Ka mālama kemika o ke kaʻa
Ka pale ʻana i nā pila kaʻa
Ma ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, lilo ka laumā i mea paʻakikī, paʻa, a nalowale ka maʻalahi. He lohi kēia kaʻina, a mau he mau makahiki.
Pili ke kūlana o nā pākahā kaʻa, ma mua loa, i ka hana a ka oxygen, ka ozona a me ka pāhawewe ultraviolet. Hoʻonui ka wela i nā pane kemika e luku ana i ka pākahā.
I ke kūlana kākoʻo, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ʻelemakule ʻana o ka laumā, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana. ʻO nā ʻenemi nui loa o ka laumā, ʻo ia ka keleawe, ke kobalta a me ka manganesa. ʻO nā liʻiliʻi loa o kēia mau metala, i loko o kahi manawa pōkole, e hoʻouka a hoʻopau i ka laumā.
E mālama kākou i nā pāpale paʻa mai ka ʻaila aku (hoʻoheheʻe ka ʻaila iā lākou), mai ka mālamalama o ka lā, a me ka wela. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā pāpale paʻa ke hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, koi ia i nā lumi anuanu a pulu, a he mea maikaʻi ke uhi ʻia nā ʻili pāpale paʻa me nā mea pale kemika.
No ka mālama ʻana i nā pōpō kaʻa, maikaʻi ka uhi ʻana i nā ʻili lāʻau me ka hui 50%-pakeneka o ka glyserina a me ka wai, ʻelua a ʻekolu manawa.
ʻAihue hau
ʻO ka ethylene glycol he wai ʻapoʻapo, mālamalama, ʻaʻala ʻole. ʻO ka helu paila ʻo 197,2°C. (E paʻa ana ka hopena wai 60%-o etylene glycol ma -40°C.)
Hiki iā mākou ke hana i ka hui no ka pahu hoʻoluʻu, no nā mahana like ʻole, ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka wai me ka ethylene glycol ma kēia mau ratio:
10% o ka etiliglikola a me 90% o ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i -4°C,
20% o ethylene glycol a me 80% o ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i -9°C,
30% o ka ethylene glycol a me 70% o ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i -15°C,
40% o ka etilenglikola a me 60% o ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i -24°C,
50% o ka ethylene glycol a me 50% o ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i -36°C.
No ka pale ʻana i ka popopo, hoʻokomo mākou i loko o kēlā me kēia lita o ka hui ʻana i 3-7 gram o ka sodium benzoate. He mea ʻawahia ka ethylene glycol!
Hoʻomāmā i ka wai no ka mea hoʻoʻalili
ʻOi loa inā hoʻohana ʻia ka ua a i ʻole ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hoʻomāmā mākou i nā wai paʻakikī waena me 5 g o ka lime kinai ʻia a me 10 grams o ka soda ma 10 lita o ka wai. Ma hope o ke kū ʻana no kekahi mau hola, noho ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i lalo, no laila hiki ke ninini maʻalahi i ka wai mālamalama. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kekahi ipu ʻē aʻe, a laila wale nō e ninini ai i loko o ka mea hoʻoluʻolu.
Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka palu paʻakai
Inā ʻike mākou i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pālolo paʻakikī i loko o ka pahu hau, hoʻoili mākou i kahi hopena wela o ka trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4), nāna e hoʻoheheʻe i ka pālolo i hoʻokumu ʻia.
Ma 100 lita wai kau mākou i 6 g trinatrijum–fosfata, e hoʻomehana ana i ka hoʻoponopono i 80-90°C, holoi mākou i ka radiator no 3-4 hola, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai e holo ma ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoluʻolu, a laila hoʻokahe mākou i ka hoʻoponopono a holoi i ka radiator me ka wai maʻemaʻe. Inā pono, hana hou ʻia kēia hana i kekahi mau manawa, a hiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe piha ʻia ʻana o ka pāʻakai paʻa.
Hoʻomālū ʻana i ka noe
Ua hōʻike ka ʻike iā kākou e ʻālohilohi koke nā ʻili metala a me ke aniani inā aia kekahi ʻaoʻao o lākou ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ka ʻaoʻao mehana, hoʻohālikelike koke ʻia ka mahu wai. E ʻōlelo mākou i kekahi mau hana no ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻālohilohi o kēlā mau ʻili:
1. 100 g o ka wai,
30 g o ka glycerin,
3 g o ka ʻākea keʻokeʻo,
0,5 g o ka sodium benzoate.
2. 79 ʻāpana o ka wai,
20 mau ʻāpana glycerin,
1 ʻāpana o ka albumin,
0,1 ʻāpana phenol.
3. 5 ʻāpana o ka ʻaila silikoni,
35 trichloroethylene,
hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o 60 ʻāpana o ka petrola.
Nā Poliplasti
(nā mea palupalu plastikika)
ʻOiai ʻo lākou nā lālā ʻōpio loa o ka ʻohana nui o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka home, ua pani mua lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kahiko he nui.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou e like me ke ʻano o ka mālama wela. ʻO ia hoʻi, kekahi e palupalu i ka hoʻomehana ʻana, a ʻo kekahi e paʻa i ka hoʻomehana ʻana. Kapa ʻia ka mea mua he thermoplast, ka mea ʻelua he duroplast. Hiki nō hoʻi i nā duroplast ke hoʻolilo ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi kūlana ʻaneʻane wai, (i loko o nā mold e loaʻa ai ke ʻano i makemake ʻia), akā hoʻolilo ka hana hou aʻe a ka wela iā lākou i kūlana paʻa me ka hoʻi ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomehana hou ʻana ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke palupalu hou iā lākou.
ʻO nā thermoplastic, ke hoʻomehana ʻia, palupalu - lilo i palupalu - hiki ke hoʻohālike ʻia i loko o nā moʻo a paʻa paʻa ke hōʻoluʻolu ʻia. Ma ka hoʻomehana hou ʻana, palupalu hou lākou, a hiki ke hoʻohālike hou ʻia. Hiki ke hana hou ʻia kēia hoʻohālike ʻana he nui ʻole nā manawa.
Nā thermoplastic
ʻO ka polyethylene
ʻO ka polyethylene he polimera o ka ethylene. He mea porous, palaki, a ma ka pā ʻana, ʻike ʻia me he mea momona lā. ʻAʻole ia he mea ʻawahia, a kūʻē maikaʻi loa ia i ka hana a nā kemika. E heheʻe ana ia ma kahi o 105-110°C. Ma ka wela lumi, ʻaʻohe ona mea hoʻoheheʻe kūpono a ʻaʻohe pū kekahi kāpili. Nā hoʻohana maʻamau: nā mea hoʻokaʻawale uila, nā ipu ʻaʻole paʻakikī e haki, nā paipu, nā ʻili lahilahi. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana ʻia me nā mea ʻoki.
Polipropilena
ʻO ka polymer he propilena. Ua like ia me ka polyethylene, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a hehee ma kahi o 180°C. ʻAʻole kūpono ia no ka ninini lima ʻana, no ka mea, nui loa ka mānoanoa o ka mea hehee. ʻAʻole ia he mea ʻawahia, a kūpaʻa hoʻi i ka hana a nā kemika. Ma ke ana wela o ka lumi ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpili ʻia.
Ua like ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polypropylene me ka polyethylene, akā ma muli o kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika huki nui aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi ākea aʻe. Pēlā nō, no nā ipu a me nā pono i sterilized, nā paipu kaomi, nā lau o nā peʻahi a me nā propeller o nā waʻa mīkini, nā pahu ʻaʻole hiki ke haki, nā mea pāʻani, a pēlā aku. Hana ʻia kēia mau mea a pau i ka polypropylene. ʻAʻole kūpono loa ia no ka hana ʻana ma ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana.
Polimethyl acrylate
(aniani plexi)
ʻO ka plexiglass he polymer o ka methyl ester o ka waikawa acrylic. He mea akaka ia, he liʻiliʻi wale nō ke kala, a he mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka haki ma mua o ka polystyrene. Ma 90°C hoʻomaka ka palupalu ʻana, a ma 140-150°C hiki ke hana ʻia ma ke ʻano plastik. ʻAʻole ʻawaʻawa, a he kūʻē ʻāpana ia i ka hana a nā waikawa a me nā kumu. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa ʻo chloroform, a ma ke ʻano like, he kāpili hoʻi. Hoʻouna maikaʻi loa ia i nā kukuna mālamalama. Hele mai ia i ka mākeke ma ke ʻano he papa, paipu, a me ke koʻokoʻo. ʻO ka inoa kālepa o ka plexiglass i hana ʻia ma Galenika Zemun, ʻo klirit. Hana maikaʻi ʻia ia me nā mea ʻoki. Ma hope o ka mālama wela, i ka wā i hōʻalili ʻia ai, paʻa maikaʻi ke ʻano i loaʻa. Ma ka hoʻomehana hou ʻana, hoʻi ia i kona ʻano mua. He kūpono loa ia no nā hana lima ma ka home.
Polystyrene
ʻO ka polystyrene he polymer o ka vinyl-benzene. He kala ʻole, aniani maopopo a i ʻole ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia. Hoʻomaka ka palupalu ʻana ma kahi o 80°C, a ʻo ka mahana hana ma kahi o 120-140°C, a ma 200° ua wāwahi ʻia nō.
ʻAʻole ia he mea ʻawaʻawa, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā ʻakika a me nā alkali. ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lula, ʻo benzol. He ʻāpana polima i ʻike lōʻihi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO ka palupalu pili, ka maʻalahi o ka haki ʻana, ke kaupalena nei i ka laulā nui loa o kona hoʻohana ʻana. Hana ʻia nā pahu, nā ipu, nā mea pāʻani, nā pihi, a laila nā pūlū lauoho, nā ʻau, nā pahu pākaukau, nā ʻili lahilahi, a me nā huahana like mai ka polystyrene. ʻO nā waiwai uila, ka kūpaʻa dielectrika, a me nā poho dielectrika liʻiliʻi e lilo ai ia i mea maikaʻi loa i ka ʻenekinia uila. He lula maikaʻi loa ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pepa me ka hoʻonā benzol o ka polystyrene; hoʻomākū maikaʻi loa ia a ʻaʻole komo ka wai. ʻAʻole paipai ʻia no ka hana ʻana me ka ʻoki ʻāpana.
Poliamida (nylon)
Ma ke ʻano kemika he huahana condensation ia o nā waikawa dicarboxylic a me nā diamine. Ma ka kūkulu, ua like ia me nā protein kūlohelohe. Paʻa loa, melemele iki, a mālamalama. ʻO kona wahi heheʻe ma kahi o 140°C. ʻAʻole ʻawahia ia, a i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ai, he ʻono ʻawaʻawa kona no nā huahana haki. ʻAʻole ia e kūpaʻa nui i ka hana a nā kemika. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoheheʻe kūpono, a pili me ka waikawa formic, ʻo ia hoʻi ka waikawa acetic.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā fiber. Ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i loko o ka mold a me ke kaomi ʻana, hana pū ʻia nā mea like ʻole. Hana maikaʻi ʻia nā pūhui polyamide ma ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā niho huila leo ʻole a me nā ʻākoakoa.
ʻO ka polivinil–klorida (PVC, mipolam)
Ma ke ʻano kemikala, he polymer ia o ka vinyl chloride. He mea paʻakikī, ʻaʻohe waihoʻoluʻu, a like me ka kēpau. I ka hoʻohana ʻana, hui pū ʻia me ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka nui o ka mea hoʻomāmā (dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate). Ma muli o ka nui o ka mea hoʻomāmā, loaʻa ka PVC paʻakikī (Vinidur) a i ʻole ka huahana i hoʻoheʻe ʻia, paʻa ʻole (Mipolam). Kūpaʻa loa ia i ka hopena o nā kemikala. ʻAʻohe ona mea hoʻoheheʻe kūpono; ua hoʻoheheʻe mālie ʻia e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe chlorinated (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone). No ka hoʻopili ʻana, loaʻa ma ka mākeke he kelu PVC kūikawā. Hoʻopili ʻia nō hoʻi ia me ka haʻahaʻa ma o ka hui ʻana o 1:1 o ka dichloroethane a me ka cyclohexanone.
Hoʻohana ʻia no: nā paipu (maikaʻi ke hana ʻia me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana lahilahi, a i ka hoʻomehana ʻana lilo ia i maʻalahi ke kulou) no ka wai paipū, ka hoʻopau ʻōpala, a pēlā aku, a i ka hana ʻana i nā ipu no nā waikawa a me nā kemika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka PVC i hoʻopalupalu ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻili lahilahi (nā ʻahu ua, nā ʻeke, nā ʻeke pahu). Hana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka PVC ma o ka wili ʻana me ka ea wela. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻili PVC i hoʻopalupalu ʻia ma ka hui pū ʻana o ka wili ʻana a me ke kāpili ʻana.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
Ma ke ʻano kemika, he polimera ia o tetrafluoro-ethylene. Paʻa, liʻiliʻi kona elastisity, ʻaʻohe kala, a ma kahi ʻāpana lahilahi he mālamalama e hiki ai ke ʻike ma o. ʻO nā poloka nui aʻe he keʻokeʻo waiū. ʻO nā waiwai dielektrika kūikawā loa a me nā waiwai wela kupaianaha, a me kona hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hoʻolilo ana i kēia mea i mea hiki ʻole ke pani ʻia ma kekahi mau wahi. Eia naʻe, hana ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe iā ia i mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa. He paʻakikī loa ka hana ʻoihana ʻana i ka teflon, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana ma ka home. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoheheʻe. Hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia me nā kelu kūikawā, a he liʻiliʻi loa ka lanakila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i 350°C, a palupalu ma kahi o 400-450°C.
ʻakētate cellulose
Hana ʻia ia mai ka cellulose kūlohelohe (wata) ma o ka ʻakika ʻēlekona. He molekula paʻakikī kona, me ka haku mele loli.
He mea paʻa a kūpaʻa, ʻaʻole kūpaʻa ma nā mahana i ʻoi iki aʻe. Hoʻomaka ka mālie ʻana ma 60°С, a hehee ma 100–110°С. He mālamalama ia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ka hiki ke komo i ka mea i loaʻa i ka polystyrene. Ua like ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka polystyrene, akā paʻakikī ka haki ʻana o nā mea i hana ʻia me ka cellulose acetate. ʻAʻole hiki ke kala ʻia me ka kūleʻa like me ka polystyrene. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻā, no laila hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe (ma muli o ke ʻano hana) he acetone, (chloroform, dihlorethylene). Hana ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka kūleʻa loa ma o ka hoʻonā paʻa ʻana o ka ʻakika ʻakika. Hiki ke hana wela a me ka hana ʻoki ʻāpana.
Nitro cellulosa (celluloid)
Hana ʻia ia mai ka cellulose kūlohelohe, ma o ka hana a ka waikawa nitric. Ua haku ʻia ia i nā molekula ʻokoʻa, paʻakikī hoʻi.
He mea like me ka pulupulu, he mea hiki ke hoʻā koke ʻia a pahū hoʻi. Ua maikaʻi kona hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana i ka acetone. ʻO nā hoʻonā, me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻopalupalu (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat), he mau lacquers kaulana loa ia (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
ʻO ka nitrocellulose, i hui pū ʻia me ka kamphor (10-30%), ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopalupalu, ua ʻike ʻia ma ka inoa: celluloid. ʻO kēia mea kekahi o nā polyplast mua, me nā waiwai maikaʻi loa (kūʻē i ka hahau, ʻalohi, emi ke kumu kūʻai, nani ke nānā aku), a ua kipaku ʻia mai ka hoʻohana maʻamau no kona maʻalahi loa e puhi. I ka hana ʻana, i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, pono e hana me ka akahele loa. Hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ma ke ʻano nui mai nā ʻāpana pālahalaha ma ka ʻoki ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, a me ke kulou ʻana. No ka hoʻopili ʻana hoʻohana ʻia ka acetone.
Nā duroplastics
(Nā poliplasti paʻa wela)
Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā polyplast mai kēia pūʻulu. Ma ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea, ʻelua mau pae maʻamau: hana mua ʻia ka thermoplastic, (mālie ia ke hoʻomehana ʻia), a laila hui ʻia ka puʻolo me nā »mea hoʻopiha« a ʻo ka mea i loaʻa pēlā ka mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole.
I ka hana hou ʻana, ua hana ʻia ka mea ma o ka kaomi ʻana a me ka hoʻoheʻe ʻana; ma muli o ka wela, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka polymala i paʻa i ka wela ma ka hoʻomehana hou ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻi ia e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā solvents.
Fenoplast (bakelite)
He ʻala bakelite ikaika ko ka mea, a ma muli o ke kala paʻa o ka mea kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea me nā kala ʻoi aku ka hāmama. A hiki i 170°С kūpaʻa ia i ka hopena o ka mahana, a laila nalowale kona paʻa. Ma kahi o 400°С e wāwahi ai, e ʻā i ke kalapona.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka »mea hoʻopiha« he palupalu, he paʻakikī, a i ʻole he ʻokiʻoki ka bakelite. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no nā kumu ʻenehana: nā puka paʻa, nā hoʻopili, nā lima, nā mea hoʻokaʻawale, nā pahu a pēlā aku. ʻAʻole kūpono ia no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻai. No ka hana ʻana ma ka home, kūpono loa nā mea semi-finished, nā papa ʻāpana, nā paipu a me nā koʻokoʻo. Hoʻopili maikaʻi loa ia me nā resin epoxide.
ʻAminoplasti (doramin, nikeplast)
Hana ʻia ia mai ka formaldehyde a me ka carbamide. He kala ʻole ka huahana, ʻaʻohe ona ʻala, a ʻaʻole ʻawahia. He kūpono nō hoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā waiwai ʻai. Hāʻawi kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo, a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā kala hāmama, i ka pono nui loa iā ia. ʻAʻole nō naʻe, ua like kona hoʻohana ʻana me nā resin bakelite. ʻAʻole pinepine nā huahana hapalua i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka home e hiki i ka mākeke.
Nā kēpau poliester (elastirol, polikon)
Hana ʻia lākou ma ka kondensē ʻana o nā ʻakika dikarbona a me nā waiʻona dvohidroksila. Mai nā mea maka hoʻomaka, pono e loaʻa i hoʻokahi ka pilina pālua. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka resin i hānau ʻia i loko o kekahi monomer. ʻO kēia mānoanoa, like me ka meli, ma muli o ka hana a nā katalista i hoʻohui ʻia a me ke ʻano a me ka nui o ia mau katalista, e paʻa koke a i ʻole ma hope, ma ka mahana lumi a i ʻole ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Ma mua o ka paʻakikī ʻana, hiki ke kala ʻia me nā kala like ʻole. He kūpono, akā paʻakikī ke loaʻa. He kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā mea hoʻokahi.
I ka hana hoʻolei ʻana, ninini wale ʻia ka mea i loko o ka poʻi, me ka ʻole o ke kaomi ʻana, a hoʻopiha ia i ka poʻi i hiki ke hana ʻia me ke lāmika, ka lāʻau, ka ʻūlina, ka palastilina a pēlā aku. ʻO ka mea wale nō e kali ai a paʻa ka mea, a laila hiki ke unuhi ʻia ka ʻāpana pau mai ka poʻi.
Ma kekahi hana ʻē aʻe, hoʻopulu ʻia ka lole aniani a i ʻole ka lole lole me ka kēpau, a kau ʻia ma luna o ka palapala a i ʻole ka ʻoloka. Ma kēia ʻano e hana ʻia ai nā waʻa, nā kino kaʻa, nā mahiole pale, a pēlā aku.
Hiki ke pale ʻia nā mea waiwai nui loa, e like me nā laʻana archaeological, nā lako ma lalo o ka wai, a pēlā aku, me ka resin aniani e ka holomua nui. He kūpono loa ka resin paʻa no ka hana ʻana ma ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻoki, hoʻopili maikaʻi ia me kāna monomer ponoʻī, a hiki ke poli maikaʻi loa. Kūpaʻa loa ia i ka hana a nā ʻano aniau a he mea hoʻokaʻawale uila maikaʻi loa.
Epoxy resins (eporezit, araldit)
Ma muli o ko lākou kūkulu kemika, hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā resina epoksi i loko o ka papa o nā polyester. Pela nō hoʻi ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma ka hapanui o nā hihia i kūlike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polyester. Hana ʻia lākou mai nā huahana wai a hiki i nā huahana paʻa, ma o nā mānoanoa like ʻole. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i nā huahana wai, ʻoiai he mau waiwai ʻoi aʻe kekahi o nā huahana paʻa. Ma muli o ke katalisa no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pūʻali, hiki ke noho ka manawa paʻa o ka resin i loko o nā palena ākea loa. Inā hiki ke ʻōlelo pēlā, he mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi lākou no ka hana ʻana ma mua o nā polyester. Minamina, paʻakikī nō hoʻi ke loaʻa ʻana.
Ma waho aʻe o nā resin no ka ninini ʻana, hiki ke loaʻa i waena o nā resin epoxy nā mea hoʻopili maikaʻi loa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻopili no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻole, e like me: metala–metala, metala–aniani, aniani–aniani.