Chiziviso chakakosha chekuchengetedza: Ichi chinyorwa chemudura, kwete bhuku rekushandisa razvino. Usabatidze mapurasitiki uye usadzise, kucheka, weld, glue kana kupfapfaidza mapolymer asingazivikanwe pasina ruzivo rwezvinhu zvehunyanzvi, pepa rekuchengetedza data, kufefetedza kwakaringana, midziyo yekudzivirira uye kuongorora njodzi. Kupisa kwepurasitiki kunogona kuburitsa magasi ane ngozi zvikuru. Zvakataurwa kare nemoto wakavhurika, mecury, asbestos, hot oil, hot wire, benzene, chloroform, nitrocellulose nemabhachi anobvira moto hazvikurudzirwe kushandiswa nhasi.
Polyplastics, zvinonamira, zvinonyungudutsa uye pendi hazvisi chikamu chezvino kupihwa neruzhinji zveSavo Kusić. Nhasi zviri kutariswa mahwindo emapuranga, timber-aluminum Mahwindo uye madhoo echinyakare.
Kuzivikanwa kwepolyplasts
Kuziva mapolyplast harisi basa riri nyore kunyangwe kune nyanzvi mumarabhoritari ane hunyanzvi. Mhando, kureva, boka rema polyplasts ekudzidzira kumba, rinotsanangurwa nyore nyore, rakabudirira.
Muedzo uyu unongoda mechi uye, chokwadi, chidimbu chechinhu chakaedzwa, uye kumwe kudzidzira nekutarisisa paunenge uchishanda.
Nhoroondo bvunzo kuyerera
Tinonyatsopisa chidimbu chechinhu chakaedzwa nemechi. Kana ikanyunguduka, zvinoreva thermoplastic, kana ikasadaro, iri duroplast. Kana tikabvisa mutambo, kubva kune thermoplastics, zvinotevera zvinoramba zvichipisa: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate uye nitrocellulose. Murazvo unodzima kana tiine: polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene uye silicones (mufananidzo 1).
SLIKA 1
Pane izvo zvinopisa zvakanyanya, polyethylenes ine murazvo webluish diki uye kunhuhwirira kwekenduru kana yadzima, uye kana tikaibata, tinonzwa kuti yakapfava, yafuta. Polypropylene (A) yakanyanya kuoma, haina kusimba, polystyrene (B) inotipa murazvo une sooty uye kunhuhwirira kwakanaka. Isisi-soot, inozvimba, inoputika pakutsva, inonhuwirira seacetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Kupisa nemurazvo usingapfuure, kutsemuka, kunhuhwa kunge muchero polymethyl methacrylate (D). Inokurumidza kupisa nitro-cellulose.
Polyamide inozvimba, kuputika uye kunhuhwirira kunge mvere dzemakwai dzakapiswa kubva pazvinhu zvisingabatike mumurazvo. Mupendero wemurazvo une ruvara rwegirinhi, unonhuwa kunge polyvinyl chloride acid. Kana ikanyunguduka zvishoma mumurazvo, ichipa mukaka wakachena machena, inonhuwa seasidhi, iyo poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Polyplastics isingapfave kana yapiswa. Apo kunhuhwirira kwebhakelite kunobudiswa nemurazvo, inonzi phenoplast. Nekudziisa crackle, inonhuwirira senge aminoplast ammonia. Inopisa zvakasimba, inopisa nemoto we sooty, inoputika, inoputika mumurazvo, kana murazvo wadzimwa unopa kunhuhwirira kwechibereko (inotapira) polyester. Iyo haina kuputika mumurazvo, kana iwe ukabvisa mechi, inopisa zvakanyanya kwenguva pfupi uye inonhuhwirira seyakatsva epoxy-resin bvudzi.
Panyaya yemapolyplast ane “mafiller”, zvimwe zvinhu zvinowanzovhara mufananidzo chaiwo, uye zvakanyanya kukosha kuterera kunhuhwirira.
Kugadziriswa kwepolyplast
Anozivikanwa kugadzirisa kuedza anoshandiswa. Musiyano uripo pakati pekugadzirisa maitiro esimbi uye polyplastic inonyanya kuratidzwa mukukurumidza kupisa kwepolyplastic uye kunamatira kwayo kune chishandiso. Ndicho chikonzero midziyo inononoka, yakakura-mazino inoshandiswa, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira matanda. Saka: kukwenya, kuronga, jecha, kuchera, kubvisa. Kukuya hakukurudzirwe.
Kucheka, kuveza maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana, kupeta kunotonhora, kunoitwa nenzira imwe cheteyo nekugadzira simbi dzakapfava (alumlnium) (mufananidzo 2).
SLIKA 2
Iyo inodziya yekugadzirisa polyplast yakasiyana zvachose.
Kupisa kushandiswa kwepolyplast
Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nephenoplast uye aminoplast, inopisa inoumbwa panguva yekugadzirwa, yakaomeswa zvechokwadi, haichakwanise kugadziriswa nekuda kwekuita kwekupisa. Aya mapolyplastics (zvikuru machira nemabheji bakelite) anogadziriswa nekubvisa chip chete. Thermoplastics inopfava pasi pechiito chekupisa, kuva mapurasitiki, anogona kuumbwa uye kuchengetedza chimiro chavo chitsva, chimiro kana chatonhodzwa. Thermoplastics inonyanya kuzivikanwa yakaoma uye yakapfava PVC, polymethyl methacrylate (Plexi-girazi), polystyrene uye celluloid.
Kupisa kunogona kuve kwenzvimbo kana kupisa kwese kwese. Chinangwa chinosarudza nzira yekudziya yatichashandisa.
Nhoroondo nzira dzekudziya
1. Cabinet yekupisa (ovheni yekubika makeke, nyama). Zvakakosha kuti polyplast yakaiswa muchoto inopisa zvakaenzana kumativi ose. Inokodzera kupisa mahwendefa, mapaipi. Tembiricha inogona kudzorwa nemercury thermometer.
2. Heated plate (chitofu). Pakupisa kunodzorwa, yakakodzera kupisa mahwendefa maduku.
3. Murazvo wakavhurika (rambi reBunsen, gasi remudhorobha, torch yemoto, nezvimwewo) Kupisa kwemurazvo wezvitubu izvi kunogara kwakakwira kupfuura kupisa kunodiwa pakupisa kwepolyplast. Kushandiswa kwavo kunoda ruzivo rwakakura uye kungwarira. Tichaita kuti basa rive nyore kana tikawedzera simbi dzesimbi. Iyi mhando yekuwedzera inodzivirira iyo yakananga mhedzisiro yemurazvo, nekuti mukuita chete mhepo inopisa inosiya pombi, iyo inogona kushandiswa nenjodzi shoma yekudziya kwenzvimbo (mufananidzo 3)
4. Mafuta anopisa. Kugadzirira mabhati emafuta kunoda ruzivo rwakakura uye kuchenjerera. Iyo flash point yemafuta inofanirwa kuzivikanwa. Kupisa kwekugezera kunofanira kugara kuchidzorwa. Zvinorambidzwa kushandisa murazvo wakazaruka kupisa mafuta. Kupisa kwenzvimbo kunofanira kudziviswa nekugara kuchipisa nekukurudzira. Ngozi yemoto yakakura. Kubva pakuona kwevanyanzvi vepolyplastics, iyi inzira yakanaka kwazvo, nokuti kutonhora kunodzorwa nyore uye kusimba kwekukwirira kwayo kunogadziriswa nyore nyore. Asi kana kugadziriswa kuchiteverwa negluing, zvakanyanya kuoma nekuda kwekuvapo kwemafuta ane mafuta pamusoro pepamusoro, izvo zvakaoma kubvisa zvachose.
5. Jecha rinopisa. Inoshandiswa pakukotama pombi dzepolyplastic.
6. Hot air. Mucheka webvudzi, sechitubu chemhepo inodziya, inogona kushandiswa zvakanaka pakudziya kwenzvimbo.
7. Heated Ienjir. Mutongi wesimbi anopiswa nemurazvo kana magetsi anoshandiswa zvakanaka pakupeta mapepa epurasitiki. (Mufananidzo 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Infrared heaters. Iyo dhigirii yeanobatsira mhedzisiro yeaya maheater anoenderana nehwaro ruvara rwepolyplast uye pane yavo yekunyudza simba. Tinogonawo kusanganisa zvinhu zvinodziisa muboka rino remaheater.
The optimal processing tembiricha yemamwe ma polyplasts ndeaya anotevera: PVC 130-140, plexiglass 145-150, celluloid 100°C. Zvakakosha kuchengetedza kutonhora kwakarurama, nokuti nekupisa kwenguva yakareba, tinokuvadza chimiro che, semuenzaniso, PVC. Zvinoenderana nedata reempirical, zvinotora inenge 1,5 minut kupisa 1mm ndiro gobvu. Zvakakoshawo kuumba ndiro inopisa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, zvino kuti itonhorere pasi nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Kutonhodza kunoitwa nyore nemucheka wakanyorova kana chipanje.
Kupeta ndiro
Kupeta kunogona kuitwa mumutsara mumwe pamakona akasiyana-siyana kana muchimiro che arc pamusoro pese peplate. Mabasa ese ari maviri anoda kutariswa kukuru uye matekinoroji akasiyana.
Kana ndiro yakatetepa kupfuura 1,5 mm, tinoshandisa 2-3 mm murairi wesimbi wakakora. Imwe magumo emutongi, thermally insulated nepepa kana asbestos board, inogadziriswa pakati peshaya dzemangal, munzvimbo yakatwasuka. Pisa imwe mugumo wemutongi nemoto unopisa kusvika pakupisa kwakakodzera. (Ona Mufananidzo 3). Nzira yekukotamisa ndeyotevera: nyora mutsara wekupeta nepenzura yegirisi, wozoisa bhodhi pamwe chete nemutsara iwoyo pamutongi unopisa. Polyplast inopfava pamutsara. Nekumanikidza kusina simba, kotamisa ndiro kune kona yaunoda, wozoitonhorera munzvimbo iyoyo nemucheka wakanyorova kana chipanje. Kana ndiro yakakora, hazvina kukwana kupisa rutivi rumwe chete. Muchiitiko ichi, tinoshandisa vatongi vaviri, vakaiswa mukufanana. Chibatiso chinofanira kunge chakakora zvakapetwa kaviri pane pepa repurasitiki ratiri kupeta.
Kukotama pamusoro penzvimbo yese (silinda yepurasitiki) inoda tekinoroji yakasiyana. Polyplastic board inofanira kupiswa zvachose uye yakanyoroveswa mune inotonhora template (mold). Tinogona kupisa ndiro tichishandisa imwe yenzira dzakambotaurwa. The template zvinhu zvinogona kuva: huni, simbi, ceramic. Kupeta kuri nyore, iyo polyplast haigone kuputswa, nekuti kana tikatadza kukotama, nekudziyisazve tinonyorovesa ndiro, iyo inodzokera kuchimiro chayo chepakutanga uye isu tinogona kudzokorora maitiro. Nguva yakakwana inofanira kutsaurirwa kutonhora, kuitira kuti ndiro yacho itonhorere zvachose muhupamhi hwayo hwose. Pakukotama, yeuka kuti ndiro yacho haifanire kudziyiswa nekuti inodzokera kune yayo yepakutanga, yakati sandarara.
Mafirimu ePVC akapfava, mahwendefa, nekuda kwekusimba kwawo, hatikwanise kukotama zvachose - zvinotonhora - uye tinomanikidzwa kuisa kupisa kunopisa sekunge nePVC yakaoma.
Kupeta pombi dzepolyplastic
Takakwanisa kukotamisa pombi zvakanaka ipapo, kana dhayamita yepombi uye ukobvu hwemadziro padanho rekukotama zvichingochinja zvishoma. Chirwere ichi hachisanganisi mukana wekukwenya kwegokora. Pamusoro pekunze kwearch, kana uchikotama, hupamhi hwemadziro hunoderera, nepo mukati memukati hunowedzera. Iyo yakakura dhayamita yepombi uye kukora kwemadziro, inowedzera njodzi yekuwunyana. Nekudzikisa kona yekukotama, njodzi ye deformation inowedzera. Kumatanho makuru, tinopisa pombi yeplastiki yepoly panzvimbo yatinoda kukotama, tichishandisa mhepo inopisa kana murazvo. Inobva yaiswa pandiro yakati sandarara kana ine sikweya mutongi uye yakabhenda (mufananidzo 4, nechepamusoro).
Kuwana ma arcs madiki, pombi inofanira kuzadzwa nejecha rinopisa (100°C), hupfu hwekork kana chitubu che spiral chedhayamita yakafanana nepombi yatinoda kukotama. Kana tikashandisa jecha, vhara imwe mugumo wepombi ine conical plug, uzadze zvachose nejecha uye uvhare imwe mugumo. Kupisa nzvimbo yekukotama kubva kunze, tinomirira kusvika iyo arc yakakodzera yagadzirwa kubva kune huremu hwayo. Kutonhorera nejira nyoro kana chipanje. Kana madziro akatonhora kubva kunze, jecha rinobviswa pakarepo.
Paunenge uchishandisa hupfu hwekork, hapana preheating; rutivi rwakashata rwemhando iyi yekuzadza ndeyekuti zvakanyanya kuoma kubvisa upfu. Coil spring ndiyo yakanyanya kunaka, zvisinei, iwe unofanirwa kuwana chitubu chine dhayamita yakafanana nechubhu.
Nemapombi akapfava PVC, hatigone kutaura nezve kukotama chaiko, asi pamwe nezve kugadzirisa pombi mbiri. Izvi zvinoitwa nekupisa nzvimbo yakakodzera kune imwe nyika yepurasitiki, zvino nekuvhara imwe mugumo uye kuvhuvhuta kune imwe mugumo, tinogadzirisa chimiro chakaremara chepombi, zvino inotonhorera.
Mhepo inopisa
Iyi nzira inonyanya kushandiswa kune yakaoma PVC, asi zvakare yakabudirira kushandiswa kugadzira polyamide, plexiglass uye yakapfava PVC. Pakugadzirisa polyamide, nitrogen inoshandiswa panzvimbo yemhepo.
Nekuda kwekuita kwemhepo inopisa, ndiro yakaoma yePVC haiite mvura, asi inova pasty, inonamatira uye yakasungwa. Kubudirira welding kunoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzirira, ndiko kuti, takakwanisa sei kugadzirisa magumo, mipendero, mipendero yemahwendefa kana mapaipi. Kune rumwe rutivi rweplate yakashongedzwa tinogadzira ne “V« seam, uye kana tichida kusungira kumativi ose maviri, zvino tinogadzirira “X« seam. Isu tinogadzira mipendero pakona ye 60°. Izvo zvinhu zvinobva patsvimbo yewelding zvinopinda pakakoromoka (pikicha 4, chikamu chezasi).
SLIKA 4
Mhepo inodziya kusvika 200–500°C, inogadzirwa zvakanaka kwazvo ine welding »pfuti«. “Pfuti” yewelding ichubhu ine perforated, inopisa nemagetsi emagetsi kana gasi, kuburikidza nemhepo inoyerera, iyo inopisa nenzira iyi.
Kana magetsi emagetsi akashandiswa, zvakakwana kuisa chinhu chinopisa che 200 W. Zviri nyore kushandisa “pfuti” yekutengesa, nokuti inoda kungogadzirisa zvishoma. Tinogona kufefetera kubva pavhiri remotokari rapedzwa mweya. Huwandu hwemhepo hunoshandiswa hwakakura. Inotakura 1500-1800 malita paawa. Mhepo yemhepo inofanira kuva nedhayamita inosvika 3 mm. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi dzewelding zvinofanirwa kunge zvine nzvimbo yakaderera yekunyungudika pane zvinhu zvemahwendefa atinoda kubatanidza. Iyo dhayamita yematanda ndeye 2-5 mm. Kana tikakundikana kuwana ma electrode akadaro, tinogona kuedza nechidimbu chakachekwa kubva pamahwendefa atinenge tichiputira. Isu tinogadzirisa tembiricha yejeti yemhepo nekuiburitsa pane pepa riri 25 mm kure. Tembiricha ndeyechokwadi kana bepa rikaita yero mukati memasekondi 5 (mufananidzo 4).
Weld kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi. Tinobata tsvimbo muruoko rweruboshwe, “pfuti” muruoko rwerudyi. Isu tinogara takabata tsvimbo vertically, saka mhepo inopisa ichanyungudutsa tsvimbo uye var inoumbwa. Isu tinopisa musono pamberi pebhari nemhepo inopisa. Pasinei nekureruka kwayo, welding inoda ruzivo rwakakura uye kutarisirwa. Kusvika pakukora kweplate ye 4 mm, tinogadzirira V seam, uye kune mahwendefa akakora X seam.
NePVC yakapfava, nzira yewelding yakafanana, asi sezvo zvinhu zvakapfava zvakanyanya, tinodzvanya tsvimbo yakanyungudutswa nevhiri diki.
Plexi-girazi, polyethylene uye polyamide zvinogonawo kuiswa welding nenzira iyi, asi mukuita izvi zvinoitika zvishoma.
Kucheka furo polyplasts
Kucheka kunogona kuitwa kwete chete nechigero, penknife, razor, asiwo newaya inopisa. Isu tinorembera waya patafura pahurefu ihwohwo, iyo inofananidzwa nehupamhi hwehuputi hwatinoda kutema bhodhi refoam. Mushure mekubatidza simba, tinodzvanya ndiro patambo inopenya. Waya inofanira kuva 0,17-0,25 mm gobvu, uye iine 20-24 V voltage (mufananidzo 5).
SLIKA 5
Gluing polyplast
Gluing iko kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zviviri zvakafanana kana zvakasiyana uchishandisa chinhu chechitatu: glue. Zvinamira zvinoiswa, kunyanya muchimiro chemvura, kunzvimbo dzinotonhora. Isu tinonamira iwo mapolyplasts akafanana neanonyungudutsa kuitira kuti tigoaparadzira uye tinoanamatira pamwechete. Mushure mekunge solvent yabuda, nzvimbo yacho inonamirwa. Isu tinoshandisa nzira yekunyungudutsa iyi kunama:
celluloid ine acetone,
polystyrene ine benzene,
plexi-girazi ine chloroform.
Pamusika unogona kuwana zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana, zvinonamira, zvakakodzerwa kubatanidza mapolyplast akasiyana.
Kurapwa kwepamusoro uye pendi yepolyplast
Duroplasts, nekuda kwekuvapo kwe “mafirita”, anowanzo kunetsa kupukuta. Kana isu tisina kugutsikana nepamusoro, kutsetseka, ruvara, tinofanira kukwiza pasi rose ne emery bepa. Kana isu tisingakwanisi kubvisa kuputika nenzira iyo, tinosvibisa kusaenzana, kukanganisa ne “epokit”. Mushure mokunge epoxy yakaoma, tinofanira kuiputira zvakare, ipapo varnishi ne nitro-varnish - mumuvara waunoda. Nitro-varnish inogona kushandiswa uchishandisa madiki sprayers kune cologne kana pefume (Attention! Nekuda kwengozi yemoto, shanda nehwindo rakashama kana kunze!) Zvechokwadi, tinogonawo kushandisa varnish nemabhurashi, asi ibasa rakaoma zvikuru, rinonyanya kuoma kuti ribudirire mutsetse wakatsetseka, wakaenzana wakakora wevarnish, usina wrinkles.
Kana isu tisingagutsikane nekupenya kwaitwa, tinokwanisa kubatsira nenzira dzinotengwa, kureva, dzinoshandiswa mukuchengetedza mota, kuzora nzvimbo nemvura inopenya.
Kudhaya mapolyplast anoonekera mudoro kana midzimu, nyungudutsa ruvara rwaunoda (uyo unofanira kunyungudutswa mudoro) uye kupisa kusvika 50°C. Isu tinochenesa nzvimbo yacho ne detergent uye toinyika mumhinduro yedoro. Kubva pamushonga, dhayi ichaparadzana pamusoro pechinhu chacho. Rudzi rweruvara rwakatetepa kwazvo uye nekupukuta mune dzimwe nzvimbo, tinogona kuwana zvakanakisa mhedzisiro, magadzirirwo, mapatani, nezvimwe.
Pamabasa ese echizvino-zvino nemapolymers, zvinyorwa zvemugadziri wezvinhu, mirau inoshanda uye nehunyanzvi hwakatsanangurwa kutonga kwemoto, utsi, tembiricha uye zvemagetsi zvinoshandiswa. Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chakabudiswa chete sechinyorwa chedzidzo chenhoroondo.