Chidziwitso Chofunika Chaukadaulo ndi Chitetezo: Awa ndi mawu osungidwa m’nkhokwe, omwe adasindikizidwa koyamba ndi 2018. chaka, osati buku lamakono la zitsulo. Kudula, kusefa ndi kubowola kungayambitse mabala, tchipisi chakuthwa ndi kutentha, zida zowulukira, kulowerera mu zovala kapena tsitsi, phokoso, fumbi ndi kuvulala kwamaso. The workpiece ayenera stably clamped ndi chipangizo choyenera, chida ayenera kukhala cholondola ndi cholinga zinthu, ndi diso, kumva ndi kupuma chitetezo ayenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi kuwunika chiopsezo. Magolovesi ndi zovala zotayirira siziyenera kuyandikira chida chozungulira. Mipope ndi mbiri zotsekedwa ziyenera kukhala zopanda kanthu, zomasuka komanso zodziwika bwino musanakonze. Kusankhidwa kwa tsamba, fayilo, kubowola, liwiro, chakudya ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi kapena zoziziritsa kukhosi ziyenera kutsata malangizo apano a chida ndi wopanga zinthu. Miyezo ndi machitidwe omwe ali patsambali salowa m’malo mwa maphunziro, zida zodzitetezera, kapena kontrakitala wodziwa ntchito.
Kukonza zitsulo si gawo lazotsatsa zatsopano za Savo Kusić. Panopa pali mazenera a matabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo ndi zitseko. Pazenera kapena pakhomo, mutha kutumiza pempho la mawu.
Macheka ocheka
Pofotokoza ntchito yopangira matabwa, panali nkhani zambiri zokhudza ntchito yodula nkhuni. Kwenikweni, ndi njira yomweyo yodula zitsulo ndi hacksaw. Timayika macheka mopingasa kuti nsonga za mano zigwire chitsulo (Mkuyu.1).
*Chithunzi1- Mawonekedwe a tsamba ndi kuzungulira kwa chubu pakudula pamanja *
Mlandu wapadera ndikudula mapaipi. Ngati macheka adula khoma la chitoliro, mano ake amadula mbali zonse ziwiri za chitoliro nthawi imodzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri izi zimapangitsa kuti mano athyoke. Pofuna kupewa zovutazi, tikamagwira ntchito, timatembenuza chitoliro mu mangels kotero kuti macheka amadula mbali imodzi yokha. Ngati tikudula chitoliro chokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, timayika matabwa ozungulira mkati mwake kuti agwirizane kwambiri ndi makoma a chitoliro. Ngati makoma a mapaipi ndi ochepera 1mm, dulani ndi macheka aang’ono pamanja posema.
Kufotokozera kwa kutembenuza chitoliro ndikulowetsa ndodo yamatabwa kumasungidwa ngati mbiri yakale, koma si njira yapadziko lonse. Chitoliro chopyapyala chimakhala chopunduka mosavuta kapena kutulutsidwa kuchokera pachimake, ndipo chitoliro chosadziwika chimakhala ndi kuthamanga, zinyalala zoyaka, kapena zokutira zowopsa. Njira yokhomerera ndi kudula iyenera kugwirizana ndi chitoliro chenicheni, zinthu ndi chida chosankhidwa.
Kulemba
Omanga maloko amasekabe lerolino powononga ophunzira antchito yothandiza akamawatumiza kumalo osungiramo katundu kuti akafufuze mafuta amafuta. Ndizodziwika kuti mafuta ndi mafuta ndi adani a mafayilo, chifukwa amalepheretsa kulekanitsa tizigawo ting’onoting’ono ta tchipisi. Ntchito ya chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi fayilo mothandizidwa ndi kukakamizidwa ndi mano ake ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuchotsa chitsulo chosafunikira. Ngati pali mafuta pansi pa mano ang’onoang’ono, ndiye kuti “saluma”, koma amasunthira pamwamba pa chinthu chomwe chiyenera kukonzedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti fayilo iyenera kusungidwa popanda mafuta. Mafayilo amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zazitsulo, zomwe zimasiyana kukula, mawonekedwe komanso magawo osiyanasiyana.
Utali wa mafayilo ukuyambira 100 mpaka 500 mm, ndipo amatha kukhala lathyathyathya, ozungulira, ozungulira, ozungulira, atatu ndi masikweya.
Malingana ndi mtundu wa mano, timasiyanitsa pakati pa mafayilo owoneka bwino, owoneka bwino komanso awiri abwino. Fayilo ikatha, zolemba zake zitha kukonzedwanso. Mafayilo otere ndi otsika mtengo. Fayiloyo imathera ndi nsonga yakuthwa yomwe imapangidwa ndi chogwirira chamatabwa.
Mu msonkhano wakunyumba, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi mafayilo azigawo zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo. lathyathyathya, mozungulira pang’ono ndi chidutswa chimodzi chilichonse mwa fayilo yowoneka bwino kwambiri ya 150 mm kutalika. Mafayilo ena okhala ndi ma serrations atatu, kutalika 120 mm (malo ogwirira ntchito pafayilo) ndiofunikira: fayilo yafulati, lalikulu, katatu, yozungulira ndi mpeni. Mafayilowa alibe zida zapadera zamatabwa, chifukwa ndi zazing’ono komanso zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimatha kugwidwa mwachindunji ndi manja. Sikovuta kupereka fayilo yapadera yosungiramo zitsulo zofewa (aluminium, lead).
Tikayika chinthu, timagwira nsonga ya fayilo ndi dzanja lathu lamanzere, ndi chogwirizira ndi dzanja lathu lamanja, kukanikiza fayiloyo, timayikoka pamodzi ndi ndege yomweyo ndipo mwanjira iyi fayilo (chithunzi 2). Timayika workpiece mu vise pamtunda wa chigoba.
Chithunzi 2 - Malo a fayilo ndi chogwirira ntchito mu vise
Njira yolembera zitsulo sizosiyana kwambiri ndi njira yodziwika kale yopangira nkhuni. Malinga ndi kufunikira kopanga workpiece, timagwiritsa ntchito mafayilo a mbiri yoyenera. Tikayika m’mphepete mwa chinthu, timayika fayilo pamalo opingasa komanso pakona ya 45° molingana ndi m’mphepete mwake yomwe mapeto ake ali pafupi ndi ife, kupita kumalo ena. Timapanga m’mphepete mwa odulidwawo, kumbali yoyenera, ndi fayilo yathyathyathya (ndege ya chidacho ndi yopingasa), ndikuchotsa zigawo zazikulu ndi gawo lalikulu la fayiloyi (chithunzi 2).
Mukagwiritsa ntchito fayilo, malo pakati pa mano amadzaza ndipo chida chimangogwira mocheperapo. Fayiloyo iyenera yokutidwa ndi choko wamba kuti isatsekeke. Choko ufa umalepheretsa kumeta zitsulo kuti zisatseke pakati pa mano. Ngati, komabe, izi zidachitika, tidzachotsa zometa ndi burashi yamafayilo amkuwa. Tikamasunga mafayilo, sitimawasiya pamwamba pa wina ndi mzake, chifukwa kukangana kumawononga grooves. Ndi bwino kuwapachika pambuyo ntchito kuti chogwiririra ali ofukula malo. Popeza sitiyenera kuzipaka mafuta, timazipukuta ndi kuzisiya pamalo ouma kuti zisachite dzimbiri.
Pomaliza, nsonga imodzi yokha: fayilo “sagwira” zida zachitsulo ndi zitsulo zolimba. Iwo akhoza kokha “ofooka” ndi sanding board.
Chogwirizira chogwira ntchito chiyenera kukhala chosawonongeka ndikuyikidwa bwino pa fayilo; malo opanda kanthu a fayilo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chogwirira. Chogwirira ntchito chiyenera kumangidwa mokhazikika, ndipo fumbi lachitsulo ndi zometa ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndi burashi kapena chida china chodzipatulira, osati ndi dzanja kapena kuwomba. Chiwongolero cha gudumu logayitsa sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kusankha makina oyenerera, zotchingira, zoteteza ndi zoteteza ku zowala ndi fumbi.
Kubowola
Pansi pa gulu la “mmisiri wamatabwa m’nyumba” tanena kale za kubowola kozungulira pobowola zitsulo mwatsatanetsatane, kotero tsopano tingowonetsa ntchito zochepa chabe.
Tiyenera kusamala kuti pobowola nsonga ya kubowola sikusintha malo ake koma imakhalabe momwemo momwe zinalili pachiyambi pobowola zitsulo. Kubowola mabowo a arc axis sikuthekabe masiku ano, choncho nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti ambuye odziwa bwino amatumiza ophunzira awo osati mafuta opangira mafayilo, komanso pobowola mabowo a arc.
Kubowola sikuyenera kuyambika popanda kulemba chizindikiro pobowolapo ndi chikhomo - »kirner« (chithunzi 3). Pobowola dzenje lakuya, timachotsa chobowolacho kangapo kuti tichotse chip. Kubowola kukatentha, timaziziritsa ndi sopo wosungunuka m’madzi, osati ndi mafuta aliwonse. Tidzachotsa chobowola chosweka mu dzenje, ndi pliers zosongoka, potembenuza pliers kumbali ina ya kayendedwe ka spiral groove. Ngati kubowola kwapyoza chogwiriracho, ndipo gawo losweka limakhalabe mu dzenje, titha kuligwetsa ndi cholozera. Mabowo opindika opyapyala amathyoka mosavuta akapanikizika kwambiri. Kulemera kwa kubowola ndikokwanira kwa iwo. Mukamagula, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti chobowolacho chikukwanira mu chuck.
Malangizo okhudza sopo, osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, kuchotsa chobowolera chophwanyika, ndikuboola mbali ndi chikhomo ndi mbiri yakale, osati lamulo lachitetezo. Kuziziritsa kumadalira zinthu ndi ntchito; musanachotse chida chophwanyidwa kapena chosweka, makinawo ayenera kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu ndikuchotsedwa pamagetsi. Chibowola chowonongeka ndi chidutswa chosakhazikika chikhoza kusuntha mwadzidzidzi, choncho ndondomekoyi imafuna chiweruzo ndi chida choyenera.
Chithunzi 3 - Kukonzekera m’mphepete ndi kulemba madontho pamalo obowola
Ndi dzenje lamtundu wanji lomwe lidzabowole zimadalira kwambiri kukonzekera koyambirira kwa chogwiriracho. Chifukwa chake, tiwonetsa ntchito zingapo pokonzekera.
Tisanabowole, chitsulo chilichonse, tiyenera kulemba molondola malo obowola ndi mizere iwiri yomwe imadutsa pamakona abwino. Pakati pa kubowola ili pa nsonga ya mizere iyi. Zidzakhala zosavuta kujambula mizere ngati ikufanana m’mphepete mwa workpiece, ndipo tikhoza kuchita izi pogwiritsa ntchito ngodya yachitsulo - mpeni wa mpeni. Timayika malo obowola omwe ali ofanana ndi kampasi yachitsulo, osati sikelo yachitsulo. Tiyeni tilembe malo awiri oyamba pobowola ndikujambula mzere wowongoka wotalikirapo. Timasamutsa mtunda pakati pa mfundo ziwiri zoyambirira kupita ku mzere wosonyezedwa ndi wolamulira wachitsulo. Ndiye timayikanso malo ena onse obowola.
Timakulitsa malo olembedwa ndi cholembera kuti nsonga ya kubowola isasunthike. Timayika chikhomo cha madontho ndi nsonga yake pamalo ena, koma pang’onopang’ono, ndipo titatha kuwongola, timagunda kumapeto kwaufulu ndi nyundo.
Matupi ogwira ntchito, asanabowole, ayenera kukhazikika bwino. Pali zotheka zingapo za izi. Mbiri yachitsulo “U” imayikidwa patebulo la ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina ochapira, screw kapena chidutswa cha mbiri ya “U”, yomwe yadulidwa ndi macheka m’njira yoyenera.
Tikhoza kubowola m’mphepete mwa chitsulo amakona anayi - winkle. Timayika kaye m’mphepete mwa chitsulo chachitsulo ndikuyikapo pobowola ndi singano ndi chida cholembera madontho, chomwe chimalola kubowola chitsulo chopindika.
Chithunzi4- Kuthandizira chinthu chozungulira pobowola
Ndikoyenera kupanga chotchinga chapadera chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chopindika (chikhozanso kukhala chowongolera) chomangirira ndodo zozungulira, zomwe zimakhala ndi ulusi wokhala ndi nati kumapeto (chithunzi 4). Titha kulandira mapaipi okhala ndi phula. Njira imeneyi imatithandiza osati kubowola kokha komanso kudula mapaipi. Tidzaletsa kusuntha kwa chitsulo chachitsulo ngati tiyika mwendo umodzi wa ngodya mumtanda wopangidwa. Ngati ngodyayo ndi yaifupi, timavomereza ndi chomangira ndi kubowola. Timabowola chitsulo chachifupi chafulati pochimanga ndi chomangira. (chithunzi 5).
Chithunzi 5 - Chotsekera chapadera chogwirizira chogwirira ntchito
Bowo lisakhale lakuya kwambiri, ngati sitikufuna kubowola chogwirira ntchito. Titha kukwaniritsa izi mosavuta ngati tiyika mphete imodzi ndi koyilo pabowolo, kuti tisinthe kuya kwa dzenje, i.e. kulumikiza choyezera chakuya pabowolo. Tisanabowole zibowo zokulirapo (monga 8 mm), timabowola chogwiriracho ndi chobowola chocheperako (monga 4 mm). Mwa izi, insole yokulirapo sidzakwawa. Timabowolatu dzenje la zomangira, kenako ndi mutu wa screw. Kukwirira screw mutu kumachitika ndi kukulitsa ndi kuzama kwa dzenjelo. M’mimba mwake wa sinkiyo uyenera kukhala wokulirapo pang’ono kuposa m’mimba mwake wa wononga mutu.
Kuyimitsa kwakuya, kubowola kale, kubowola m’mimba mwake ndi kuwerengera kwa wononga mutu kumasankhidwa molingana ndi makina, zida, geometry yolumikizana ndi pempho la wopanga. Ring’i yomwe yakonzedwayo siyenera kuchoka kapena kugwira pazigawo zozungulira. Miyezo yochokera pachitsanzo imakhalabe gawo lazolemba zoyambira, koma sizomwe zimatengera chilengedwe chonse.
Malo omwe amabowola amakhudza kwambiri moyo wawo. Njira yosavuta yopangira zobowolera ndi kamodzi kamodzi kakuchindikala kokulirapo, komwe tidabowolera molunjika malo ndi zobowola kuti zitheke (ngakhale kubowola matabwa sikulowetsamo, kugwiritsa ntchito kamodzi sikuwononga).
M’mabowo obowoledwa motere, titatha kuyeretsa ndi kudzoza bwino, timayika zobowola molunjika ndi mapeto odzigudubuza pansi. Chomangira chobowola sichiyenera kupendekeka kumbali, koma tikulimbikitsidwa kuti slat ikhale pansi kapena mbali ya alumali yazida.
Pa chithunzi6tidzawonetsa ma angles a kubowola kokhotakhota komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito komanso njira yopangira tsamba ndi gawo la cylindrical.
*Chithunzi6- Chiwonetsero cha mbiri yakale ya geometry ya nsonga yobowola ndi chogwirizira *
Makona ndi magawano a zobowola zomwe zawonetsedwa zimasungidwa ngati fanizo la mbiriyakale. Geometry ya nsonga, zinthu za kubowola, kugwira, zosinthika, chakudya ndi kuzizira zimasankhidwa molingana ndi kubowola kwapadera, makina ndi ntchito; kujambula sikokwanira kusankha kapena kunola chida.