Tiaki matū o te motokā
Te whakamarumaru o ngā pītau waka
Mēnā ka roa te whakamahi, ka waiho rānei kia kore e whakamahia, ka riro te rapa hei mea pakarukaru, mārō, ka ngaro tōna whakatāwari. He pōturi tēnei tukanga, ā, e maha ngā tau e haere ai.
Ko te āhua o ngā tārai motokā e whakawhirinaki ana, i te tuatahi rawa, ki te pānga o te hāora, te ōhono me te iraruke ultraviolet. Mā te wera e whakatere ngā tauhohenga e whakangaro ana i te rapa.
I te āhua kua kōpeketia ka tere ake te tawhitotia o te rapa, arā tonu i te whakamahinga auau. Ko ngā hoariri nui o te rapa ko te parahi, te kōpura, me te konupora. Ahakoa ngā rahinga iti rawa o ēnei konganuku, i roto i te wā poto ka whakaeke, ka whakangaro i te rapa.
Kia tiakina ngā rapa i te hinu (ka memeha i te hinu), i te rā me te wera. Ko te penapena i ngā rapa kāore e whakamahia ana e hiahia ana kia noho ki ngā rūma mātao, haumākū hoki, ā, he mea pai kia pania ngā mata rapa ki ngā ārai matū.
Mō te tiaki rapa, he pai kia pani ngā mata rapa ki tētahi ranunga 50%-ōrau o te glycerin me te wai, kia rua, kia toru rānei ngā wā.
Korehuka
He wai glycerol-kōkōwai kore, māramarama, āhua tirikara, kāore he kakara te ethylene glycol. Ko te pāmahana koropupū ko 197,2°C. (Ka tio te otinga wai 60%-o ethylene glycol i -40°C.)
Ka taea te hanga i te ranunga mō te whakamātao, mō ngā pāmahana rerekē, mā te whakaranu i te wai ki te ethylene glycol i ngā ōwehenga e whai ake nei:
10% etilenglikola me 90% wai, ka whakamahia tae noa ki te -4°C,
20% o te etilenglikola me te 80% o te wai, ka whakamahia tae noa ki -9°C,
30% o te etilengikora me 70% o te wai, ka whakamahia tae noa ki te -15°C,
40% o te etilēnglikōra me te 60% o te wai, ka whakamahia tae noa ki -24°C,
50% ethylene glycol me te 50% wai, ka whakamahia tae noa ki -36°C.
Hei ārai i te waikura, ka tāpirihia e mātou te 3-7 karamu o te konutai benzoate ki ia rita o te ranunga. He paitini te ethylene glycol!
Te whakangāwari i te wai mō te whakamātao
Ko te mea pai ko te whakamahi i te wai ua, i te wai kua whakamaroketia rānei. Ka whakangāwaritia ngā wai tōtōwaenga mā te 5 g o te kotakota kua tineia me ngā 10 karamu houra ki ngā 10 rita wai. Whai muri i te tū mō ētahi hāora, ka tau te parataiao kua wehe, ā, ka ngāwari te tango i te wai mārama. Ka whakawhitia te wai mā ki tētahi atu ipu, kātahi anō ka ringihia ki te whakamātao.
Te whakarewa i te tāoke
Ki te mātou ka kite i te putanga o te taiapa i roto i te whakamātao, ka tāpiri atu mātou i tētahi otinga wera o te trinatrijum–fosfata (Na3PO4), māna e whakarewa te taiapa kua puta.
Ki roto i te 100 rita wai ka tāpiritia e mātou te 6 g trinatrium–phosphate, mā te whakamahana i te otinga ki te 80-90°C, ka horoi mātou i roto i te 3-4 hāora i te radiator, kia rere ai te wai i roto i te pūnaha whakamātao, kātahi ka tukuna atu te otinga, ā, ka horoi i te radiator ki te wai mā. Ki te hiahiatia, ka whakahokia tēnei tukanga kia maha ngā wā, kia tino memeha rā anō te pākeho.
Whakamakuku
Kua whakaaturia e te wheako ka māmā te kohu o ngā mata whakarewa me ngā mata karāhe mēnā kei te pāmahana raro ake tētahi taha o aua mata. I te taha kē, te taha mahana ake, ka māmā te tōmiti o te korohū wai. Ka whakahuahia e mātou ētahi tohutaka hei whakakore i te kohu o aua mata:
1. 100 g te wai,
30 g o te glycerin,
3 g o te mā o te hua,
0,5 g o te natrium benzoate.
2. 79 wāhanga wai,
20 wāhanga glycerin,
1 wāhanga o te albumin,
0,1 wāhanga o te fenol.
3. 5 ngā wāhanga o te hinu silicon,
35 trichloroethylene,
kua whakarewahia ki roto i ngā wāhanga 60 o te penehīni.
Ngā poliplast
(ngā papatipu kirihou)
Ahakoa ko rātou ngā mema hōu rawa o te whānau nui o ngā matū e whakamahia ana i te kāinga, kua pana kē rātou i te tini o ngā matū tuku iho ki waho atu i te whakamahinga.
Ko te tino pai kia whakarōpūhia rātou kia rite ki te momo maimoatanga wera. Arā, ka māeneene ētahi i te whakawera, ā, ka māro ētahi atu i te whakawera. Ka kīia ngā mea tuatahi he kirihou wera, ko ngā mea tuarua he duroplast. He maha ngā wā ka taea hoki e ngā duroplast te whakawhitia kia kotahi mā te whakawera ki te āhua haurūwai, (i roto i ngā pokepokea ai ka tango i te āhua e hiahiatia ana), engari mā te pānga atu anō o te wera ka whakahokia koretake rātou ki te āhua mārō. Mā te whakawera anō kāore e taea te whakangāwari anō.
Thermoplastics soften when heated - they become plastic - can be shaped in molds and harden when cooled. By reheating, they soften again and can be shaped again. This reshaping can be repeated countless times.
Ngā thermoplastics
Polyethylene
Ko te polyethylene he polymer o te ethylene. He matū kirihou, he mārohirohi, ā, ka rongoāhia ina pā atu he āhua hinuhinu. Kāore he paitini, ā, he tino ātete ki te mahi a ngā matū. Ka rewa i te tata ki te 105-110°C. I te pāmahana rūma kāore he whakarewa pai, kāore hoki he whakapiri e tika ana. Te whakamahinga āhuatanga: ngā rauemi whakamāori hiko, ngā ipu kāore e whati, ngā paipa, ngā kiriata. Kāore e taea te tukatuka mā ngā taputapu tapahi.
Polypropylene
Ko te polymer he propylene. He ōrite ki te polyethylene, engari he pakarukaru ake, ā, ka rewa ki te tata ki te 180°C. Kāore e pai mō te whakarewa ā-ringa, nā te nui o te kiato o te papatipu rewa. Kāore he paitini, ā, he ātete ki te mahi a ngā matū. I te pāmahana rūma kāore e rewa, kāore hoki e taea te whakapiri.
He ōrite te whakamahinga o te polypropylene ki te polyethylene, engari nā te teitei ake o te ira rewa me te nui ake o te pakari tōkeke ka taea te whakamahi ki tētahi whānuitanga whānui ake. Nō reira ka whakamahia mō ngā ipu me ngā taputapu e whakakotetia ana, ngā paipa pēhanga, ngā parirau o ngā pāhū me ngā tāhūhū o ngā poti hiko, ngā pouaka kāore e whati, ngā tākaro me ērā atu. Ka hangaia ēnei mea katoa i te polypropylene. He iti ake te pai mō te tukatuka mā te tango maramara.
pōrimetīl aikirireiti
(karāhe kiriaku)
Ko te karāhe plexi he polymer o te methyl ester o te waikawa acrylic. He mea māramarama, he mea kāore e tino tae, ā, he paku iti iho te pakarukaru i te polystyrene. I te 90°C ka tīmata te mānukanuka, ā, i te 140-150°C ka taea te tukatuka kirihou. Ehara i te mea paitini, ā, he ētahi wā ka āwhina ki te aukati i te pānga o ngā waikawa me ngā pāhare. Ko te whakarewa pai rawa ko te chloroform, ā, he whakapiri anō hoki. He pai rawa te tuku i ngā hihi mārama. Ka tae mai ki te mākete hei papa, hei ngongo, hei rākau. Ko te ingoa hokohoko o te plexi-karāhe, e hangaia ana i Galenika Zemun, ko klirit. He pai te tukatuka mā ngā taputapu tapahi. I muri i te maimoatanga waiariki, ina mātao, ka pai te pupuri i te āhua kua riro. Mā te whakamahana anō ka hoki ki tōna āhua taketake. He tino pai mō ngā mahi whakatikatika i te kāinga.
pōrītirīni
Ko te polistirola he polymer o te vinil–benzene. Korekore te tae, he mārama, he āwhāwhā rānei. Ka tīmata te whakangāwari i te tata ki 80°C, ā, kei te tata ki 120-140°C te pāmahana tukatuka, ā, i te 200° kua pirau kē.
Kāore i te paitini, ka whakarewa ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore i a ia. Ko te whakarewa pai rawa, arā, ko te kāpia, ko te benzol. He poliplasti kua roa e mōhiotia ana, e whakamahia ana hoki. Ko tōna pakarutanga āhua, tōna ngoikoretanga ki te whati, e whakawhāiti ana i te whānuitanga tino nui o tōna whakamahinga. Ka hangaia ngā pouaka, ngā oko, ngā tākaro, ngā pātene, kātahi ko ngā heru, ngā kakau, ngā pouaka pūhiko, ngā kiriata me ngā hua ōrite i te polistirola. Ko ōna āhuatanga hiko, tōna aukati dielectric, me ngā ngarohanga dielectric iti, e mea ana kia tino pai ia hei rauemi i te hangarau hiko. Ko te otinga benzol o te polistirola he kāpia pai rawa mō te pepa, he tino pai te whakamākū, ā, kāore e tuku wai. Kāore e taunakitia mō te tukatuka mā te tango maramara.
Polyamide (nylon)
Mō te hanganga matū he hua whakakotahi nō ngā waikawa dicarboxylic me ngā diamine. E ōrite ana tōna hanganga ki ngā pūmua māori. He tino ātete, he kōwhai-kōraria, he mārama. Ko tōna ira whakarewa kei te tata ki 140°C. Kāore i te paitini, ā, ina hou te whakarewatanga he kawa tōna reka nā ngā hua pirau. He iti ake tōna ātete ki ngā pānga o ngā matū. Kāore he whakarewa pai, ka rewa ki te waikawa pūkenga, arā, te waikawa winika rānei.
Ko te nuinga ka whakamahia mō te hanga muka. Mā te werohanga me te pēhi ka hangaia hoki ngā momo mea maha. He pai te tukatuka o ngā papatipu polyamide mā te tango maramara, inā koa i te hanga o ngā nihowhiti noho puku me ngā tāhūhū.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, mipolam)
E ai ki te hanganga matū, he polymer o te vinyl chloride. He rauemi kāpia, mārō, korekore te tae. I te whakamahinga ka konatunatua ki te iti, ki te nui rānei o te whakangāwari (dibutil-ftalat, dioktil–ftalat). E ai ki te nui o te whakangāwari ka whiwhi tātou i te PVC mārō (Vinidur) rānei, i te hua whakangāwari, pūngūwī (Mipolam) rānei. He tino ātete ki te pānga o ngā matū. Kāore he whakarewa pai; ko ngā whakarewa kua pūhāngaitia ki te pūhaumāota (ugljen–tetrahlorid, hloroform, dihlor-etan, cikloheksanon) ka āta whakarewa i a ia. Hei whakapiri ka tae mai ki te mākete he whakapiri PVC motuhake. He āhua ngoikore te piringa mā te ranunga o 1:1 o te dihlor-etan me te cikloheksanon.
Ka whakamahia mō: ngā paipa (he pai te tukatuka mā te tango maramara, ā, mā te whakamahana ka ngohengohe), mō te wai paipa, te wai para me ērā atu, ā, mō te hanga ipu mō ngā waikawa me ngā matū. Ka whakamahia tuatahitia te PVC whakangohengohe mō te hanga kiriata (kākahu ua, tākai, pēke). Ko te here i te PVC ka mahia nuitia mā te whakapiripiri mā te hau wera. Ka herea ngā kiriata PVC whakangohengohe mā te whakakotahi i te whakapiri me te piripiri.
Politetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
E ai ki tōna hanganga matū, he polymer o te tetrafluoro–ethylene. He mārō, he paku rapa, kāore he tae, ā, i te paparanga angiangi he māramarama. Ko ngā poraka rahi ake he mā miraka. Ko ngā āhuatanga hiko-ārai kore e taea te ōrite, me ngā āhuatanga pāmahana tino pai, me te kore rawa e memeha, e tino whai take ai tēnei rauemi i ētahi wāhi. Heoi anō, nā te utu nui ka uaua te toro atu. He tino uaua te tukatuka ahumahi o te teflon, ā, he uaua ake anō te tukatuka ā-whare. Kāore ōna whakarewa. Ka taea te whakapiri mā ngā kāpia motuhake anake, ā, he iti noa te angitū. Ka taea te whakamahi tae noa ki 350°C, ka māngere i te tata ki 400-450°C.
Aketate katotehu
Ka hangaia mai i te cellulose māori (wūru) mā te whakamahi i te waikawa winika. He rāpoi ngota uaua tōna, he rerekē hoki tōna hanganga.
He rauemi pakari, he rauemi māro, kāore e ū ki ngā pāmahana paku teitei ake. Ka tīmata te whakangāwari i te 60°С, ā, ka rewa i te 100–110°С. He mārama, engari kāore tōna mārokoroko e eke ki tō te polystyrene. He ōrite te whakamahinga ki te polystyrene, engari he uaua ake te whati o ngā mea i hangaia i te acetate cellulose. Kāore e taea te tā tae i te angitu o te polystyrene. Kāore e mura, nō reira ka whakamahia mō te hanga kiriata. Ko ngā whakarewa ko te (i runga anō i te tikanga whakaputa) acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). Ka tino angitu te whakapiri mā te otinga kukū o te waikawa ahetiki. Ka taea te tukatuka mā te wera, ā, ka taea hoki te tukatuka mā te tango para.
Nitro cellulose (celluloid)
Ka hangaia mai i te cellulose māori, mā te mahi a te waikawa hauota. E hangaia ana e ngā rāpoi kāore i te ōrite, e uaua ana.
He mea ōrite ki te vati, he tino mura, he tino pahū. He pai te memeha ki te acetone. Ko ngā otinga, me te tāpiri i ngā whakangāwari (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat) e tino mōhiotia ana he wanihi (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
Ko te nitrocellulose, kua whakaranu ki te kāmipora (10-30%), hei whakangāwari, e mōhiotia ana ko: celluloid. Ko tēnei matū tētahi o ngā kirihou tuatahi, he pai ōna āhuatanga (he ātete ki te pānga, he mārama, he iti te utu, he ātaahua ki te titiro), ā, i panaia atu i te whakamahinga o ia rā nā te tino mura o te ahi. I te mahi me te tukatuka me tino tūpato. Ko te tukatuka e mahia ana i te nuinga o te wā mai i ngā wāhanga papa mā te tapahi, te whakapiri, te piko. Ka whakamahia te acetone hei whakapiri.
Duroplasts
(Ngā poliplasti thermostable)
Ko ngā poliplasti o tēnei rōpū i kitea tuatahitia. I te hanganga me te whakamahinga o ēnei rauemi e rua ngā wāhanga motuhake: tuatahi ka hangaia te thermpoplast, (ka māeneene i te whakamahana), kātahi ka whakaranu te papatipu ki ngā »punilima«, ā, ko te matū i puta mai i reira he rauemi mata mō te hanga i ngā momo tūemi.
I te tukatuka anō, ka hangaia te rauemi mā te pēhanga, mā te werohanga rānei; nā te pānga o te wera, kāore e taea te tukatuka anō i te polipārama kua whakakaha, mā te whakamahana, ā, kāore hoki e memeha i ngā whakarewa.
Fenoplast (pekeleti)
He tino kakara bakelite tō te rawa, ā, nā te tae piri o te rauemi taketake kāore e taea te whakaputa i ngā mea he mārama ake ō rātou tae. Kia tae ki te 170°С ka ātete ki te pānga o te pāmahana; kātahi ka ngaro tōna pakari. I te āhua o te 400°С ka pirau, ka waro.
I runga i te momo o te »kīwhai« (filler), he pakari, he mārohirohi, he whatiwhati rānei te bakelite. Ko te nuinga ka whakamahia mō ngā kaupapa hangarau: ngā putanga, ngā tūhono, ngā kakau, ngā whakamauhiko, ngā pouaka me ērā atu. Kāore e tika mō te rokiroki taonga kai. Mō te tukatuka i te kāinga, ko ngā hua haurua, ngā papa paparanga, ngā paipa me ngā tokotoko ngā mea tino pai. He tino pai te piri ki ngā kapia epokī.
Aminoplast (doramin, nikeplast)
Ka hangaia mai i te formaldehyde me te karbamida. He kore tae te hua, kāore he haunga, kāore hoki e paitini. He pai hoki mō te rokiroki i ngā taonga kai. Ko tēnei me te āhei hoki ki te whakamahi i roto i ngā tae mārama ka nui tōna painga. Ki ērā atu, he ōrite tōna whakamahinga ki ngā kapia bakelite. He uaua te puta mai o ngā hua ā-rua mō te whakamahi i te kāinga ki te mākete.
Ngā kapia polyester (elastirol, polikon)
Ka mahia mā te kōtuitanga o ngā waikawa dicarboxylic me ngā waipiro dihydroxyl. I ngā rauemi tīmata, me whai takirua hononga kotahi i te iti rawa. Ka whakarewahia te kāpia i puta mai ki tētahi monomera. Ko tēnei papatipu, he rite ki te honi, ka whakapakeke, i raro i te pānga o ngā kaiwhakatere tāpiri me te āhua o te momo me te nui o aua kaiwhakatere, ā tōna wā, wawe ake, tōmuri ake rānei, i te pāmahana rūma, i ngā pāmahana teitei ake rānei. I mua i te whakapakeketanga ka taea te tā ki ngā tae maha. He pai rawa, engari he uaua te whiwhi. He tika mō te hanga raupapa iti, hua takitahi rānei.
I te tukatuka mā te ringihanga, ka ringihia noa te papatipu ki roto i te pokepokea ai, kāore he pēhanga, ka whakakī i te pokepokea ai, ā, tērā pea he mea hanga ki te raima, ki te rākau, ki te ware, ki te paru whakatauira, ā pēnei atu. Me tatari noa kia mārō te papatipu, ā, ka taea te tango atu te wāhanga kua oti i te pokepokea ai.
E ai ki tētahi atu tukanga, ka whakainumia te papanga karāhe, te papanga hoki rānei ki te kapia, kātahi ka whakatakotoria ki runga i te āhua, i te pokepokea rānei. Mā konei ka hangaia ai ngā poti, ngā anga waka, ngā pōtae whakamarumaru, me ērā atu mea.
Ka taea te tiaki tino pai i ngā mea utu nui, pēnei i ngā tauira whaipara tangata, ngā taputapu raro moana me ērā atu, mā te resin mārama. He tino pai te resin mārō mō te tukatuka mā te tango maramara, he pai te whakapiri ki tōna ake monoma, ā, he tino pai te oro. He tino ātete ki ngā pānga o te āhuarangi, ā, he tino pai hoki hei kaiwhakawātea hiko.
Ngā kapia Epoxy (eporezit, araldit)
E ai ki tōna hanganga matū, ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā kapia epokihi ki te kāwai o ngā polyester. He pēnei anō tō rātou whakamahinga i te nuinga o ngā wā, e hāngai ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā polyester. Ka mahia mai i ngā hua wai tae noa ki ngā hua mārō, mā roto i ngā mātotoru rerekē. He māmā ake te tukatuka i ngā hua wai, engari he pai ake ētahi āhuatanga o ngā hua mārō. I runga i te whakakōmitimiti o te kātireta, ka taea te noho i roto i ngā rohe tino whānui te wā whakamarō o te kapia. Ki te taea te kī, he rauemi pai ake mō te tukatuka i ngā polyester. Aroha mai, he uaua anō hoki te kimi i aua mea.
Haunga ngā kapia mō te whakarewanga, kei roto i ngā kapia epoxy ētahi whakapiri tino pai. Ka taea ēnei whakapiri te whakamahi mō te whakapiri i ngā rauemi rerekē, pērā i te: whakarewa–whakarewa, whakarewa-karāhe, karāhe-karāhe.