Tlhaloso ea bohlokoa ea polokeho: Ona ke mongolo oa polokelong, eseng buka ea tšebetso ea sejoale-joale. Se ke oa hotetsa lipolasetiki ’me u se ke ua futhumatsa, ua khaola, ua cheselletsa, sekhomaretsi kapa ua fafatsa li-polymer tse sa tsejoeng ntle le boitsebiso ba thepa ea setsebi, leqephe la boitsebiso ba polokeho, moea o nepahetseng, lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso le tlhahlobo ea kotsi. Polasetiki e tukang e ka ntša likhase tse kotsi haholo. Lelakabe le bulehileng le boletsoeng esale pele, mercury, asbestos, hot oil, hot wire, benzene, chloroform, nitrocellulose le lintja tse tukang ha lia khothaletsoa hore li sebelisoe kajeno.
Polyplastics, adhesives, solvents le pente ha se karolo ea tlhahiso ea hajoale ea Savo Kusić. Mona re shebana haholo le lifensetere tsa mapolanka, lifensetere tsa mapolanka-aluminium le mamati a tloaelo.
Boitsebiso ba polyplasts
Ho khetholla li-polyplasts ha se mosebetsi o bonolo le ho litsebi tsa lilaboratori tse nang le thepa e ntle. Mofuta, ke hore, sehlopha sa li-polyplasts bakeng sa ho tseba lapeng, se ikemiselitse ho le bonolo haholoanyane, ka katleho.
Teko ena e hloka feela papali, ehlile, karoloana ea lisebelisoa tse lekiloeng, le boikoetliso le tlhokomelo ha e sebetsa.
Phallo ea tlhahlobo ea nalane
Re futhumatsa ka hloko karoloana ea ntho e lekiloeng ka mollo. Haeba e qhibiliha, e bolela thermoplastic, haeba e sa etse joalo, ke duroplast. Haeba re tlosa papali, ho tloha thermoplastics, tse latelang li tsoela pele ho chesa: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polymethylene, polymethacrylate, cellulose acetate le nitrocellulose. Lelakabe le tima haeba re na le: polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene le silicones (setšoantšo 1).
SLIKA 1
Har’a tse tukang ho feta, li-polyethylene li na le lelakabe le lenyenyane le boputsoa ‘me li nkha joalo ka kerese ha li tima,’ me ha re li ama, re utloa eka li bonolo, li nonne. Polypropylene (A) e omme ho feta, e senyeha habonolo, polystyrene (B) e re fa lelakabe la sooty le monko o monate. Non-soot, swells, crackles ha ho tuka, e nkha joaloka acetic acid cellulose acetate (C). E chesa ka lelakabe le sa kolobileng, ea ruruha, e nkha joaloka fruit polymethyl methacrylate (D). Ka potlako e chesa nitro-cellulose.
Polyamide ea ruruha, ea peperana ebile e nkha joalo ka boea bo cheleng ho tsoa linthong tse sa cheng mollong. Bokaholimo ba lelakabe bo botala bo botala, bo nkha joalo ka acid e polyvinyl chloride. Haeba e qhibiliha hanyenyane ka lelakabe, e fana ka boima bo bosoeu ba lebese, e nkha joaloka acid, ke poll-tetrafluoroethylene.
Polyplastics e sa beboleng ha e futhumatsoa. Ha monko o ikhethang oa bakelite o hlahisoa ke lelakabe, ke phenoplast. Ka ho futhumatsa crackle, e nkha joaloka aminoplast ammonia. E chesa ka thata, e chesa ka lelakabe la sooty, e phunye, e phunyeletsa lelakabe, ha lelakabe le tima le ntša monko oa litholoana (monate) oa polyester. Ha e qhekelle mollong, haeba u tlosa papali, e chesa le ho feta ka nako e khuts’oane mme e nkha joalo ka moriri o chesitsoeng oa epoxy-resin.
Ha e le li-polyplast tse nang le “fillers”, hangata lintho tse ling li koahela setšoantšo sa sebele, ’me ho bohlokoa haholo ho ela hloko monko.
Ho sebetsa ha polyplast
Ho sebelisoa boiteko bo tsebahalang ba ho sebetsa. Phapang pakeng tsa ts’ebetso ea ts’ebetso ea tšepe le polyplastic e bonahala haholo-holo ka ho futhumala ka potlako ha polyplastic le ho khomarela sesebelisoa. Ke ka lebaka leo ho sebelisoang lisebelisoa tse tsamaeang butle, tse nang le meno a maholo, tse sebelisoang haholo-holo ha ho etsoa mapolanka. Kahoo: ho phunya, ho rera, ho phunya, ho phunya, ho hlobola. Ha ho khothalletsoe ho sila.
Ho seha, ho betla libopeho tse fapaneng, ho kobeha ho batang, ho etsoa ka mokhoa o ts’oanang le ho lokisa litšepe tse bonolo (alumlnium) (setšoantšo 2).
SLIKA 2
Ho sebetsa ka mofuthu ha polyplast ho fapane ka ho feletseng.
Ts’ebetso e chesang ea polyplast
Lintho tse entsoeng ka phenoplast le aminoplast, tse chesang tse entsoeng nakong ea tlhahiso, ka sebele li thatafetse, li ke ke tsa hlola li sebetsanoa ka lebaka la phello ea mocheso. Li-polyplastics tsena (haholo-holo masela le li-bakelite tsa pampiri) li sebetsoa ka ho ntša chip feela. Thermoplastics e nolofatsa tlas’a ketso ea mocheso, e fetoha polasetiki, e ka thehoa ’me ea boloka sebopeho sa eona se secha, sebopeho ha se pholile. Thermoplastics e tloaelehileng haholo ke PVC e thata le e bonolo, polymethyl methacrylate (Plexi-glass), polystyrene le celluloid.
Ho futhumatsa e ka ba ho futhumatsa sebakeng kapa ka bongata. Sepheo ke sona se etsang qeto ea hore na re tla sebelisa mokhoa ofe oa ho futhumatsa.
Mekhoa ea khale ea ho futhumatsa
1. Kabinete ea ho futhumatsa (setofo bakeng sa ho baka mahobe, nama). Ke habohlokoa hore polyplast e behiloeng ka ontong e futhumale ka ho lekana ka mahlakoreng ’ohle. E loketse ho futhumatsa lipoleiti, liphaephe. Thempereichara e ka laoloa ka mercury thermometer.
2. Letlapa le futhumetseng (setofo). Ka mocheso o laoloang, o loketse ho futhumatsa lipoleiti tse nyenyane.
3. Lelakabe le bulehileng (lebone la Bunsen, khase ea toropo, toche ea soldering, joalo-joalo) Mocheso oa lelakabe la mehloli ena o lula o phahame ho feta mocheso o hlokahalang bakeng sa phekolo ea mocheso oa polyplast. Tšebeliso ea bona e hloka phihlelo e kholo le tlhokomelo. Re tla etsa hore mosebetsi o be bonolo haeba re atolosa licheso tsa tšepe tsa tšepe. Katoloso ea mofuta ona e thibela phello e tobileng ea lelakabe, hobane ka ts’ebetso ke moea o chesang feela o siea phala, e ka sebelisoang ka kotsi e fokolang ea ho futhumatsa sebakeng (setšoantšo 3)
4. Oli e chesang. Ho lokisetsa libate tsa oli ho hloka phihlelo e kholo le tlhokomelo. Sebaka sa marang-rang sa oli se lokela ho tsejoa. Mocheso oa ho hlapa o lokela ho lula o laoloa. Ho thibetsoe ho sebelisa lelakabe le bulehileng ho futhumatsa oli. Ho futhumatsa sebakeng seo ho lokela ho qojoa ka ho futhumatsa kamehla le ho sisinyeha. Kotsi ea mollo e kholo haholo. Ho ea ka pono ea litsebi tsa polyplastics, ena ke mokhoa o motle haholo, hobane mocheso o laoloa habonolo ’me nako ea bolelele ba eona e laoloa habonolo. Empa haeba ts’ebetso e lateloa ke gluing, e thata haholo ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha lera la mafura holim’a libaka, tseo ho leng thata ho li tlosa ka ho feletseng.
5. Lehlabathe le chesang. E sebelisoa ha ho koba lipeipi tsa polyplastic.
6. Moea o chesang. Se omisa moriri, e le mohloli oa moea o futhumetseng, se ka sebelisoa hantle bakeng sa ho futhumatsa sebakeng.
7. Ienjir e futhumetseng. ’Musi oa tšepe o futhumetseng ka lelakabe kapa motlakase o sebelisoa hantle ha o koba lipampiri tsa polasetiki. (Setšoantšo 3).
SLIKA 3
8. Li-heaters tsa infrared. Tekanyo ea phello e molemo ea li-heaters tsena e itšetlehile ka ’mala oa motheo oa polyplast le matla a bona a ho monya. Re ka kenyelletsa le likarolo tsa ho futhumatsa tse hanyetsanang sehlopheng sena sa lihitara.
Mocheso o nepahetseng oa ho sebetsa oa li-polyplast tse itseng o tjena: PVC 130-140, plexiglass 145-150, celluloid 100°C. Ke habohlokoa ho boloka mocheso o nepahetseng, hobane ka ho futhumatsa nako e telele, re senya sebopeho sa, mohlala, PVC. Ho latela lintlha tsa bopaki, ho nka hoo e ka bang 1,5 minut ho futhumatsa poleiti e teteaneng ea 1mm. Hape ke habohlokoa ho theha poleiti e futhumetseng kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang, ebe oe pholile ka potlako kamoo ho ka khonehang. Ho pholisa ho bonolo ka ho fetisisa ho etsoa ka lesela le metsi kapa seponche.
Ho kobeha poleiti
Ho kobeha ho ka etsoa moleng o le mong ka li-angles tse fapaneng kapa ka mokhoa oa arc holim’a holim’a poleiti. Mesebetsi ka bobeli e hloka tlhokomelo e kholo le theknoloji e fapaneng.
Haeba poleiti e le tšesaane ho feta 1,5 mm, re sebelisa 2-3 mm rula ea tšepe e teteaneng. Qetello e le ’ngoe ea ’musi, e kentsoeng ka thermally ka pampiri kapa boto ea asbestos, e tsitsitse pakeng tsa mehlahare ea mangel, sebakeng se otlolohileng. Chesa ntlha e ’ngoe ea ’musi ka mollo ho ea mocheso o loketseng. (Sheba Setšoantšo 3). Mokhoa oa ho khumama ke ka tsela e latelang: tšoaea mola o kobehang ka pentšele ea grease, ebe u beha boto ho latela mola oo holim’a ’musi o chesang. Li-polyplast li nolofatsa ho latela mola. Ka khatello e fokolang, koba poleiti ka lehlakoreng le lakatsehang, ebe oe pholile sebakeng seo ka lesela le metsi kapa seponche. Haeba poleiti e teteaneng, ha hoa lekana ho futhumatsa lehlakore le le leng feela. Tabeng ena, re sebelisa babusi ba babeli, ba behiloeng ka ho bapisa. Rulara e futhumatsang bonyane e lokela ho ba botenya habeli ho feta lakane ea polasetiki eo re e kobang.
Ho inamela holim’a bokaholimo bohle (silinda ea polasetiki) ho hloka theknoloji e fapaneng. Polyplastic board e lokela ho futhumatsoa ka kakaretso ’me e pholile ka template e batang (mofuta). Re ka futhumatsa poleiti ka ho sebelisa e ’ngoe ea mekhoa e boletsoeng pejana. Thepa ea template e ka ba: lehong, tšepe, ceramic. Ho khumama ho bonolo, polyplast e ke ke ea robeha, hobane haeba re hlōleha ho khumama, ka ho futhumatsa re nolofatsa poleiti, e khutlelang sebopeho sa eona sa pele ’me re ka pheta mokhoa ona. Nako e lekaneng e lokela ho neheloa ho pholile, e le hore poleiti e pholile ka ho feletseng ka botenya bohle ba eona. Ha o koba, hopola hore poleiti ha ea lokela ho futhumatsoa hape hobane e khutlela sebopehong sa eona sa pele, se bataletseng.
Lifilimi tsa PVC tse nolofalitsoeng, lipoleiti, ka lebaka la elasticity ea tsona, ha re khone ho kobeha ka ho sa feleng - ka mokhoa o batang, ’me re qobelloa ho kenya kopo e chesang joaloka PVC e thata.
Ho koba lipeipi tsa polyplastic
Re khonne ho koba phala hantle ka nako eo, haeba bophara ba phala le botenya ba lebota moo ho kobehang bo fetoha hanyane feela. Boemo bona ha bo kenyelle monyetla oa ho sosobana setsoe. Karolong e ka ntle ea arch, ha e kobeha, botenya ba lerako bo fokotseha, ha ka lehlakoreng le ka hare le ntse le eketseha. Ha bophara ba phala bo le boholo ’me mabota a le botenya, ho na le kotsi e kholo ea ho sosobana. Ka ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho kobeha, kotsi ea deformation ea eketseha. Bakeng sa li-arches tse kholo, re futhumatsa phala ea polasetiki e ngata moo re batlang ho koba teng, re sebelisa moea o chesang kapa lelakabe. Ebe e behoa holim’a poleiti e bataletseng kapa ka rulara e sekoere ebe e kobeha (setšoantšo 4, karolo e ka holimo).
Ho finyella li-arcs tse nyenyane, phala e lokela ho tlatsoa ka lehlabathe le chesang (100°C), phofo ea cork kapa seliba sa spiral sa bophara bo lekanang le pipe eo re batlang ho e khumama. Haeba re sebelisa lehlabathe, koala ntlha e le ‘ngoe ea phala ka plug ea conical, e tlatse ka ho feletseng ka lehlabathe ebe u koala ntlha e’ ngoe. Ho futhumatsa sebaka sa ho khumama ka ntle, re emetse ho fihlela arc e nepahetseng e bōptjoa ho tloha boima ba eona. Pholisa ka lesela le mongobo kapa seponche. Haeba lebota le pholile ho tsoa ka ntle, lehlabathe le tlosoa hang-hang.
Ha u sebelisa phofo ea cork, ha ho na preheating; lehlakore le lebe la ho tlatsa mofuta ona ke hore ho thata ho tlosa phofo. Mohloli oa li-coil ke oona o loketseng ka ho fetisisa, leha ho le joalo, o lokela ho fumana seliba se nang le bophara bo lekanang le tube.
Ka liphaephe tse entsoeng ka PVC e nolofalitsoeng, re ke ke ra bua ka ho kobeha ha ’nete, empa mohlomong ka ho lokisa boemo ba phala. Sena se etsoa ka ho futhumatsa sebaka se loketseng ho boemo ba polasetiki, ebe ka ho koala pheletsong e ’ngoe le ho fofa ka lehlakoreng le leng, re lokisa boemo bo holofetseng ba phala, ebe re pholile.
Welding ea moea o chesang
Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa PVC e thata, empa e boetse e sebelisoa ka katleho bakeng sa ho sebetsana le polyamide, plexiglass le PVC e nolofalitsoeng. Ha ho sebetsoa polyamide, ho sebelisoa naetrojene sebakeng sa moea.
Ka lebaka la phello ea moea o chesang, poleiti e thata ea PVC ha e fetohe metsi, empa e fetoha pasty, lithupa le ho chesetsoa. Ho atleha ho tjheseletsa ho itšetlehile ka liketso tsa ho itokisa, ke hore, kamoo re khonneng ho sebetsana le lipheletsong, metse, metse ea lipoleiti kapa liphaephe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng la poleiti e cheselitsoeng re sebetsana le “V« seam, ’me haeba re batla ho cheselletsa mahlakoreng ka bobeli, joale re lokisetsa “X« seam. Re theha mathōko ka lehlakoreng la 60°. Thepa e tsoang molamung oa welding e kenya lekhalo le hlahang (setšoantšo 4, karolo e ka tlase).
SLIKA 4
Moea o futhumetseng ho isa ho 200–500°C, o hlahisoa hantle ka ho fetisisa ka sethunya sa “thunya”. “Sethunya” bakeng sa welding ke tube e nang le perforated, e futhumetseng ka motlakase kapa khase, eo moea o phallang ka eona, e futhumetseng ka tsela ena.
Haeba motlakase o sebelisoa, ho lekane ho kenya ntho e futhumatsang ea 200 W. Ho bonolo ka ho fetisisa ho sebelisa “thunya” bakeng sa soldering, hobane e hloka phetoho e nyenyane feela. Re ka nka moea ho tsoa thaereng ea koloi e butsoitseng. Moea o sebelisoang o batla o le moholo. E nka 1500-1800 litha ka hora. Nozzle ea moea e lokela ho ba le bophara ba hoo e ka bang 3 mm. Thepa ea lithupa tsa welding e tlameha ho ba le sebaka se tlase sa ho qhibiliha ho feta lisebelisoa tsa lipoleiti tseo re batlang ho li cheseletsa. Bophara ba lithupa ke 2-5 mm. Haeba re hlōleha ho fumana li-electrode tse joalo, re ka leka ka sengoathoana se sehiloeng ho tloha lipoleiti tseo re li tjhesang. Re lokisa mocheso oa sefofane sa jete ka ho e lokolla pampiring e fumanehang 25 mm hole. Thempereichara e nepahetse haeba pampiri e fetoha mosehla nakong ea metsotsoana e 5 (setšoantšo 4).
Re weld ho tloha ho le letšehali ho ea ho le letona. Re tšoara molamu ka letsohong la rōna le letšehali, “sethunya” ka letsohong la rōna le letona. Kamehla re tšoara molamu ka holimo, kahoo moea o chesang o tla qhibiliha molamu ’me var e thehoe. Re futhumatsa seam ka pel’a bar ka moea o chesang. Leha e le bonolo, welding e hloka boiphihlelo bo boholo le tlhokomelo. Ho fihlela botenya ba poleiti ea 4 mm, re lokisa V seam, ’me bakeng sa lipoleiti tse teteaneng seam X.
Ka PVC e nolofalitsoeng, mokhoa oa ho cheselletsa oa tšoana, empa kaha thepa e le bonolo haholoanyane, re hatella molamu o qhibilihisitsoeng ka lebili le lenyenyane.
Plexi-glass, polyethylene le polyamide le tsona li ka tšeloa ka tsela ena, empa ha e le hantle sena ha se etsahala hangata haholo.
Ho seha foam polyplasts
Ho khaola ho ka etsoa eseng feela ka lisekere, penknife, lehare, empa hape le ka terata e futhumetseng ea ho hanyetsa. Re fanyeha terata tafoleng ka bophahamo boo, bo lumellanang le botenya ba lera leo re batlang ho khaola letlapa la foam ho lona. Ka mor’a ho bulela matla, re hatella poleiti holim’a terata e khanyang. Mohala o lokela ho ba 0,17-0,25 mm, ’me o be le 20-24 V voltage (setšoantšo 5).
SLIKA 5
Gluing polyplast
Gluing ke ho kopanya lintho tse peli tse tšoanang kapa tse fapaneng ho sebelisa ntho ea boraro: sekhomaretsi. Likhomaretsi li sebelisoa, haholo-holo boemong ba mokelikeli, libakeng tse batang. Re khomaretsa li-polyplast tse tšoanang le li-solvents tsa tsona e le hore re li hasane ebe re li khomarela hammoho. Ka mor’a hore mokelikeli o fetohe mouoane, bokaholimo bo kenngoa. Re sebelisa mokhoa ona oa solvent ho khomarela:
celluloid e nang le acetone,
polystyrene e nang le benzene,
plexi-glass e nang le chloroform.
Mmarakeng o ka fumana lihlahisoa tse fapaneng, likhomaretsi, tse loketseng ho hokela li-polyplast tse fapaneng.
Phekolo ea bokaholimo le ho penta polyplast
Duroplasts, ka lebaka la boteng ba “filler”, hangata ho thata ho bentša. Haeba re sa khotsofatsoe ke bokaholimo, boreleli, ’mala, re tlameha ho phunya bokaholimo bohle ka pampiri ea emery. Haeba re sa khone ho tlosa mapetsong ka tsela eo, re tlotsa ho se lekane, liphoso ka “epokit”. Ka mor’a hore epoxy e be thata, re tlameha ho e bentša hape, ebe re e varnish ka nitro-varnish - ka ’mala o batlang. Nitro-varnish e ka sebelisoa ho sebelisa li-sprayer tse nyenyane tsa cologne kapa monko o monate (Hlokomela! Ka lebaka la kotsi ea mollo, sebetsa ka fensetere e bulehileng kapa ka ntle!) Ha e le hantle, re ka boela ra sebelisa li-varnish ka li-brushes, empa ke mosebetsi o boima haholo, ho thata haholoanyane ho finyella lera le boreleli, le lekanang le le teteaneng la varnish, ntle le wrinkles.
Haeba re sa khotsofatsoe ke gloss e fihletsoeng, re ka thusa ka mekhoa e rekoang, ke hore, e sebelisoang ho hlokomela koloi, ho tlotsa bokaholimo ka metsi a benyang.
Ho daea li-polyplasts tse bonaletsang joala kapa li-spirit, qhala ’mala o lakatsehang (o tlamehang ho qhibiliha joala) le mocheso ho 50°C. Re hloekisa bokaholimo ka sesepa ebe re e kenya ka har’a tharollo ea joala. Ho tsoa ho tharollo, dae e tla arohana ka holim’a ntho. Lera le mebala le tšesaane haholo, ’me ka ho bentša libakeng tse ling, re ka fihlela litlamorao tse ntle haholo, meralo, lipaterone, joalo-joalo
Bakeng sa mosebetsi oohle oa sejoale-joale o nang le li-polymers, ho sebelisoa litokomane tsa moetsi oa thepa, melaoana e nepahetseng le taolo e hlalositsoeng ka botsebi ea mollo, mosi, mocheso le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase. Sengoliloeng sena se ntse se hatisoa feela e le mohloli oa thuto oa histori.