Umnini olungileyo wendlu yosapho, xa kufika intwasahlobo, uyayihlola ngokucokisekileyo indlu yakhe. Kuqala ajikeleze isakhiwo aze akhangele ukuba ecaleni kwendlela yokuhamba neendawo ezisezantsi zeendonga zikho na izikhewu neziphuphumo ezibonisa ukwanda kokuhamba kwamanzi ngenxa yokonakala kwemijelo yogutyulo nemijelo yemvula.
Ukongezelela ekulungiseni ezo mingxuma nezo ziphumo eziphumileyo, kufuneka kulungiswe kwanemijelo yogutyulo eyonakeleyo neegatha, kuba amanzi aya kukhupha eminye imingxuma emitsha (umz. 1, 1. isiqendu). Kananjalo kufuneka kuhlolwe ifasade. Ukuba kuqatshelwa umonakalo nokudumba, kufuneka kulungiswe. Ngale nto sele sabhala apha. Ukuvuza okwahlukeneyo kubonisa umonakalo kuphahla, kwiigatha nakwimfakamfele yesinyithi, ekufuneka kufunyanwe ize ilungiswe (umz. 1,3,4 no 5. isiqendu).
Ukuwa kodaka kunye namanye amabala ahlukeneyo kwigumbi elingaphantsi abonisa, kwelinye icala, umonakalo kuthungelwano lwamanzi okanye kumbhobho welindle, yaye kwelinye icala, kunokwenzeka ukuba amanzi angene ngefestile yegumbi elingaphantsi. Iingxaki ezinokubonwa ngokucacileyo nezisoloko zivela ngenxa yomgangatho olungiswe kakubi womhlaba ojikelezileyo, zinokusonjululwa emva kokurhoxa kwamanzi (sl. 1,6. deo).
Kwimibhobho yokukhupha amanzi kufuneka kuhlolwe ukuba ayigcwaliswanga na ludaka olusuka kwimvula yasebusika kunye namagqabi. Kwakhona, nemibhobho yokukhupha amanzi kufuneka ihlolwe. Eluphahleni kuqala kufuneka kulungiswe umonakalo wesigqubuthelo. Inxalenye yalo monakalo inokulungiswa ngokulungelelanisa iithayile ngaphakathi, kuba ngaphakathi kulula ukuqaphela apho ukukhanya kungena kakhulu khona. Apho kudlula khona ukukhanya kwelanga, kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuba kudlula nemvula (amanzi). Kwakhona, ngokusebenzisa iindawo zokuphuma eluphahleni kufuneka kuhlolwe imeko yeetshimini kunye nokufakelwa kwentsimbi. Kuqwalaselwe ngokukodwa itshimini - ukuba inazo na iintanda, ukuguquka kwemilo kunye nokuwa kwezitena (umz. 1, 2. isiqendu). Umonakalo onjalo kufuneka ulungiswe ngokukhawuleza ngodaka lwesamente, ukuze kuthintelwe umlilo onokubakho. Ukulungiswa kodaka kunye nokugquma kunokwenziwa ngumntu ongeyongcali, kodwa ukulungiswa kwamalungu athwala umthwalo ezakhiweni kunokwenziwa yingcali kuphela. Ezakhiniweni - njengakumzimba womntu, kumaphiko eenqwelomoya, okanye ezingcanjini zemithi, kukho iindawo ezibalulekileyo, ezithwala umthwalo, kunye nezinto ezincinane ezidibanisayo. Ngokonakaliswa komqolo, oyena mqadi uphambili wephiko, okanye ngokolulwa komthwalo
kwengcambu yomthi owehliweyo, lonke elo qonga linokubhukuqa, liwe, liqhawuke. Iindawo eziphambili ezithwala umthwalo wesakhiwo ziindonga eziphambili ezixhaswa ngophahla okanye imigangatho ephezulu, iziqhoboshi ngaphezu kweengcango neefestile, kwakunye nemiqadi ethwala umthwalo yesakhiwo sophahla. Namhlanje sihlala sibona ukuba nakwizakhiwo ezintsha kuqala kwakhiwe isakhelo esithwala umthwalo esomeleziweyo sekhonkrithi, yaye emva koko kufakwa iindonga, iingcango, iifestile nezinye iindibano.
Yintoni ebangela iimpazamo?
Indawo, ukwahlulwa, ubungakanani kunye nendlela yokufakelwa kwezakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo zimiselwa ngoonjiniyela bezokwakha ngokusekelwe kwimigaqo yesayensi yamandla, kwakunye nasekusekeni kwizibalo ezinzulu. Kwizakhiwo eziyilwe kakuhle nezakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo, ezi zinto azinakuwonakala, kuba ukonakala kwazo kuya kukhokelela ekubhukuqekeni kwesakhiwo sonke, okanye kumonakalo onzima kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, nanamhlanje kusekho izakhiwo ezininzi zeentsapho, kwaye ingakumbi izindlu zeholide ezininzi, ezakhiwa ngokungengobuchule. Isiphumo soku kukuba kamva, kanye kwizakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo, kuvela umonakalo. Izizathu zoku zingaba zezi zilandelayo:
- Iziseko zesakhiwo azenziwanga ngokuchanekileyo yaye ngenxa yobunzima besakhiwo umhlaba uyayekelela yaye neendonga ezithwalayo ziyazika.
- Ngexesha lokwakha zange kusetyenziswe izinto ezinokomelela okufanelekileyo okanye izinto zafakwa ngendlela engalunganga.
- Izinto ezithile azibunganelwanga ngokufanelekileyo ngokobukhulu, umzekelo iibhimu ezingaphezu kweefestile, okanye azifakwanga izinto zomgangatho nobukhulu obumiselweyo.
- Izinto ezakhiweyo zikumgangatho ochaziweyo namandla afanelekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo, kodwa inani lezinto ezibekiwe alanelanga. Umzekelo, imiqadi ethwala uphahla ibekwe kumgama omkhulu kunowuvunyelweyo.
- Amanye amacandelo, ngenxa yomnqweno ogqithisileyo wokhuseleko, enziwe ngobunzima bawo obukhulu, umzekelo, uphahla olunzima lwekhonkrithi lubekwe phezu kweendonga ezibhityileyo zodongwe.
- Ukomelela kwezakhiwo ezithwele umthwalo, ngenxa yeempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwehle kakhulu ngendlela eyingozi. Umzekelo, kwavela umhlwa kwizinto zekhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo okanye kwiimiphanda zentsimbi. Ukubola kwemiphanda yomthi okanye ukonakala kwezitena ngenxa yekhephu.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ezi mpembelelo kunye neempazamo zinokuthi zivele ngaxeshanye.
Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu
Iimpazamo nomonakalo kwizakhiwo ezithwele umthwalo siqhele ukuziqaphela xa sele kuvela iimpawu ezithile zale monakalo: umgangatho sele uhleli phantsi, udonga luqhekekile okanye luthambekele, kuvela ukuthoba kugongqongqo kwibala nakuphahla, ifestile ibambekile, urusi luwa lusuka kwintsika yentsimbi njl. Kaninzi iintanda ezahlukeneyo kwizibonda nakwizixhasi okanye ukungcangcazela kwemigangatho okanye iindonga kusilumkisa ngobukho beziphene.
Ukuba sifumene impazamo, kufuneka kufunwe ingcebiso kwingcali ye-static - injineli eya kufumana ngoxanduva unobangela womonakalo ize isinike ingcebiso ngamanyathelo okwethutyana ayimfuneko (ukuxhasa njl.) kunye nesisombululo sokugqibela. Ukuba sityhola nje ukuba kwenzeke impazamo, oko kuthetha ukuba asiqinisekanga, kufuneka sincamathelise
umcu wephepha otywiniweyo kwiintanda okanye kwiindawo ezihlileyo. Umcu wephepha uya kuqhawuka kwangoko ukuba kukho ukuqhubeka kokuhamba kweentanda okanye kweendawo ezihlileyo, yaye ngaloo ndlela uya kusilumkisa ngengozi. Okwangoku kufuneka kubizwe ingcali.
Ukungenelela okungenabuchule nelingagunyaziswanga akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo yaye kuyingozi ebomini! Ukuxhasa okungenabuchule okanye naluphi na ungenelelo olungenabuchule kunokukhokelela ekuweni kwendawo ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo.
Rhoqo, injongo yongenelelo oluthile ayikokuphelisa impazamo ekhoyo, koko kukwenza nokwakhiwa ngokutsha, ukongeza omunye umgangatho, ukwakha i-mansard kwisakhiwo esele sikhona, ukudiliza okanye ukwakha udonga olutsha, ukwandisa ucango okanye izahlulo zophahla njl. Yonke le misebenzi inokukhokelela ekulayisheni ngokugqithisileyo, ekuncitshisweni komthamo wokuthwala, nakumthwalo onecalo elinye kwizinto ezithwala umthwalo zesakhiwo. Ngenxa yoko, kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokwakha ngokutsha, nokuba mncinane kangakanani, kuyimfuneko imvume yokwakha efanelekileyo, yaye imisebenzi inokwenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwe kuyilo oluvunyiweyo kunye nomakhi ogunyazisiweyo. Ngoko ke, kulo msebenzi asikwazi ukunika naliphi na icebiso, koko, nangaphezulu, siyalumkisa ukuba imisebenzi enjalo ayifanele yenziwe ngaphandle kwengcali.
Kuhle ukwazi…
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuluncedo ukwazi indlela yokususa okwethutyana umonakalo kwizinto ezithwala umthwalo. Iindonga eziphambili, ngokomgaqo, zezo zityhilwe emhlabeni. Ngoko ke, iindonga zangaphandle zesakhiwo, ngenxa yezizathu ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, zinokuhlala phantsi, zithambe zijike, yaye kunokubonwa neentanda kuzo (sl. 2, 1. inxenye). Iindonga zezakhiwo ezikumgangatho ophantsi ezijonge ngaphandle zingaxhaswa ngemithi yokuxhasa. Ukuze umthi ungashukumi kwenziwa “unyawo” apho uqiniswa khona, okanye, ukuba kusetyenziswa imiqadi yemithi, ke uqiniselo lwenziwa ngeeclamp zobuchwephesha bomthi. Umthi wokuxhasa kufuneka ube womelele kwaye ube mkhulu ngokwaneleyo, yaye kufuneka wenze ne-horizontal i-engile engange 20° ubuncinane yaye 40° ubuninzi. Phantsi kwemithi eludongeni kufuneka kubekwe ibhodi ukuze umthwalo usasazwe ngokulinganayo eludongeni (sl. 2, 4. inxenye).
Iindonga ezithambe ziye ngaphandle sinokuzilungisa nangale ndlela yokuba ngeemingxuma ezigqobhileyo sifake iibholiti zentsimbi ezinemiphetho efanelekileyo yokuxhasa. Ngale sisombululo, ngelixa kunokwenzeka ukulungisa ukutsalwa, kunokuthintelwa ukuwa kweendonga ezimbini ezibekwe ngokuchaseneyo (sl. 2,5. deo).
Utshintsho kwiindonga eziphambili lunokwenziwa kuphela ngokusekelwe kwiiprojekthi ezivunyiweyo. Ukwenza buthathaka udonga oluphambili, umzekelo ukuze kwenziwe ikhabhathi, akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Kwakhona kufuneka kuthintelwe ukulayisha ngokugqithisileyo iisilingi. Iindonga ezintsha zokwahlula zingakhiwa kuphela apho isilingi yomelele ngokwaneleyo okanye apho ngenjongo leyo isilingi iqiniswa ngokukhethekileyo (umz. 2, 3. inxenye).
Iisilingi nabathwali bazo banokuxhaswa kuphela xa ngale ndlela singagqithisi umthwalo kwezinye izinto. Akulunganga, umzekelo, ukuxhasa umthwali wesilingi ngendlela yokuba umthwalo udluliselwe kwindawo enye yomgangatho (sl. 2, 2. icandelo). Ukuxhaswa kwesakhiwo sophahla xa izinto zaso ziguqukile ngenxa yokulayishwa kakhulu kudla ngokuba nzima, kuba isilingi yeflethi ephezulu, ngokomgaqo, ayinakuthwala umthwalo ongezelelweyo. Le mpazamo singayilungisa kuphela ngokunciphisa umthwalo wesakhiwo sophahla. Ukuba uphahla lugqithiselwe umthwalo embindini phakathi kwencopho kunye neengxangxasi zodonga, sinokusombulula ingxaki ngokususa iithayile sizibeke kufuphi neengxangxasi zodonga, size sivale okomzuzwana umngxuma ngelaphu elinqabileyo okanye isigqubuthelo sePVC (sl. 2, 6.›deo). Kodwa masiphinde kwakhona icebiso lethu: ukuba niqaphela umonakalo kwizinto ezithwala umthwalo, kufuneka kwangoko nifune ingcebiso yengcali.