Inothi Elibalulekile Lobuchwepheshe Nokuphepha: Lona umbhalo ogciniwe, oshicilelwe okokuqala ngu-2018. unyaka, hhayi incwadi yesimanje yokusebenza ngensimbi. Ukusika, ukufaka nokubhoboza kungabangela ukusikeka, ama-chips abukhali nashisayo, izingxenye zamathuluzi endizayo, ukubambeka kwezingubo noma izinwele, umsindo, uthuli nokulimala kwamehlo. I-workpiece kufanele iboshwe ngokuqinile ngocingo olufanele, ithuluzi kufanele libe elilungile futhi lenzelwe okokusebenza, futhi ukuvikelwa kwamehlo, ukuzwa nokuphefumula kufanele kukhethwe ngokuvumelana nokuhlolwa kobungozi. Amagilavu nezingubo ezixegayo akumele zisondele eduze kwethuluzi elizungezisayo. Amapayipi namaphrofayela avaliwe kufanele angabi nalutho, angalayishiwe futhi abe nokuqukethwe okwaziwayo ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa. Ukukhetha i-blade, ifayela, i-drill, isivinini, i-feed kanye ne-coolant noma okokugcoba kufanele kulandele imiyalelo yamanje yethuluzi kanye nomkhiqizi wempahla. Izilinganiso zangempela nezinqubo kuleli khasi azihambisani nokuqeqeshwa, izinto zokuvikela, noma usonkontileka oqeqeshiwe.
Ukucubungula insimbi akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha osesidlangalaleni we-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amawindi angokwezifiso kanye neminyango. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.
I-Saw cut
Lapho kuchazwa umsebenzi wokwenza izinkuni, kwakunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana nenqubo yokusika izinkuni. Ngokuyisisekelo, cishe kuyinqubo efanayo yokusika insimbi nge-hacksaw. Sibamba isaha endaweni evundlile ukuze izipikili zamazinyo zibambe insimbi (Fig1).
*Isithombe1- Indawo ye-Saw blade kanye nokujikeleza kweshubhu ngesikhathi sokusika ngesandla *
Ikesi elikhethekile ukusika amapayipi. Uma isaha linqamule odongeni lwepayipi, amazinyo alo asika izinhlangothi zombili zepayipi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi lokhu kuvame ukubangela amazinyo aphule. Ukuze sigweme lezi ziphazamiso, lapho sisebenza, sivula ipayipi kuma-mango ukuze isaha lisike uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela. Uma sisika ipayipi elinezindonga ezincane, sifaka ibha yokhuni eyindilinga kuyo ukuze ihambisane ngokuqinile nezindonga zepayipi. Uma izindonga zamapayipi zingaphansi kuka-1mm, sika ngesaha elincane lesandla ukuze uqoshwe.
Incazelo yokuphendula ipayipi nokufaka induku yokhuni igcinwa njengenqubo yomlando, kodwa akuyona indlela yendawo yonke. Ipayipi elizacile ligogeka kalula noma liyaphuma esibambeni, futhi ipayipi elingajwayelekile lingase libe nomfutho, imfucumfucu evuthayo, noma izimbotshana eziyingozi. Indlela yokubopha nokusika kufanele ihambisane nepayipi eliqondile, impahla kanye nethuluzi elikhethiwe.
Ukugcwalisa
Abakhandi bezikhiya basahlekisana nanamuhla bekhokhisa abafundi bomsebenzi wezandla uma bebathumela esitolo ukuze bayobheka amafutha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uwoyela namafutha kuyizitha zamafayela, njengoba kuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya ezincane zama-chips. Umsebenzi waleli thuluzi elisetshenziswa kabanzi ukufaka ifayela ngosizo lokucindezela ngamazinyo alo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ususa ungqimba olungadingekile lwensimbi. Uma kukhona okokugcoba ngaphansi kwamazinyo amancane, “awalumi”, kodwa slide ebusweni bento ezocutshungulwa. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi ifayela kumele ligcinwe lingenawo amafutha. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamafayela zisetshenziselwa ukucubungula okuhlukile kwezindawo zensimbi, ezihluka ngosayizi, ukwakheka kanye nezigaba ezihlukene.
Ubude bamafayela busuka kokuthi 100 kuye kokuthi 500 mm, futhi angaba yisicaba, ayindilinga, abe isemi-round, unxantathu kanye nesikwele.
Ngokohlobo lwamazinyo, sihlukanisa phakathi kwamafayela amaholoholo, ama-semi-fine kanye namahle kabili. Uma ifayela liguga, ukulungiselelwa kwalo kungavuselelwa. Amafayela anjalo ashibhile. Ifayela ligcina ngephoyinti elicijile elakhelwe kusibambo sokhuni.
Eshabhuni yasekhaya, kuyadingeka ukuthi kube namafayela ezigaba ezahlukahlukene, isb. isicaba, isigamu esiyindingilizi kanye nocezu olulodwa lwefayela elimahhadla futhi elicokeme kakhulu 150 mm ubude. Elinye iqoqo lamafayela anama-serrations amathathu, ubude 120 mm (indawo yokusebenza yefayela) iyadingeka: ifayela eliyisicaba, eliyisikwele, elingunxantathu, eliyindilinga nelinommese. Lawa mafayela awanazo izibambo zokhuni ezikhethekile, ngoba mancane kakhulu futhi amahle kangangokuthi angabanjwa ngokuqondile ngezandla. Akudingeki ukunikeza ifayela elikhethekile lokugcwalisa izinsimbi ezithambile (i-aluminium, umthofu).
Uma sifaka into, sibamba isihloko sefayela ngesandla sobunxele, nesibambo ngesandla sethu sokunene, sicindezela ifayela, silidonsa ngendiza efanayo futhi ngale ndlela ifayela (isithombe 2). Sibeka i-workpiece ku-vise ekuphakameni kwe-elbow.
Isithombe 2 — Indawo yefayela nendawo yokusebenza ku-vise
Indlela yokufaka insimbi ayihlukile kakhulu endleleni eyaziwa kakade yokufaka izinkuni. Ngokwesidingo sokubumba i-workpiece, sisebenzisa amafayela wephrofayili efanele. Lapho sigcwalisa unqenqema lwento, sibamba ifayela endaweni evundlile futhi nge-engeli engu-45° ngokuhlobene nomphetho okuphela kwawo kuseduze nathi, siya ngakolunye uhlangothi. Silolonga imiphetho yokusikwa, nge-engeli engakwesokudla, ngefayela eliyisicaba (indiza yethuluzi ivundlile), bese sisusa izendlalelo eziwugqinsi ngengxenye ebanzi yaleli fayela (isithombe 2).
Uma usebenzisa ifayela, isikhala phakathi kwamazinyo siyagcwala futhi ithuluzi libambelela kancane kancane. Ifayela kufanele limbozwe ngoshoki ojwayelekile ukuvimbela ukuvaleka. Impushana yoshoki ivimbela ukushefa kwensimbi ekubhajweni phakathi kwamazinyo. Uma, noma kunjalo, lokhu kwenzeka, sizosusa ama-shavings ngebhulashi lefayela lethusi. Uma sigcina amafayela, asilokothi siwashiye phezu komunye nomunye, ngoba ukungqubuzana kubhidliza ama-grooves. Kungcono ukuwalenga ngemva kokusetshenziswa ukuze isibambo sime mpo. Njengoba kungafanele sizigcobe ngamafutha, siyazesula futhi sizishiye endaweni eyomile ukuze zingagqwali.
Ekugcineni, elinye ithiphu: ifayela “alibambi” amathuluzi ensimbi nezinsimbi eziqinile. “Zingenziwa buthaka” kuphela ngebhodi le-sanding.
Isibambo esisebenzayo kufanele singonakali futhi sibekwe ngendlela efanele efayelini; indawo engenalutho yefayela akufanele isetshenziswe njengesibambo. I-workpiece kufanele iboshwe ngokuqinile, futhi uthuli lwensimbi kanye nokushefa kufanele kususwe ngebhulashi noma elinye ithuluzi elizinikele, hhayi ngesandla noma ngokufutha. Isimangalo sesondo lokugaya akufanele sisetshenziswe ngaphandle kokukhetha umshini ofanele, ukuhuzuka, ukugada nokuvikela ezinhlansini nasezintulini.
Drilling
Ngaphansi kwesigaba esithi “umbazi endlini” sesivele sikhulume ngokubhoboza okuvunguzayo kokumba insimbi ngokuningiliziwe, ngakho manje sizokhomba imisebenzi embalwa kuphela.
Kufanele sinake ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubhoboza i-axis ye-drill bit ayishintshi indawo yayo kodwa ihlala isendaweni efanayo naleyo yayinjalo ekuqaleni kokumba insimbi. Ukubhoboza izimbobo ze-arc axis akukenzeki nanamuhla, ngakho-ke kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi ongcweti abanolwazi bathume abafundi babo hhayi kuphela ngokugcotshwa kwamafayela, kodwa futhi nezinsimbi zokubhoboza izimbobo ze-arc.
Ukumba akufanele kuqalwe ngaphandle kokumaka kuqala indawo yokubhoboza ngomaka - »kirner« (isithombe 3). Lapho ubhoboza umgodi ojulile, sikhipha i-drill kancane emgodini izikhathi eziningana ukuze sisuse i-chip. Uma i-drill ishisa, siyipholisa ngensipho encibilikiswe emanzini, futhi singalokothi namafutha. Sizosusa i-drill bit ephukile emgodini, nge-pliers ekhonjiwe, ngokuguqula ama-pliers ngokuphambene nokunyakaza kwe-spiral groove. Uma i-drill ibhoboze i-workpiece, futhi ingxenye ephukile isala emgodini, singayishaya ngomaka okhonjiwe. Ama-Thin twist drills aphuka kalula ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephakeme. Isisindo se-drill sanele umthwalo kubo. Lapho uthenga, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi i-drill ingangena ku-chuck.
Izincomo mayelana nensipho, ukungabikho uwoyela, ukususa i-drill bit ephukile, nokubhoboza ingxenye ngomaka yizitatimende zomlando, hhayi umthetho ojwayelekile wokuphepha. Ukupholisa kuncike ezintweni kanye nokusebenza; ngaphambi kokukhipha ithuluzi eliminyene noma eliphukile, umshini kufanele umiswe ngokuphelele futhi unqanyulwe ekunikezeni amandla. I-drill bit eyonakele kanye nocezu olungazinzile lunganyakaza kungazelelwe, ngakho inqubo idinga ukwahlulela kanye nethuluzi elilungile.
Isithombe 3 — Ukulungiswa konqenqema nokumakwa kwamachashazi kwendawo yokumba
Hlobo luni lwembobo oluzobhojwa luncike kakhulu ekulungiseni kwangaphambilini kocezu lokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, sizobonisa imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi sokulungiselela.
Ngaphambi kokubhoboza, noma iyiphi insimbi, kufanele siphawule ngokunembile indawo yokumba ngemigqa emibili ephambana ngama-engeli angakwesokudla. Isikhungo sokubhoboza sitholakala endaweni okuphambana kuyo le migqa. Kuyoba lula ukudweba imigqa uma ihambisana nemiphetho ye-workpiece, futhi singakwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa i-engeli yensimbi - i-angle yommese. Simaka izindawo zokumba ezilingana nekhampasi yensimbi, hhayi isikali sensimbi. Masimake izindawo ezimbili zokuqala zokubhola bese sidweba umugqa omude oqondile kuzo. Ngombusi wensimbi, sidlulisela ibanga phakathi kwamaphuzu amabili okuqala emgqeni obonisiwe. Ngakho-ke simaka ezinye izindawo zokumba.
Sijulisa izindawo ezimakiwe ngomaka ukuze ithiphu le-drill lingasheleli. Sibeka umaka wechashazi ngesihloko salo endaweni ethile, kodwa sithambekele kancane, futhi ngemva kokuyiqondisa, sishaya isiphetho samahhala ngesando.
Imizimba esebenzayo, ngaphambi kokumba, kufanele ilungiswe kahle. Kunamathuba amaningana alokhu. Iphrofayili yensimbi “U” igxilwe etafuleni lomsebenzi ngokusebenzisa i-washer enezinyathelo, isikulufu noma ucezu lwephrofayili “U”, enqunywe ngesaha ngendlela efanelekile.
Singakwazi ukubhoboza onqenqemeni lwensimbi engunxande - winkle. Siqala ngokufaka unqenqema lwensimbi ye-engeli bese simaka indawo yokubhoboza ngethuluzi lokumaka inaliti nechashazi, elivumela ukubhobolwa kwensimbi ye-engeli.
Isithombe4- Ukusekela into eyindilinga ukubhoboza
Kuyafaneleka ukwenza i-clamp ekhethekile eyenziwe ngensimbi eyisicaba egobile (futhi ingaba umhlahlandlela we-roller shutter) yokubopha izinduku zesigaba esiyindilinga, ezinezintambo ezinentongomane ekugcineni (isithombe 4). Singawamukela amapayipi nge-stirrup ngesikulufu. Le ndlela isenza singagcini ngokubhoboza kodwa siphinde sinqume amapayipi. Sizovimbela ukunyakaza kwensimbi ye-engeli uma sibeka umlenze owodwa we-engeli ekusikeni okunqunyiwe okunqunyiwe. Uma ikhona lifushane, siyalamukela nge-clamp kanye ne-drill. Sibhola insimbi emfushane eyisicaba ngokuyibopha nge-clamp. (isithombe 5).
Isithombe 5 — I-clamp ekhethekile yokubamba ucezu lokusebenza
Imbobo akufanele ishone kakhulu, uma singafuni ukubhoboza ucezu lokusebenza. Lokhu singakufeza kalula kakhulu uma sibeka indandatho eyodwa ngekhoyili ku-drill, ukuze silungise ukujula kwembobo, okungukuthi, sinamathisele igeji yokujula ku-drill bit. Ngaphambi kokubhoboza izimbobo ezinobubanzi obukhudlwana (isb. 8 mm), sibhoboza isiqeshana sokusebenza nge-drill engu-diameter encane (isb. ngobubanzi obungu-4 mm). Kulokhu, i-insole enkulu ngeke ikhase. Siyibhoboza ngaphambili imbobo yezikulufo, bese kuba ngekhanda lesikulufu. Ukungcwaba ikhanda lesikulufa kwenziwa ngokunwetshwa kwangaphambilini nokujula kwembobo. Ububanzi be-countersink kufanele bube bukhudlwana kunobubanzi bekhanda lesikulufu.
Isitobhi esijulile, ukubhola kwangaphambili, ububanzi bokubhoboza kanye nokucwiliswa kwekhanda lesikulufa kukhethwa ngokuya ngomshini, impahla, ijometri ehlanganyelwe kanye nesicelo somkhiqizi. Iringi ethuthukisiwe akumele iqhamuke noma ibambe izingxenye eziphendukayo. Izilinganiso ezisuka esibonelweni zihlala ziyingxenye yombhalo wokuqala, kodwa azizona izicaciso ezitholakala endaweni yonke.
Indawo yama-drill bits inethonya elikhulu empilweni yabo. Isixazululo esilula kakhulu sokwakhela ama-drill i-lath eyodwa yogqinsi olukhulu, lapho sibhoboze khona ngokuma mpo izindawo zokuzibhoboza ukuze sikwazi ukukwamukela (nakuba lokhu kubhola ngokhuni kungakusebenzisi okokufaka, ukusebenzisa okukodwa akukonakali).
Emigodini eboshwe ngale ndlela, ngemva kokuhlanza nokugcoba kahle, sibeka ama-drill bits ngokuqondile nge-roller ekupheleni. Uhlaka lokubhoboza akumele lutshekele eceleni, kodwa kuyatuswa ukuthi i-slat ikrufulwe phansi noma eceleni kweshalofu lamathuluzi.
Esithombeni6sizobonisa ama-engeli we-twist drill asetshenziselwa uhlobo oluhlukile lwezinto zokusebenza kanye nendlela yokubumba i-blade kanye nengxenye ye-cylindrical.
Isithombe6- Isethulo esingokomlando sejiyomethri yethiphu ye-drill bit kanye nesibambi se-taper
Ama-engeli kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-drill abonisiwe kugcinwa njengomfanekiso womlando. I-geometry yethiphu, i-material ye-drill bit, i-grip, i-revolutions, i-feed kanye nokupholisa kukhethwa ngokuya nge-drill bit ethile, umshini kanye nezinto zokusebenza; umdwebo awanele ukukhetha noma ukulola ithuluzi.