Xa ugoba, khumbula ukuba ipleyiti akufuneki iphinde ifudunyezwe kuba ibuyela kwimo yayo yokuqala, esicaba.
Iifilimu zePVC ezithambileyo, iipleyiti, ngenxa yokuqina kwazo, asikwazi ukugoba ngokusisigxina - ngokubanda, kwaye sinyanzeliswa ukuba sisebenzise ukugoba okushushu njengePVC enzima.
Ukugoba imibhobho yepolyplastic
Sikwazile ukugoba umbhobho kakuhle ngoko, ukuba ububanzi bombhobho kunye nobukhulu bodonga kwindawo yokugoba kutshintsha nje kancinci. Le meko ayibandakanyi amathuba okushwabana kwengqiniba. Kwingxenye yangaphandle ye-arch, ngexesha lokugoba, ubukhulu bodonga buyancipha, ngelixa kwicala langaphakathi buyaqina. Ubukhulu bobubanzi bombhobho kunye neendonga ezityebileyo, ingozi enkulu yokushwabana. Ngokunciphisa i-angle yokugoba, umngcipheko we-deformation uyanda. Kwiindawo ezinkulu, sitshisa ipayipi yeplastiki yepoly kwindawo apho sifuna ukugoba, sisebenzisa umoya oshushu okanye ilangatye. Emva koko ibekwe kwipleyiti ecaba okanye ngerula yesikwere kwaye igobe (umfanekiso 4, inxalenye ephezulu).
Ukufezekisa ii-arcs ezincinci, umbhobho kufuneka uzaliswe ngesanti eshushu (100°C) eshushu, umgubo we-cork okanye i-spiral spring yobubanzi obufana nombhobho esifuna ukugoba. Ukuba sisebenzisa isanti, vala enye isiphelo sombhobho ngeplagi ye-conical, igcwalise ngokupheleleyo ngesanti kwaye uvale enye isiphelo. Ukufudumala indawo yokugoba ukusuka ngaphandle, silinda de i-arc efanelekileyo idalwe kubunzima bayo. Pholisa ngelaphu elimanzi okanye isipontshi. Ukuba udonga luphola ngaphandle, isanti iyasuswa ngoko nangoko.
Xa usebenzisa umgubo we-cork, akukho ukushisa kwangaphambili; icala elibi lolu hlobo lokuzaliswa kukuba kunzima ukususa umgubo. I-coil spring yeyona nto ifanelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, kufuneka ufumane intwasahlobo enobubanzi obufanayo nombhobho.
Ngemibhobho eyenziwe ngePVC ethambileyo, asikwazi ukuthetha ngokugoba kwangempela, kodwa mhlawumbi malunga nokulungisa iprofayili yombhobho. Oku kwenziwa ngokufudumeza indawo efanelekileyo kwimeko yeplastiki, ngoko ngokuvala enye isiphelo kunye nokuvuthela kwelinye icala, silungisa iphrofayili ephosakeleyo yombhobho, emva koko ipholile.
I-welding yomoya oshushu
Le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-PVC eqinile, kodwa iphinda isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwi-polyamide, i-plexiglass kunye ne-PVC ethambileyo. Xa kusetyenzwa ipolyamide, kusetyenziswa initrogen endaweni yomoya.
Ngenxa yempembelelo yomoya oshushu, ipleyiti eqinile yePVC ayibi lulwelo, kodwa iba yipasty, incamathele kwaye idityaniswe. Ukuphumelela kwe-welding kuxhomekeke kwizenzo zokulungiselela, oko kukuthi, indlela esikwazi ngayo ukucubungula iziphelo, imiphetho, imida yeeplate okanye iipayipi. Kwelinye icala lamacwecwe adityanisiweyo sicubungula nge-“V« seam, kwaye ukuba sifuna ukudibanisa kumacala omabini, ngoko silungiselela i-“X« seam. Senza imida kwi-engile ye-60 °. Izinto eziphathekayo ezivela kwintonga ye-welding zingena kwi-gap ephumela (umfanekiso 4, inxalenye ephantsi)
SLIKA 4
Umoya ofudunyezwe ukuya ku-200–500°C, uveliswe ngeyona ndlela intle nge welding »gun«. “Umpu” we-welding yi-tube ene-perforated, evuthayo ngumbane wombane okanye igesi, apho umoya uhamba khona, ovuthayo ngale ndlela.
Ukuba umbane wombane usetyenziswa, kwanele ukufaka into yokufudumeza 200 W. Kulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa “isibhamu” sokubambisana, kuba kufuna uhlengahlengiso oluncinci kuphela. Singaphefumla kwivili lemoto elivuthelwe ngumoya. Umthamo womoya osetyenziswayo mkhulu kakhulu. Ithwala 1500-1800ilitha ngeyure. Umbhobho womoya kufuneka ube nobubanzi obungange 3 mm. Izinto eziphathekayo zeentonga ze-welding kufuneka zibe neqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika kunempahla yamacwecwe esifuna ukuwadibanisa. Ububanzi beentonga 2-5 mm. Ukuba asiphumelelanga ukufumana i-electrodes enjalo, sinokuzama ngesiqwenga esisikiweyo kwiiplate esizidibanisayo. Silungisa ubushushu bejethi yomoya ngokuyikhulula kwiphepha elibekwe 25 mm kude. Ubushushu buchanekile ukuba iphepha lijika libe tyheli ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana 5 (umfanekiso 4).
Weld ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Sibambe intonga esandleni sethu sasekhohlo, “umpu” esandleni sethu sokunene. Sihlala sibamba ibha ngokuthe nkqo, ngoko ke umoya oshushu uya kunyibilika ibha kwaye wenze i-var. Sitshisa i-seam phambi kwebar ngomoya oshushu. Ngaphandle kokulula kwayo, i-welding ifuna amava kunye nengqalelo enkulu. Ukuya kuthi ga kubunzima beplate 4 mm, silungiselela i-V seam, kwaye kwiipleyiti ezityebileyo umthungo we-X.
Nge-PVC ethambileyo, indlela ye-welding iyafana, kodwa ekubeni izinto eziphathekayo zithambile kakhulu, sicinezela intonga enyibilikisiweyo ngevili elincinci.
Plexi-glass, i-polyethylene kunye ne-polyamide nazo zinokudityaniswa ngolu hlobo, kodwa xa kusenziwa oku akwenzeki rhoqo.
Ukusika iipolyplasts zogwebu
Ukusika kungenziwa kuphela ngesikere, i-penknife, i-razor, kodwa kunye nentambo yokumelana nokufudumala. Sixhoma ucingo etafileni kuloo mphakamo, ehambelana nobukhulu boluhlu apho sifuna ukusika ibhodi ye-foam. Emva kokukhanyisa amandla, sicinezela iplate kwintambo evuthayo. Ucingo kufuneka lube 0,17-0,25 mm, kwaye lube no-20-24 V amandla ombane (umfanekiso 5).
SLIKA 5
I-Gluing polyplast
I-Gluing kukudibanisa izinto ezimbini ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa into yesithathu: iglu. I-Adhesives ifakwe, ubukhulu becala kwimeko yolwelo, kwiindawo ezibandayo. Sincamathelisa iipolyplasts ezifanayo kunye ne-solvents yazo ukuze sisasaze kwaye sinamathele kunye. Emva kokuba i-solvent iphelile, iindawo ezingaphezulu zixutywe. Sisebenzisa le ndlela yokunyibilikisa ukuncamathelisa:
celluloid ene-acetone,
polystyrene enebenzene,
plexi-glass enekloroform.
Kwimarike unokufumana iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, izinto zokuncamathelisa, ezifanelekileyo zokuncamathelisa iipolyplasts ezahlukeneyo.
Unyango lomphezulu kunye nokupeyinta iipolyplast
Duroplasts, ngenxa yobukho be “fillers”, ngokuqhelekileyo kunzima ukupolisha. Ukuba asinelisekanga ngumphezulu, ukugudiswa, umbala, kufuneka sihlikihle yonke indawo ngephepha le-emery. Ukuba asikwazi ukususa iintanda ngaloo ndlela, sigcoba ukungalingani, iimpazamo kunye ne “epokit”. Emva kokuba i-epoxy iqinile, kufuneka siyipholise kwakhona, emva koko i-varnish nge-nitro-varnish - kumbala oyifunayo. I-Nitro-varnish ingasetyenziswa kusetyenziswa izitshizi ezincinci ze-cologne okanye i-perfume (Ingqalelo! Ngenxa yomngcipheko womlilo, sebenza ngefestile evulekileyo okanye ngaphandle!) Kakade ke, sinokufaka ivanishi kunye neebrashi, kodwa ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, kunzima kakhulu ukufezekisa i-varnish egudileyo, elinganayo ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kwemibimbi.
Ukuba asinelisekanga yiglosi ezuziweyo, sinokunceda ngeendlela ezithengiweyo, oko kukuthi, ezisetyenziselwa ukhathalelo lwemoto, ukuthambisa imiphezulu ngamanzi okupolisha.
Ukudaya iipolyplasts ezibonisa ukukhanya etywaleni okanye kwispirit, nyibilikisa umbala ofunekayo (kufuneka unyibilikiswe etywaleni) kunye nobushushu ukuya 50°C. Sihlambulula ubuso kunye ne-detergent kwaye siyifake kwisisombululo sotywala. Ukusuka kwisisombululo, idayi iya kwahlula phezu komphezulu wento. Umaleko onemibala ubhityile kakhulu kwaye ngokupolisha kwiindawo ezithile, sinokufikelela kwiziphumo ezintle kakhulu, uyilo, iipateni, njl.njl.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wale mihla oneepholima, amaxwebhu omenzi wezinto eziphathekayo, imigaqo esebenzayo kunye nolawulo oluchazwe ngobuchule lomlilo, umsi, ubushushu kunye nezixhobo zombane. Lo mbhalo usapapashwa kuphela njengomthombo wemfundo yembali.