Ukunakekelwa kwamakhemikhali kwemoto
Ukuvikelwa kwamathayi ezimoto
Ekusetshenzisweni isikhathi eside noma ekugcinweni ingasetshenziswa, irabha iba brittle, iqine futhi ilahlekelwe ukunwebeka kwayo. Le nqubo ihamba kancane, ithatha iminyaka eminingana.
Isimo samathayi ezimoto sincike, ikakhulukazi, emtheleleni womoya-mpilo, i-ozone kanye nemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ukushisa kusheshisa ukusabela okucekela phansi irabha.
Esimweni esicindezelekile irabha iguga ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile. Izitha ezinkulu zerabha yithusi, i-cobalt ne-manganese. Namanani amancane kakhulu alawa ma-metali ngesikhathi esifushane ayahlasela futhi acekele phansi irabha.
Masivikele amathayi emafutheni (amafutha ayawancibilikisa), ekukhanyeni kwelanga nasekushiseni. Ukugcina amathayi angasebenzisi kudinga izindawo ezipholile nezimanzi, futhi kuyafiseleka ukuthi kuqatywe izindawo zenjoloba ngezinto zokuzivikela zamakhemikhali.
Ukunakekela irabha, kuhle ukugcoba izindawo zerabha ngenhlanganisela engu-50%-nom ye-glycerin namanzi, kabili kuya kathathu.
I-antifreeze
I-Ethylene glycol iwuketshezi olungenambala, olusobala, olufana nesiraphu, olungenaphunga. Iphuzu lokubilisa lingu-197,2°C. (Isixazululo esinamanzi se-60%-ngxenye ye-ethylene glycol siqanda ku–40°C.)
Ingxube yokupholisa, yamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene singayenza ngokuxuba amanzi ne-ethylene glycol ngalezi zilinganiso ezilandelayo:
10% ye-ethylene glycol kanye no 90% wamanzi, isetshenziswa kuze kufike ku -4°C,
20% ye-etilenglikol kanye no 80% wamanzi, isetshenziswa kuze kube -9°C,
30% ye-ethylene glycol kanye ne 70% yamanzi, isetshenziswa kuze kube -15°C,
40% ye-ethylene glycol no 60% wamanzi, isetshenziswa kuze kube -24°C,
50% i-ethylene glycol no-50% wamanzi, isetshenziswa kuze kufike ku–36°C.
Ukuvimbela ukugqwala, sifaka amagremu 3-7 e-sodium benzoate kwilitha ngalinye lengxube. I-ethylene glycol inobuthi!
Ukuthambisa amanzi esipholisi
Kungcono uma kusetshenziswa amanzi emvula noma amanzi acwengekile. Amanzi aphakathi nokuqina siwathambisa ngo 5 g womcako ocitshiweyo kanye no 10 amagremu esoda ku 10 amalitha amanzi. Ngemuva kokuma amahora ambalwa, isithelo esihlukanisiwe siyazinziswa, ukuze sikwazi kalula ukuthela amanzi acwebile. Amanzi ahlukanisiwe ahlanzekile siwafaka kwesinye isitsha, bese kuba lapho kuphela siwathululela esiqandisini.
Ukuncibilikisa i-lime scale
Uma sibona ukwakheka kwesikali ku-hladnjak, sifaka isixazululo esishisayo se-trinatrijum–fosfata (Na3PO4), esizoncibilikisa isikali esiqoqekile.
Ezigidini 100 zamanzi sifaka 6 g ye-trisodium phosphate, sifudumeza isixazululo ku 80-90°C, siwasha phakathi kwe 3-4 yehora i-radiator, sivumela amanzi ajikeleze ohlelweni lokupholisa, bese sikhipha isixazululo bese siwasha i-radiator ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Uma kudingeka, siyaphinda le nqubo izikhathi eziningana, kuze kube yilapho itshe likalamula lincibilika ngokuphelele.
Ukususa inkungu
Okuhlangenwe nakho kusibonisile ukuthi izindawo zensimbi nezengilazi zisheshe zibe yinkungu, uma uhlangothi olulodwa lwazo lusezingeni lokushisa eliphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, olufudumele, khona-ke umhwamuko wamanzi uyajiyisa kalula. Sizokhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zokwenza lezo zindawo zingabi yinkungu:
1. 100 g yamanzi,
30 g ye-glycerin,
3 g yeqanda elimhlophe,
0,5 g ye-sodium benzoate.
2. 79 izingxenye zamanzi,
20 izingxenye ze-glycerin,
1 ingxenye ye-albumin,
0,1 ingxenye ye-phenol.
3. 5 izingxenye zamafutha e-silicone,
35 ye-trichloroethylene,
kuxutshwe no 60 izingxenye zikaphethiloli.
i-Poliplasti
(izixube eziplastiki)
Nakuba zingamalungu asemancane kunawo wonke omndeni omkhulu wamakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekhaya, sezivele sezisuse ekusetshenzisweni izinto eziningi zakudala.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kungcono kakhulu ukwenziwa ngokwendlela yokwelashwa kokushisa. Okungukuthi, ezinye ziyathamba uma zifudunyezwa, kanti ezinye ziyaqina uma zifudunyezwa. Ezokuqala zibizwa ngokuthi ama-thermoplastics, ezesibili ama-duroplastics. Ama-duroplastics nawo ngokuvamile angaguqulwa kube isimo esiyingxenye yoketshezi ngokuwafudumeza kanye (emazikini amukela umumo oyifunayo), kodwa ukuqhubeka komthelela wokushisa kuwaguqula ngokungenakubuyiselwa esimo esiqinile. Ngokuwashisa futhi asikwazi ukuwathambisa.
Ama-thermoplastics, uma eshiswa ayathamba - aba epulasitiki - angabunjwa ezikhunjini bese eqina uma epholile. Ngokushiswa futhi ayathamba futhi angabuye abunjwe. Lokhu kubunjwa kabusha kungaphindwa izikhathi ezingenakubalwa.
Ama-thermoplastiki
I-Polyethylene
I-polyethylene iyi-polymer ye-ethylene. Into ephefumulekayo, yepulasitiki, ethi uma uyithinta izwakale sengathi inamafutha. Ayinobuthi, imelana kakhulu nomphumela wamakhemikhali. Iyancibilika cishe ku-105-110°C. Emazingeni okushisa ekamelo ayinazincibilikisi ezifanele noma izinamathiseli. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile: izinto zokufaka ugesi, iziqukathi ezingaphuki, amapayipi, amafilimu. Ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa ngamathuluzi okusika.
I-Polypropylene
I-polymer iyi-propylene. Ifana ne-polyethylene, kodwa iyaphuka kalula futhi incibilika cishe ku-180°C. Ayifanele ukuphonswa ngesandla, ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu besisindo esincibilikisiwe. Ayinobuthi, imelana nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali. Emazingeni okushisa ekamelo ayincibiliki futhi ayinakunanyathiselwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-polypropylene kuyefana ne-polyethylene, kodwa ngenxa yephuzu eliphezulu lokuncibilika namandla amakhulu okuqina ekudonsweni ingasetshenziswa emkhakheni obanzi. Ngakho-ke ezitsheni nasezisetshenziswa ezihlanzwe ngokufakwa inzalo, amapayipi okucindezela, izimpiko zabalandeli namapropela ezikebhe ezinemoto, amabhokisi angaphuki, amathoyizi nokunye okunjalo. Zonke lezi zinto zenziwa nge-polypropylene. Ayifanele kakhulu ukucutshungulwa ngokukhipha ama-chip.
I-Polymethyl acrylate
(Plexi-glass)
I-Plexiglas iyi-polymer ye-methyl ester ye-acrylic acid. Yinto ecacile, ayivamisile ukuba nombala, futhi ayiqini kakhulu kunepolystyrene. Ku-90°C kuqala ukuthamba, futhi ku-140-150°C ingacutshungulwa nge-plastically. Ayinabuthi, ingamelana kancane nemithelela yama-acid nama-base. I-solvent engcono kakhulu yi-chloroform, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyinhlaka yokunamathisela. Idlulisela kahle kakhulu imisebe yokukhanya. Iza emakethe njengamapuleti, amapayipi, izinduku. Igama lokuhweba le-plexi-glass, ekhiqizwa e-Galenika Zemun, yi-klirit. Icubungula kahle ngamathuluzi okusika. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa, uma ipholile, ibamba kahle isimo esamukelwe. Ngokuyifudumeza futhi ibuyela esimweni sokuqala. Ilungele kakhulu imisebenzi yokulungisa ekhaya.
I-polistirini
I-Polistirol iyi-polymer ye-vinyl-benzene. Ayinambala, iyabonakala noma iyadlula ukukhanya. Ukuthamba kuqala cishe ku 80°C, kanti izinga lokucutshungulwa lisesilinganisweni esingu 120-140°C, bese ku 200° isivele iyabhidlika.
Ayinabuthi, ama-asidi nama-alkali ayayincibilikisa. I-solvent engcono kakhulu, noma i-glue, yi-benzol. I-polyplast eyaziwa futhi esetshenziswa kudala. Ukuqina kwayo okuhlobene, ukuphuka kalula, kukhawulela indawo yayo enkulu kakhulu yokusetshenziswa. Amabhokisi, izitsha, amathoyizi, izinkinobho, bese kuba amakamu, izibambo, amabhokisi amabhethri, amafilimu nemikhiqizo efanayo kwenziwa nge-polystyrene. Izici zayo zikagesi, ukumelana kwe-dielectric kanye nokulahleka okuncane kwe-dielectric kuyenza ibe yinto enhle kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela bukagesi. Isixazululo se-benzol se-polystyrene siyiglu enhle kakhulu yephepha, simunca kahle kakhulu futhi asingenwa amanzi. Ayinconywa ukucutshungulwa ngokukhipha izingcezu.
I-Polyamide (nylon)
Ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, umkhiqizo wokuncibilikisa wama-asidi e-dicarboxylic nama-diamine. Ngokusakhiwo ufana namaprotheni emvelo. Uqinile kakhulu, uphuzi kancane, uyabonakala. Iphuzu lakhe lokuncibilika liseceleni kuka 140°C. Awunobuthi, uma usanda kuncibilika unambitheka kabuhlungu ngenxa yemikhiqizo yokubola. Umelana kancane nomthelela wamakhemikhali. Awunalo isisombululo esifanele, unamathiselwa nge-formic, noma i-acetic acid.
Ijwayele ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni imicu. Ngokujova nasekucindezeleni, kwenziwa futhi izinto ezihlukahlukene. Izinto ze-polyamide zisebenziseka kahle ngokusikwa ngamashevu, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni amasondo amagiya athule kanye nezinsika.
I-Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, mipolam)
Po hemijskom sastavu to je polimer vinil-hlorida. Tvrd, bezbojan smolast materijal. Pri upotrebi se meša sa manjom–većom količinom omekšivača (dibutil-ftalat, dioktil-ftalat). U zavisnosti od količine omekšivača dobijamo tvrdi PVC (Vinidur) ili omekšani, elastični proizvod (Mipolam). Odlično odoleva dejstvu hemikalija. Nema pogodnog rastvarača, hlorovani rastvarači (ugljen-tetrahlorid, hloroform, dihlor-etan, cikloheksanon) ga polako rastvaraju. Za lepljenje se na tržištu pojavljuje specijalno PVC lepilo. Relativno slabo se lepi smešom 1:1 dihlor-etana i cikloheksanona.
Isetshenziselwa: amapayipi (acutshungulwa kahle ngokukhipha ama- chips, ngokushisisa aba nomfutho wokugoba) okokuhambisa amanzi, izinhlelo zokuthutha indle njll., ekwenzeni iziqukathi zama-asidi namakhemikhali. I-PVC ethambisiwe isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni amafilimu (amajazi emvula, ukupakisha, izikhwama). Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PVC kuvame ukwenziwa ngokushisela kusetshenziswa umoya oshisayo. Amafilimu e-PVC athambisiwe ahlanganiswa ngokuhlanganisa ukushisela nokunamathisela.
I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
Ngokokwakheka kwamakhemikhali iyipholima ye-tetrafluoro-ethylene. Iqinile, inwebeka kancane, ayinambala, futhi uma isendlalelo sizacile iyadlula ukukhanya. Amabhulokhi amakhulu amhlophe njengobisi. Izici ezingenakufinyelelwa ze-dielectric kanye nezici ezivelele zokushisa, kanye nokungancibiliki ngokuphelele, kwenza le nto ibe engenakuthathelwa indawo kwezinye izindawo. Nokho, izindleko zayo ziyenza kube nzima ukuyithola. Ukucubungula i-Teflon ezimbonini kunzima kakhulu, kanti ukucubungula ekhaya kunzima nakakhulu. Ayinazo izincibilikisi. Inganamatheliswa kuphela ngama-adhesive akhethekile futhi ngempumelelo encane kakhulu. Ingasetshenziswa kuze kufike ku-350°C, ithambe cishe ku-400-450°C.
I-cellulose acetate
Ikhiqizwa kusuka ku-cellulose yemvelo (ukotini) ngosizo lwe-asidi ye-acetic. Inemolekuli eyinkimbinkimbi, enesakhiwo esiguquguqukayo.
Impahla eqinile, eqinile ekubeni sengcupheni yamazinga okushisa aphakeme kancane. Ukuthamba kuqala ku-60°С, kuyancibilika ku-100–110°С. Iyabonakala, kodwa ukungavumeli ukukhanya akufinyeleli kokwe-polystyrene. Ukusetshenziswa kufana nokwe-polystyrene, kodwa izinto ezenziwe nge-cellulose acetate ziqhekeka kancane. Ayikwazi ukufakwa umbala ngempumelelo njengopolystyrene. Ayivuthi, ngakho isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amafilimu. Izincibilikisi yilezi (kuye ngendlela yokukhiqiza) i-acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). Ukunamathelisa kwenziwa ngempumelelo kakhulu ngesisombululo esigxilile se-asidi ye-acetic. Kungenzeka ukucutshungulwa ngokushisa kanye nokucutshungulwa ngokususa izinhlayiya zokusika.
Nitro celuloza (i-celuloid)
Ikhiqizwa kusuka ku-cellulose yemvelo, ngokusebenza kwe-nitric acid. Yakhiwa ngama-molecule angafani, ayinkimbinkimbi.
Into efana nekotini, evutha kalula kakhulu, eqhumayo. Iincibilika kahle ku-acetone. Izixazululo, ezinezelwa izithambisi (diethyl-phthalate, dibutyl-phthalate), zaziwa kahle njengama-lacquer (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
I-nitrocellulose, ixutshwe ne-camphor (10-30%), njenge-softener, yaziwa ngegama elithi: celluloid. Le nto ingenye yamapoliplastik okuqala, enezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu (imelana nomthelela, iyabonakala, ayibizi, ibukeka kahle), futhi yasuswa ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke kuphela ngenxa yokusha kalula kwayo okukhulu. Emsebenzini nasekuqondiseni, kufanele kuqikelelwe kakhulu. Ukwenziwa kusekelwa ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni eziyisicaba ngokusika, ukunamathisela, nokugoba. Ukunamathisela kusetshenziswa i-acetone.
Ama-duroplastiki
(Amapoliplasti angathambeki ekushiseni)
Ama-poliplasti aleli qembu atholwe kuqala. Ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwalezi zinto kunezigaba ezimbili ezibalulekile: kuqala kukhiqizwa i-thermoplast, (ngezifudumezelo iyathamba), bese inqwaba ixutshwa nama »filler« futhi into etholakele ngaleyo ndlela iyimpahla eluhlaza yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.
Ekucubunguleni okuqhubekayo, into iyakhiwa ngokucindezelwa, ngokufuthwa; ngenxa yokushisa i-poliplast esiqinisiwe ayisakwazi ukucutshungulwa ngokufudunyezwa, futhi ayincibiliki nakuma-solvent.
I-Fenoplast (ibakelayithi)
Impahla inephunga elicacile le-bakelite, futhi ngenxa yombala ovalekile wento eyinhloko eluhlaza izinto ezinombala ovuleke kakhulu azinakukhiqizwa. Kuze kufike ku-170°С imelana nomphumela wezinga lokushisa, bese ilahlekelwa ukuqina kwayo. Cishe ku-400°С iyabola, ibe yikhabhoni.
Ngokwesimo sohlobo lwe-“filler” i-bakelite iba brittle, iqinile noma iphuke kalula. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zobuchwepheshe: amasokhethi, izixhumi, izibambo, ama-insulator, amabhokisi njll. Ayifanele ukugcinwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla. Ukuze icutshungulwe ekhaya, okufanele kakhulu yimikhiqizo engaphelele, amapuleti anezendlalelo, amapayipi nezinduku. Inamathela kahle kakhulu kuma-resin e-epoxy.
Aminoplastics (doramin, nikeplast)
Ikhiqizwa nge-formaldehyde kanye ne-carbamide. Lo mkhiqizo awunambala, awunaphunga, awunobuthi. Ufanele futhi ukugcinwa kwezinto zokudla. Leli qiniso, kanye nokuthi ungasetshenziswa ngemibala ekhanyayo, kumunikeza inzuzo enkulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho ukusetshenziswa kwawo kufana nama-resin e-bakelite. Imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakathi yokusetshenziswa emakhaya ayivamile ukufika emakethe.
Izinhlaka ze-polyester (elastirol, polikon)
Zikhiqizwa ngokuhlanganisa ama-acid e-dicarboxylic kanye nama-alcohol anezinhlangothi ezimbili ze-hydroxyl. Ezingxenyeni zokuqala, eyodwa kufanele ibe nesibopho esiphindwe kabili. I-resin eyakhiwe iyancibilika kwenye i-monomer. Leli zinga, elifana noju, ngaphansi komthelela wama-catalyst angeziwe futhi kuye ngohlobo nenani lala ma-catalyst, liyaqina kusenesikhathi noma kamuva, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi noma emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Ngaphambi kokuqina lingadayiswa ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Lilungele, kodwa kunzima ukulithola. Lifanele ukukhiqizwa kwamaqoqo amancane noma izinto ezizimele.
Ekusebenzeni ngokuphonsa, inqwaba imane ithululwe esikhunjeni, ngaphandle kokucindezelwa, futhi igcwalise isikhunta esingaba senziwe ngodaka lwe-plasta, ukhuni, i-wax, i-plastelin nokunye okunjalo. Kumele nje kulindwe kuze kube inqwaba iyaqina, bese ingxenye eseyiqediwe ingakhishwa esikhunjeni.
Ngokwenye inqubo, indwangu yengilazi noma yendwangu yezindwangu ifakwa inhlaka, bese ibekwa kuhlaka noma esikhunjeni. Ngale ndlela kukhiqizwa izikebhe, ama-car body, izigqoko zokuzivikela njll.
Izinto ezibizayo, njengamasampula e-archeology, amathuluzi angaphansi kwamanzi njll. zingavikelwa kahle kakhulu ngenhlaka ecacile. Inhlaka eqinile ifaneleka kakhulu ekucubunguleni ngokususa ama-chip, inamathela kahle ku-monomer wayo, ipholishwa kahle kakhulu. Iqina kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezimo zezulu futhi iyisivikeli esihle kakhulu sikagesi.
I-Epoxy–resin (eporezit, araldit)
Ngokwesakhiwo samakhemikhali, ama-epoksi-resin angahlukaniswa phakathi kwama-polyester. Ngakho futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo ezimweni eziningi kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwama-polyester. Akhiqizwa ukusuka emikhiqizweni ewuketshezi kuya kweyiqinile, ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zobukhulu. Imikhiqizo ewuketshezi icutshungulwa kangcono, kanti eqinile inezakhiwo ezithile ezingcono. Kuye ngomgqugquzeli wokuxhumanisa, isikhathi sokuqina kweresini singaba phakathi kwemikhawulo ebanzi kakhulu. Uma kungashiwo kanjalo, iyinto engcono nakakhulu yokucutshungulwa kunama-polyester. Ngeshwa, nayo itholwa ngobunzima obukhulu.
Ngaphandle kwama-resin okusakaza, phakathi kwama-resin e-epoxy kungatholakala nezinamathiseli ezinhle kakhulu. Lezi zinamathiseli zingasetshenziswa ukunamathisela izinto ezingavamile, njengalezi: insimbi-insimbi, insimbi-ingilazi, ingilazi-ingilazi.