Umnikazi omuhle wendlu yomndeni, lapho kufika intwasahlobo, uyihlola ngokucophelela indlu yakhe. Okokuqala uzungeza isakhiwo bese ehlola ukuthi ngaseceleni komgwaqo nangasezingxenyeni ezingezansi zezindonga kukhona yini izimbobo nokuphakama okukhombisa ukugeleza kwamanzi okwandisiwe ngenxa yokonakala komsele wokungcola namagatha.
Ngaphezu kokulungisa lezo zimbobo nokuphakama okugqamile, kufanele kulungiswe futhi indle namagatha asewonakele, ngoba amanzi azomba ezinye izimbobo ezintsha (sl. 1, 1. deo). Kufanele futhi kuhlolwe ifasadi. Uma kuqapheleka umonakalo nokuvuvukala, kudingeka ukulungisa. Ngakho sesike sabhala ngakho lapha. Ukuvuza okuhlukahlukene kubonisa ukonakala kophahla, kwamagatha kanye nensimbi yophahla, okumele kutholakale futhi kulungiswe (sl. 1,3,4 i 5. deo).
Ukuwa kodaka kanye namabala ahlukahlukene egumbini elingaphansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhomba ukonakala kwenethiwekhi yamanzi noma indle, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka ukuthi amanzi angene ngefasitela legumbi elingaphansi. Izinkinga ezingabonakala kalula futhi ezivame ukuvela ngenxa yezinga elingahlelwanga kahle lendawo ezungezile, zingaxazululwa ngemva kokuhoxiswa kwamanzi (sl. 1,6. deo).
Emigqonyeni yokukhipha amanzi kufanele kuhlolwe ukuthi ayigcwali yini ngodaka oluvela emvuleni yasebusika nasezihlahleni. Futhi, kufanele kuhlolwe namapayipi okukhipha amanzi. Ophahleni, okubalulekile ukulungisa ukonakala kwesembozo sophahla. Ingxenye yalokho konakala ingalungiswa ngokulungisa amathayela ngaphakathi, ngoba ngaphakathi kulula ukubona ukuthi ukuphi lapho ukukhanya kungena khona kakhulu. Lapho kudlula khona ukukhanya kwelanga, kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi kudlula nemvula (amanzi) futhi. Futhi kufanele kuhlolwe isimo sezimboni zamapulangwe kanye nensimbi yokufulela ngembobo zokuphuma ophahleni. Kubalulekile ukunaka umshimula - ukuthi unazo yini izimfantu, ukuguquka komumo nokuwela kwezitini (sl. 1, 2. deo). Lolu hlobo lomonakalo kufanele lulungiswe ngokushesha ngodaka lukasimende, ukuze kugwenywe umlilo ongase uvele. Ukulungisa udaka nokufakelwa kokuvikela kungenziwa ngumuntu ongeyena uchwepheshe, kodwa ukulungisa izingxenye ezithwala umthwalo wezakhiwo kungenziwa kuphela uchwepheshe. Ezakhiweni - njengasemzimbeni womuntu, emaphikweni endiza, noma empandeni yezihlahla, kunezingxenye ezibalulekile ezithwala umthwalo, kanye nezinto ezibophezelayo ezingabalulekile kangako. Ngokulimala komgogodla, okuyi-beam enkulu yephiko, noma ngokwelulwa kwe…
ukusuka empandeni yesihlahla esigugile, yonke indlela ingawa, idilikile, iwe phansi. Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezithwala umthwalo wesakhiwo yizindonga eziyinhloko ezisekela uphahla noma izitezi eziphezulu, izinsika eziphezu kweminyango namafasitela, kanye nemishayo ethwala umthwalo yohlaka lophahla. Namuhla singavame ukubona ukuthi nasezakhiweni ezintsha kuqala kwakhiwe uhlaka oluthwala umthwalo lukakhonkolo oqinisiwe bese kuphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kufakwa izindonga, iminyango, amafasitela nezinye izingxenye.
Yini ebangela amaphutha?
Indawo, ukuhlelwa, ukukalwa kanye nendlela yokufakwa kwezakhi ezithwala umthwalo kunqunywa onjiniyela bokwakha ngokusekelwe emithethweni yesayensi yamandla, kanye nasekusekelweni kwezibalo ezinemininingwane. Ezindlini ezaklanywe kahle futhi ezakhiwe ngendlela efanele, lezi zakhi azinakuphazamiseka, ngoba ukonakala kwazo kungaholela ekubhidlizekeni kwesakhiwo sonke, noma emonakalweni omubi kakhulu. Nokho, namuhla kusakhiwa izindlu eziningi zomndeni, ikakhulukazi izindlu zeholide, ngendlela engafanele yobungcweti. Umphumela walokho wukuthi kamuva, ikakhulukazi esakhiweni esithwala umthwalo, kuvela ukonakala. Izizathu zalokho zingaba lezi ezilandelayo:
- Izisekelo zesakhiwo azenziwanga ngendlela efanele futhi ngenxa yesisindo sesakhiwo umhlabathi uyayehluleka futhi izindonga ezithwele umthwalo ziyacwila.
- Ngesikhathi sokwakha akuzange kusetshenziswe izinto eziqinile ngokwanele noma izinto zafakwa ngendlela engafanele.
- Izingxenye ezithile azilinganiswanga ngendlela efanele, isib. imiqadi engenhla kwamafasitela, noma izakhi ezinemikhawulo nezilinganiso ezibekiwe azifakwanga.
- Izakhi ezifakiwe zisezingeni elibekiwe futhi zinamandla afanele kanye nobukhulu obufanele, kodwa inani lezinto ezifakiwe alanele. Isibonelo, imishayo ethwala uphahla ifakwe ibanga elikhulu kunalelo elivunyelwe.
- Izingxenye ezithile, ngenxa yokufuna ngokweqile ukuphepha, zalinganiswa ngesisindo sazo esikhulu, isibonelo odongeni oluncane lwezitini kwabekwa uphahla lukakhonkolo olusindayo.
- Ukuqina kwezakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo, ngenxa yezinto ezahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwehle ngendlela eyingozi. Isibonelo, kwavela ukugqwala. ezintweni zikakhonkolo oqinisiwe noma emishayweni yensimbi. Ukubola kwemishayelo yokhuni noma ukuguga kwezitini ngenxa yokubanda.
Yebo, le mithelela namaphutha kungavela ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu
Amaphutha kanye nokonakala kwezakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo sivame ukukubona lapho sekuvele kuvela izimpawu ezithile zalokho konakala: phansi sekuhlalile, udonga luqhekekile noma luyatsheka, kuvela ukuhlehla kugodo nasophahleni, iwindi selibambekile, ukugqwala kwehla ensikeni yensimbi njll. Ngokuvamile ukuqhekeka okuhlukahlukene emigodini nasensikeni noma ukuzamazama kwezitezi noma kwezindonga kusixwayisa ngokuvela kwamaphutha.
Uma sesithole iphutha, kufanele sifune iseluleko kumfundi wezibalo zokuqina - unjiniyela ozothola ngokuzibophezela imbangela yomonakalo futhi asinike iseluleko ngezinyathelo zesikhashana ezidingekayo (ukweseka nokunye) kanye nangesixazululo sokugcina. Uma sisola nje ukuthi kube nephutha, okusho ukuthi asikaqiniseki, kufanele sinamathisele
umucu wephepha oqinisiwe emifantwini noma ekuncipheni. Umucu wephepha uzoqhuma ngokushesha uma kunokuqhubeka kokuvuleka kwemifantu noma kokuncipha futhi ngaleyo ndlela uzosisiza sixwayiseke ngengozi. Okwamanje kufanele kubizwe uchwepheshe.
Ukungenelela okungenabo ubungcweti futhi okungenagunyaziwe kunqatshelwe ngokuphelele futhi kuyingozi empilweni! Ukusekela okwenziwa ngaphandle kobungcweti noma noma yiluphi uhlobo lokungenelela olungenabo ubungcweti kungaholela ekuweni okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kwesakhiwo.
Kaningi, inhloso yokungenelela okuthile akukhona ukususa iphutha elikhona, kodwa ukwenza nokwakhiwa kabusha, ukungeza esinye isitezi, ukwakha i-mansarde esakhiweni esikhona kakade, ukubhidliza noma ukwakha udonga olusha, ukunwetshwa komnyango noma kwezahlukanisi zophahla njll. Yonke le misebenzi ingaholela ekulayisheni ngokweqile, ekwehleni kwamandla okuthwala, kanye ekulayishweni kwelinye icala kwezingxenye ezithwala isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, kunoma yikuphi, ngisho nakokwakhiwa kabusha okuncane kakhulu, kudingeka imvume efanele yokwakha, futhi imisebenzi ingenziwa kuphela ngesisekelo sephrojekthi evunyiwe nomsebenzi wenkontileka ogunyaziwe. Ngakho-ke, ngale misebenzi asikwazi ukunikeza noma yiziphi izeluleko, kunalokho, siyaxwayisa ukuthi imisebenzi enjalo akumele yenziwe ngaphandle kongoti.
Kuhle ukwazi…
Ngokuqinisekile, kuhle ukwazi ukuthi ukonakala kwezinto ezithwala umthwalo kungasuswa kanjani okwesikhashana. Izindonga eziyinhloko ngokuvamile yilezo ezishoniswe emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, izindonga zangaphandle zesakhiwo, ngenxa yezizathu ezishiwo ngenhla, zingahle zicwile, zitshekele futhi zingabonakala kuzo ukuqhekeka (sl.2, 1. ingxenye). Izindonga zezakhiwo ezisezingeni lomhlaba ezitshekele ngaphandle zingasekelwa ngama-beam. Ukuze ugongolo lunganyakazi kwenziwa “unyawo” lapho luboshelwa khona noma, uma kumayelana nemishayo yokhuni, khona-ke ukubopha kwenziwa ngamakhliphu okuqopha okomakhi. Ugongolo kufanele luqine futhi lube mkhulu impela futhi kufanele lube ne-engeli nohorizontali okungenani 20° futhi okungaphezu kwe 40°. Ngaphansi kwamagongolo odongeni kufanele kubekwe ipulangwe ukuze umthwalo uhlakazeke ngokulinganayo odongeni (sl. 2, 4. ingxenye).
Izindonga ezitshekela ngaphandle singazilungisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngokufaka izikulufu zensimbi emigodini embiwe ezinezibambo ezifanele zokusekela. Ngalesi sixazululo, ngokukwazi ukulungisa ukushuba, kungavinjelwa ukuwa kwezindonga ezimbili ezibheke ngokuphambene (sl. 2,5. sehemu).
Izinguquko ezindongeni ezisemqoka zingenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwe emiklamweni evunyiwe. Ukwenza buthaka udonga oluyinhloko, isib. ngenhloso yokwakha amakhabethe - kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele. Kumele futhi kugwenywe ukulayisha ngokweqile ophahleni. Izindonga zokwahlukanisa ezintsha zingakhiwa kuphela lapho uphahla luqinile ngokwanele noma lapho uphahla luqiniswe ngokukhethekile ngale njongo (umfan. 2, 3. ingxenye).
Ophahleni nasezithwalweni zalo kungase kusekelwe kuphela uma ngalokho singagcini ngokulayisha ngokweqile ezinye izingxenye. Akulungile, ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela isithwali sophahla ngendlela yokuthi umthwalo udluliselwe endaweni eyodwa yaphansi (sl. 2, 2. deo). Ukusekela isakhiwo sophahla uma izingxenye zalo ziguqukile ngenxa yokulayishwa ngokweqile ngokuvamile kunzima, ngoba ophahleni lwegumbi eliphezulu ngokuvamile alukwazi ukuthwala umthwalo owengeziwe. Leli phutha singalinqanda kuphela ngokunciphisa umthwalo wesakhiwo sophahla. Uma uphahla lugcwele ngokweqile phakathi phakathi kwekhanda nodonga lwe-venca, singaxazulula inkinga ngokukhumula amathayela siwabeke eduze kodonga lwe-venca, bese sivala okwesikhashana imbobo nge-tarp noma ngekhava ye-PVC (sl. 2, 6.›deo). Kodwa ake siphinde siphindaphinde iseluleko sethu: uma uqaphela ukulimala ezintweni ezithwala umthwalo, kufanele ngokushesha ufune iseluleko sesazi.