Ganewa da sarrafa polyplasts

** Muhimmiyar bayanin tsaro:** Wannan rubutun ne, ba littafin jagorar aiki na zamani ba. Kada ku kunna robobi kuma kada ku yi zafi, yanke, walda, manne ko fesa polymers da ba a sani ba ba tare da ƙwararrun kayan aikin ƙwararru ba, takardar bayanan aminci, samun iska mai kyau, kayan kariya da kimanta haɗarin. Roba mai ƙonewa na iya sakin iskar gas mai haɗari. Bude harshen wuta, mercury, asbestos, mai mai zafi, waya mai zafi, benzene, chloroform, nitrocellulose da mayafin wuta ba a ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen yau da kullun a tarihi ba.

Polyplastics, adhesives, kaushi da fenti basa cikin tayin jama’a na Savo Kusić na yanzu. Abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a yau shine tagayen katako, itace-aluminum Taga da kofofin al’ada.

Gane polyplasts

Gano polyplastics ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba har ma ga masana a cikin ingantattun dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Nau’in, wato, ƙungiyar polyplasts don sarrafa gida, an ƙaddara mafi sauƙi, mafi nasara.

Duk abin da kuke buƙata don wannan gwajin shine ashana kuma, ba shakka, yanki na abubuwan da aka gwada, da wasu ayyuka da kulawa yayin aiki.

Gudun gwaji na tarihi

A hankali zazzage wani yanki na abin da aka gwada tare da ashana. Idan ya narke, yana nufin thermoplastic, idan ba haka ba, duroplast ne. Idan muka cire wasan, daga thermoplastics, wadannan ci gaba da ƙonewa: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate da nitrocellulose. Harshen wuta yana fita idan muna da: polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene da silicones (Figure)1).

SLIKA 1

Daga cikin wadanda suka kara konewa, polyethylene suna da ɗan ƙaramin harshen wuta kuma suna wari kamar kyandir idan an kashe su, kuma idan muka taɓa su, muna jin cewa sun fi laushi, sun fi kiba. Polypropylene (A) ya fi bushewa, ya fi rauni, polystyrene (B) yana ba mu harshen wuta da ƙanshi mai daɗi. Mara-zumi, kumbura, ƙulle-ƙulle akan konewa,  yana wari kamar acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). Yana ƙonewa tare da harshen wuta wanda ba ya wartsakewa, fashe-fashe, yana wari kamar polymethyl methacrylate (D). Da sauri yana ƙone nitro-cellulose.

Polyamide yana kumbura, fashewa da wari kamar ulu mai ƙonewa daga kayan da ba sa ƙonewa a cikin harshen wuta. Gefen harshen wuta yana da launin kore, yana wari kamar polyvinyl chloride acid. Idan ya narke kadan a cikin harshen wuta, yana ba da babban taro mai launin madara, yana jin warin acid, shi ne poll-tetrafluoroethylene.

Polyplastics waɗanda ba sa laushi lokacin zafi. Lokacin da ƙamshin bakelite ke fitowa da harshen wuta, shi ne phenoplast. Ta hanyar dumama faɗuwar, yana wari kamar aminoplast ammonia. Yana konewa da kyar, yana konewa da harshen wuta, ƙulle-ƙulle, tsagewa a cikin harshen wuta, idan harshen wuta ya kashe yana ba da wari (mai dadi) polyester. Ba ya fashewa a cikin harshen wuta, idan ka cire ashana, ya fi konewa na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana wari kamar kona gashin epoxy-resin.

A cikin yanayin polyplasts tare da “fillers”, ƙarin abubuwa sukan rufe ainihin hoton, kuma yana da mahimmanci a kula da wari.

Gudanar da polyplast

Ana amfani da matakan sarrafawa da aka sani. Bambanci tsakanin yanayin sarrafa ƙarfe da polyplastic yana nunawa a cikin saurin dumama polyplastic da mannewa da kayan aiki. Shi ya sa ake amfani da kayan aiki masu girman hakora, masu tafiya a hankali, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su wajen aikin katako. Don haka: scraping, planing, sanding, hakowa, tsiri. An fi ba da shawarar sanding.

Yanke, sassaƙa siffofi daban-daban, lankwasa sanyi, ana yin su kamar yadda ake sarrafa karafa masu laushi (alumlnium) (hoto).2).

SLIKA 2

Dumi sarrafa polyplast ya bambanta.

Dumi sarrafa polyplast

Abubuwan da aka yi da phenoplast da aminoplast, masu zafi da aka samu yayin samarwa, tabbas sun taurare, ba za a iya sarrafa su ba saboda tasirin zafi. Wadannan polyplastics (mafi yawa rubutu da bakelites na takarda) ana sarrafa su ta hanyar cire guntu kawai. Thermoplastics suna yin laushi a ƙarƙashin aikin zafi, zama filastik, ana iya kafa su kuma suna riƙe da sabon nau’in su, siffar lokacin da aka sanyaya. Mafi yawan thermoplastics sune PVC mai wuya da taushi, polymethyl methacrylate (Plexi-glass), polystyrene da celluloid.

Dumama na iya zama na gida ko duka dumama dumama. Manufar ita ce hanyar da za mu yi amfani da dumama.

Hanyoyi na tarihi na dumama

1. Majalisar ministoci don dumama (tanda don yin burodi, nama). Yana da mahimmanci cewa polyplast da aka sanya a cikin tanda yana zafi daidai daga kowane bangare. Ya dace da dumama faranti, bututu. Ana iya sarrafa zafin jiki tare da ma’aunin zafin jiki na mercury.

2. Farantin mai zafi (tebur). A zafin jiki mai sarrafawa, ya dace don dumama ƙananan faranti.

3. Bude harshen wuta (Fitilar Bunsen, Gas na gari, Tocilar saida, da sauransu) Zafin wutar waɗannan kafofin koyaushe yana kan zafi fiye da zafin da ake buƙata don maganin zafi na polyplast. Amfani da su yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da taka tsantsan. Za mu sauƙaƙa aikin idan muka tsawaita bututun ƙarfe. Irin wannan tsawo yana hana tasirin wutar lantarki kai tsaye, saboda a aikace bututu yana barin iska mai zafi kawai, wanda za’a iya amfani dashi tare da ƙananan haɗari don dumama gida (hoto).3)

4. Mai zafi. Shirye-shiryen wanka na man fetur yana buƙatar kwarewa da kuma taka tsantsan. Ya kamata a san ma’anar walƙiya na mai. Yawan zafin jiki na wanka ya kamata a sarrafa shi akai-akai. An haramta amfani da bude wuta don dumama man. Ya kamata a guji dumama gida ta hanyar dumama da motsawa akai-akai. Hadarin wuta yana da yawa. A mahangar masanan masana kimiyyar polyplastics, wannan hanya ce mai kyau sosai, domin ana iya sarrafa zafin jiki cikin sauƙi kuma ana daidaita tsayin daka. Amma idan aikin yana biye da gluing, yana da wahala sosai saboda kasancewar wani Layer mai a saman, wanda ke da wuya a cire gaba daya.

5. Yashi mai zafi. Ana amfani dashi lokacin lankwasa bututun polyplastic.

6. Iska mai zafi. Na’urar bushewa, a matsayin tushen iska mai dumi, ana iya amfani dashi da kyau don dumama gida.

7. Mai zafi Ienjir. Ana amfani da mai mulki na ƙarfe da wuta ko wutar lantarki ke dumama da kyau lokacin lanƙwasa poly filastik. (Fig3).

SLIKA 3

8. Infrared heaters. Matsayin tasiri mai amfani na waɗannan masu dumama ya dogara da launi mai tushe na polyplast da kuma ikon ɗaukar su. Hakanan zamu iya haɗawa da abubuwan dumama juriya a cikin wannan rukunin masu dumama.

Mafi kyawun zafin jiki na aiki na wasu polyplasts shine kamar haka: PVC130-140, plexiglass145-150, celluloid 100°C. Yana da mahimmanci don kula da zafin jiki daidai, saboda ta hanyar dumama na dogon lokaci, muna lalata tsarin, misali, PVC. Dangane da ƙwarewa, don dumama1mmkauri mai kauri yana buƙatar kusan1,5 mciki Hakanan yana da mahimmanci don samar da farantin mai zafi da sauri, sannan a kwantar da shi da sauri. Ana yin sanyi mafi sauƙi da rigar riga ko soso.

Lankwasawa na faranti

Ana iya yin lanƙwasa a layi ɗaya a kusurwoyi daban-daban ko kuma a cikin nau’i na baka a kan dukkan farfajiyar allon. Dukansu ayyuka suna buƙatar kulawa mai yawa da fasaha daban-daban.

Idan farantin ya fi bakin ciki1,5 mm, muna amfani2-3 mm kauri karfe mai mulki. Ɗayan ƙarshen mai mulki, wanda aka rufe da takarda ko asbestos board, an daidaita shi a tsakanin jaws na mangel, a cikin matsayi na kwance. Ƙara sauran ƙarshen mai mulki tare da mai ƙonawa zuwa yanayin da ya dace. (Duba hoto3). Tsarin lanƙwasawa shine kamar haka: yi alama layin lanƙwasawa tare da fensir mai maiko, sa’an nan kuma sanya allon tare da wannan layin akan mai mulki mai zafi. Polyplast yana laushi tare da layi. Muna lanƙwasa farantin zuwa kusurwar da ake so tare da rauni mai rauni, sa’an nan kuma kwantar da shi a cikin wannan matsayi tare da rigar rigar ko soso. Idan farantin ya fi kauri, bai isa ya zafi gefe ɗaya ba. A wannan yanayin, muna amfani da masu mulki guda biyu, an sanya su a layi daya. Kushin dumama ya kamata ya zama aƙalla ninki biyu kamar allon filastik poly da muke lankwasawa.

Lankwasawa a kan gaba ɗaya (filin silinda) yana buƙatar fasaha daban-daban. Polyplastic farantin ya kamata a mai tsanani a matsayin dukan da kuma sanyaya a cikin wani sanyi samfuri (mould). Za mu iya dumama farantin ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyin da aka ambata a baya. Kayan samfuri na iya zama: itace, karfe, yumbu. Lankwasawa abu ne mai sauƙi, polyplast ba za a iya karya ba, saboda idan muka kasa tanƙwara, ta hanyar sake dumama za mu yi laushi da farantin, wanda ya dawo zuwa siffarsa kuma za mu iya maimaita aikin. Ya kamata a ba da isasshen lokaci don sanyaya, don farantin ya yi sanyi gaba ɗaya a cikin kauri duka. Lokacin lankwasawa, tuna cewa ba dole ba ne a sake yin dumama farantin saboda ya koma asalinsa, siffa mai laushi.

Saboda su elasticity, ba za mu iya har abada - coldly - lankwasa taushi PVC-fina-finan, faranti, kuma muna tilasta yin amfani da zafi lankwasawa kamar tare da wuya PVC.

Lankwasawa polyplastic bututu

Mun yi nasarar lanƙwasa bututun da kyau sannan, idan diamita na bututu da kaurin bango a wurin lanƙwasa sun canza kaɗan kaɗan. Wannan yanayin ya keɓe yiwuwar murƙushe gwiwar hannu. A gefen waje na baka, yayin lanƙwasa, kaurin bango yana raguwa, yayin da a gefen ciki ya yi kauri. Mafi girman diamita na bututu da kauri ganuwar, mafi girman haɗarin wrinkling. Ta hanyar rage kusurwar lanƙwasawa, haɗarin nakasawa yana ƙaruwa. Don manyan baka, muna dumama bututun filastik poly a wurin da muke so mu lanƙwasa, ta amfani da iska mai zafi ko harshen wuta. Sa’an nan kuma mu lanƙwasa shi a kan farantin lebur ko tare da mai mulkin murabba’i (Fig4, babba part).

Don cimma kananan arcs, tube ya kamata a cika da zafi (100°C) tare da yashi, fulawar abin toshe ko kuma karkace maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na diamita ɗaya da bututun da muke so mu lanƙwasa. Idan muka yi amfani da yashi, rufe ɗaya ƙarshen bututu tare da filogi na conical, cika shi gaba ɗaya da yashi kuma rufe ɗayan ƙarshen. Dumama wurin lankwasa daga waje, muna jira har sai an halicci baka mai dacewa daga nauyinsa. Yi sanyi tare da rigar datti ko soso. Idan bango ya huce daga waje, an cire yashi nan da nan.

Lokacin amfani da garin kwalabe, babu pre-dumama; mummunan gefen irin wannan nau’in cika shi ne cewa ya fi wuya a cire gari. Tushen nada shine mafi dacewa, duk da haka, yakamata ku sami maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai diamita ɗaya da bututu.

Tare da bututun da aka yi da PVC mai laushi, ba za mu iya magana game da ainihin lanƙwasa ba, amma mai yiwuwa game da gyara bayanan bututu. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar dumama wurin da ya dace zuwa yanayin filastik, sannan ta rufe ƙarshen ɗaya da busa a ɗayan ƙarshen, muna gyara bayanan nakasassu na bututu, sannan sanyi.

Waldawar iska mai zafi

Ana amfani da wannan hanya mafi yawa akan PVC mai wuya, amma kuma ana amfani dashi tare da nasara wajen sarrafa polyamide, plexiglass da PVC mai laushi. Lokacin sarrafa polyamide, ana amfani da nitrogen maimakon iska.

Saboda tasirin iska mai zafi, farantin PVC mai wuya ba ya zama ruwa, amma ya zama pasty, sanduna kuma an welded. Nasarar waldi ya dogara da ayyukan shirye-shiryen, wato, yadda muka gudanar da aiwatar da iyakar, gefuna, gefuna na faranti ko bututu. A gefe guda na farantin walda, muna sarrafa da “V” seam, kuma idan muna son yin walda ta bangarorin biyu, sai mu shirya wani “X” din. Muna samar da gefuna a kusurwar60°. Abubuwan da ke cikin sandar walda sun shiga ratar da aka samu (Fig4, kasan sashi).

 SLIKA 4

Iska mai zafi zuwa200-500°C, an fi samar da shi tare da “bindigo” waldi. “Bindigu” don waldawa, wani bututu ne mai ratsa jiki, mai zafi da wutar lantarki ko iskar gas, wanda iska ke gudana ta wannan hanya.

Idan ana amfani da wutar lantarki, ya isa ya shigar da kayan dumama daga200W. Zai fi sauƙi a yi amfani da “bindigo” na siyarwa saboda yana ɗaukar ɗan daidaitawa. Za mu iya ɗaukar iska daga hura wutar tayoyin mota. Adadin iskar da ake amfani da ita yana da girma. lznosy1500-1800lita awa daya. Bututun iskar ya kamata ya kasance yana da diamita na kusan3 mm. Dole ne kayan aikin ƙwanƙwasa ya kasance yana da ƙananan narkewa fiye da kayan faranti da muke so mu yi amfani da su. Diamita na sanduna shine2-5 mm. Idan muka kasa samun irin waɗannan na’urorin lantarki, za mu iya gwadawa tare da yanke yanki daga faranti da muke waldawa. Muna daidaita yanayin jet ɗin iska ta hanyar sakin shi a kan takarda da ke nesa25 mm. Zazzabi ya dace idan takardar ta koma rawaya a ciki5seconds (Fig4).

Muna walda daga hagu zuwa dama. Muna riƙe sanda a hannun hagunmu, “bindigo” a hannun damanmu. Kullum muna riƙe sandar a tsaye, don haka iska mai zafi za ta narke sandar kuma an kafa var. Muna zafi da sutura a gaban mashaya tare da iska mai zafi. Duk da sauƙin sa, walda yana buƙatar ƙwarewa da kulawa sosai. Har zuwa kaurin faranti na4 mm, muna shirya kabu V, kuma don faranti masu kauri, wani kabu na X.

Tare da PVC mai laushi, hanyar waldawa iri ɗaya ce, amma tun da kayan ya fi laushi, muna danna sanda mai narkewa tare da ƙaramin ƙafa.

Plexiglas, polyethylene da polyamide suma ana iya walda su ta wannan hanyar, amma a aikace wannan ya fi na kowa.

Yanke kumfa polyplasts

Ana iya yankewa ba kawai tare da almakashi, alƙalami, reza ba, har ma tare da waya mai zafi mai zafi. Muna rataye waya a kan tebur a wannan tsayi, wanda ya dace da kauri na Layer wanda muke so mu yanke katakon kumfa. Bayan kunna wutar lantarki, muna danna farantin a kan waya mai haske. Ya kamata waya ta kasance0,17-0,25 mmmai, i da20-24V irin ƙarfin lantarki (Fig5).

SLIKA 5

Gluing polyplast

Haɗin kai shine haɗuwa da abubuwa iri ɗaya ko daban-daban ta amfani da abu na uku: manne. Ana amfani da manne, galibi a cikin yanayin ruwa, zuwa saman sanyi. Muna manne polyplasts iri ɗaya tare da abubuwan da suke da su don mu yada su kuma mu haɗa su tare. Bayan da sauran ƙarfi ya ƙafe, ana manne da saman. Muna amfani da wannan hanyar ƙarfi don manne:

celluloid tare da acetone,

polystyrene tare da benzene,

plexiglass tare da chloroform.

Daban-daban kayayyakin, adhesives, dace da gluing daban-daban polyplasts za a iya samu a kasuwa.

Maganin saman ƙasa da zanen polyplast

Duroplasts, saboda kasancewar “fillers”, yawanci suna da wuyar gogewa. Idan ba mu gamsu da shimfidar wuri ba, santsi, launi, dole ne mu shafa dukkan fuskar tare da takarda emery. Idan ba za mu iya cire tsagewa ta wannan hanyar ba, za mu shafe rashin daidaituwa, kuskure tare da “epokit”. Bayan epoxy ya taurare, dole ne mu sake goge shi, sannan a shafa shi da nitro-varnish - a cikin launi da ake so. Ana iya amfani da Nitro-varnish ta amfani da ƙananan sprayers don cologne ko turare (Da hankali! Saboda hadarin wuta, aiki tare da bude taga ko waje!) Hakika, yin amfani da varnish kuma za a iya yi tare da goge, amma shi ne mafi wuya aiki, shi ne mafi wuya a cimma m, daidai lokacin farin ciki Layer na varnish, ba tare da wrinkles.

Idan ba mu gamsu da abin da aka samu ba, za mu iya taimakawa tare da hanyoyin da aka saya, wato, ana amfani da su a cikin motar mota, shafa saman da ruwa mai gogewa.

Don rini m polyplasts a cikin barasa ko ruhohi, narkar da launi da ake so (wanda dole ne a narkar da shi cikin barasa) da zafi zuwa50°C. Muna tsaftace farfajiya tare da wanka kuma mu tsoma shi a cikin maganin barasa. Daga maganin, rini zai rabu zuwa saman abin. Launi mai launi yana da bakin ciki sosai kuma ta hanyar gogewa a wasu wurare, za mu iya cimma kyawawan sakamako, ƙira, alamu, da dai sauransu.

Ga kowane aiki na zamani tare da polymers, ana amfani da takaddun masana’anta, ingantattun ka’idoji da ƙwararrun sarrafa wuta, hayaki, zafin jiki da kayan lantarki. Wannan rubutun ya rage a buga shi azaman tushen ilimi na tarihi kawai.