Chisamaliro cha galimoto ndi mankhwala
Chitetezo cha matayala a magalimoto
Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kapena kusungidwa osagwiritsidwa ntchito, rabara imakhala yolimba, yowuma ndi kutaya kusinthasintha kwake. Njirayi ndi yochedwa, imatenga zaka zingapo.
Mmene matayala a galimoto alili zimadalira, makamaka, pa zotsatira za mpweya wa okosijeni, ozoni ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Kutentha kumathandiza mwachangu ma reaction amene amawononga tayalalo.
M’malo otambasuka rabara limakalamba mofulumira, ndiye kuti makamaka mukamagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse. Adani akulu kwambiri a rabara ndi mkuwa, cobalt ndi manganese. Ngakhale kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa zitsulozi pa nthawi yochepa zimawukira ndi kuwononga rabara.
Tisunge ma tayala kutali ndi mafuta (mafuta amawasungunula), kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha. Kusunga ma tayala osagwiritsidwa ntchito kumafuna zipinda zozizira ndi zonyowa, ndipo n’koyenera kuwaza kapena kupaka pamwamba pa mphira ndi mankhwala oteteza.
Posamalira ma gumu, bwino kupaka pamwamba pa gumu ndi chisakanizo cha glycerin ndi madzi cha 50%-peresenti, kawiri mpaka katatu.
anti-firiza
Ethyleneglycol ndi madzi opanda mtundu, owoneka bwino, a syrupy, opanda fungo. Malo otentha ndi 197,2°C. (Njira ya madzi ya 60%-ni ya ethyleneglycol imazizira pa -40°C.)
Kusakaniza kwa choziziritsa, kwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, tingapange posakaniza madzi ndi ethylene glycol m’magawo awa:
10% ya ethylene glycol ndi 90% ya madzi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufika pa -4°C,
20% ya ethylene glycol ndi 80% ya madzi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka -9°C,
30% ya ethylene glycol ndi 70% ya madzi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka -15°C,
40% ya ethylene glycol ndi 60% ya madzi, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka -24°C,
50% ya etilenglikoli ndi 50% ya madzi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka -36°C.
Pofuna kupewa dzimbiri, mu lita iliyonse ya chisakanizo timayika magalamu 3-7 a sodium benzoate. Ethylene glycol ndi poizoni!
Kufewetsa madzi a choziziritsa
Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amvula kapena madzi oyera osungunulidwa. Timafewetsa madzi apakatikati olimba ndi 5 g ya laimu yozimitsidwa ndi 10 magalamu a soda pa 10 malita a madzi. Pambuyo pa maola angapo oyima, matope omwe asiyana amakhala pansi, motero tingathe mosavuta kuchotsa madzi oyera. Madzi oyera omwe tasiyanitsa timaika mu chidebe china, ndipo pamenepo timangowathira mu kuziziritsa.
Kusungunula miyala ya laimu
Tikazindikira kuti pali kuikika kwa kalki mu firiji, timayika yankho lotentha la trinatrijum–fosfati (Na3PO4), lomwe lidzasungunula kalkiyo yotulutsidwayo.
Pa 100 malita a madzi timayika 6 g ya trisodium phosphate, tikuwotcha yankho kufika pa 80-90°C, timatsuka kwa nthawi ya 3-4 maola radiator, ndikulola kuti madzi aziyenda mu dongosolo loziziritsira, kenaka timatulutsa yankho ndipo timatsuka radiator ndi madzi oyera. Ngati pakufunika, timabwereza njirayi kangapo, mpaka miyala ya laimu isungunuke kwathunthu.
Kuchotsa nkhungu
Zomwe takumana nazo zasonyeza kuti malo achitsulo ndi agalasi amakhala ndi chifunga mosavuta, ngati mbali imodzi ili pa kutentha kotsika. Pa mbali inayo, yotentha kwambiri, nthunzi ya madzi imakhazikika mosavuta. Titchula maphikidwe angapo oletsa chifunga pa malo amenewo:
1. 100 ga wa madzi,
30 g wa glycerini,
3 g ya azungu a dzira,
0,5 g ya sodium benzoate.
2. 79 mbali za madzi,
20 mbali za glicerini,
1 gawo la albumin,
0,1 gawo la phenol.
3. 5 magawo a mafuta a silikoni,
35 ya trichloroethylene,
yosungunuka mu magawo 60 a petulo.
Kampani ya Poliplasti
(zopangidwa za pulasitiki)
Ngakhale ali aang’ono kwambiri m’banja lalikulu la mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyumba, atachotsa kale ntchito mankhwala ambiri akale.
Kugawa kwake kwabwino kwambiri ndi kuyang’ana pa njira ya kuchitira kutentha. Ndipotu, zina zikafufutidwa ndi kutentha zimafewa, pamene zina zikafufutidwa ndi kutentha zimakhala zolimba. Zoyamba zimatchedwa thermoplastics, zachiwiri duroplastics. Duroplastics nawonso nthawi zambiri amatha kamodzi kusandutsidwa kukhala chiyambi chofewa pang’ono ndi kutentha, (m’ma mold amatenga mawonekedwe ofunidwa), koma kupitirira kwake kwa kutentha kumawasandutsa mosasintha kukhala olimba. Akatenthetsedwanso sizitheka kuwafewetsanso.
Thermoplastics, akatenthedwa amafewa - amakhala apulasitiki - angapangidwe m’ma mold ndipo pozizira amauma. Akatenthedwanso amayambanso kufewa, ndipo angapangidwenso. Kukonzanso kumeneku kungabwerezedwe nthawi zosawerengeka.
Mapulasitiki otentha
Polietileni
Polyethylene ndi polima ya ethylene. Ndi zinthu zapulasitiki, zokhala ndi mpweya, zomwe pakukhudza zimamveka ngati zonona. Sizowopsa, zimakana kwambiri zinthu za mankhwala. Zimasungunuka pa pafupifupi 105-110°C. Pa kutentha kwa m’chipinda palibe zosungunulira kapena zomatira zoyenera. Ntchito yake yodziwika: zinthu zotsekera magetsi, zotengera zosathyoka, mapaipi, mafilimu. Sizitha kukonzedwa ndi zida zodulira.
Polipropileni
Polima ndi ya propylene. Ndi yofanana ndi polyethylene, koma ndi yolimba kwambiri ndipo imasungunuka pa pafupifupi 180°C. Siyoyenera kuponya pamanja, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa misa yosungunuka. Siwopsa, ndipo imalimbana ndi ntchito ya mankhwala. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda simasungunuka ndipo sangamamatidwe.
Kugwiritsa ntchito polypropylene kuli kofanana ndi polyethylene, koma chifukwa cha malo osungunuka okwera komanso mphamvu yayikulu yotambasuka angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa gawo lalikulu kwambiri. Choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zotengera ndi zida zomwe zimasterilayizidwa, mapaipi a kuthamanga, mapiko a mafani ndi ma propela a maboti a mota, mabokosi osasweka, zoseweretsa ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zonsezi zimapangidwa ndi polypropylene. Sichiyeneranso kwambiri pokonza pochotsa tchipisi.
Polimitala akireyilati
(Plexi-galasi)
Plexiglas ndi polima ya methyl ester ya asidi ya acrylic. Ndi chinthu chowoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri chosakhala ndi mtundu, ndipo chili ndi kulimba kochepa pang’ono kuposa polystyrene. Pa 90°C chimayamba kufewa, ndipo pa 140-150°C chingakonzedwe mwa njira ya pulasitiki. Sichili poizoni, ndipo pang’ono chimakana mphamvu ya ma asidi ndi ma base. Chosungunulira chabwino kwambiri ndi chloroform, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi guluu. Chimadutsa bwino kwambiri kuwala. Chimafika pamsika ngati mbale, mapaipi, ndodo. Dzina la malonda la plexi-glass yopangidwa ku Galenika Zemun ndi klirit. Chimakonzedwa bwino ndi zida zodulira. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, chikaziziritsidwa, chimagwira bwino mawonekedwe omwe chalandira. Mukachitanso kutenthetsa chimabwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. N’chakuti chili chabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zapakhomo.
polisitirini
Polistirol ndi polima wa vinil–benzol. Ilibe mtundu, imawonekera kapena imalola kuwala kudutsa. Kufewa kumayamba pa pafupifupi 80°C, ndipo kutentha kwa kukonza kuli pa pafupifupi 120-140°C, ndipo pa 200° imayamba kale kuwola.
Sichiri cha poizoni, asidi ndi alkali zimachisungunula. Chosungunulira chabwino kwambiri, kapena guluu, ndi benzol. Ndi poliplasti yomwe imadziwika kale ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Kulimba kwake kwa m’lifupi, kusweka mosavuta, kumachepetsa gawo lake lalikulu kwambiri la ntchito. Mabokosi, ziwiya, zoseweretsa, mabatani, komanso makama, zogwirira, mabokosi a mabatire, mafilimu ndi zinthu zofanana zimapangidwa ndi polystyrene. Makhalidwe amagetsi, kukana kwa dielectric, ndi kutayika kochepa kwa dielectric zimapangitsa kukhala zinthu zabwino kwambiri mu uinjiniya wamagetsi. Yankho la benzol la polystyrene ndi guluu wabwino kwambiri wa pepala, limayikanso bwino kwambiri ndipo sililola madzi kudutsa. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kuchotsa tchipisi.
Poliamidi (nayiloni)
Mwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi chinthu chopezeka mwa condensation cha ma asidi a dikaboksili ndi ma diamine. Mwa kapangidwe chimafanana ndi mapuloteni achilengedwe. N’cholimba kwambiri, chachikasu pang’ono, chowonekera. Malo ake osungunuka ali pafupifupi 140°C. Sichili poizoni, chikangotenthedwa chaposachedwa chimakhala ndi kukoma kowawa chifukwa cha zinthu zosungunuka. Sichikhala cholimba kwambiri polimbana ndi mankhwala. Palibe chosungunulira choyenera, chimamamatira ndi asidi wa formic, kapena asidi wa acetic.
Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi. Komanso, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimapangidwa mwa kuziphira ndi kuzikamiza m’makina. Zinthu za polyamide zimakonzedwa bwino pochotsa chips, makamaka popanga ma gear opanda phokoso ndi ma shaft.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, mipolam)
M’mapangidwe ake a mankhwala ndi polima wa vinilhloridi. Ndi zinthu zolimba, zopanda mtundu, ngati utomoni. Pogwiritsa ntchito, amasakanizidwa ndi kuchuluka kochepa kapena kochuluka kwa chofewetsa (dibutil-ftalat, dioktil-ftalat). Kutengera kuchuluka kwa chofewetsacho timapeza PVC yolimba (Vinidur) kapena chinthu chofewetsedwa, chotanuka (Mipolam). Imakana bwino kwambiri mphamvu ya mankhwala. Ilibe chosungunulira choyenera; zosungunulira za chlorinated (ugljen–tetrahlorid, chloroform, dihlor-etan, cikloheksanon) zimaisungunula pang’onopang’ono. Pakumata, pamsika pamapezeka guluu wapadera wa PVC. Imamatira mofooka ndi chisakanizo cha 1:1 cha dihlor-etan ndi cikloheksanon.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa: mapaipi (amagwiridwa bwino pochotsa zolemba za kudula, ndipo akatenthedwa amakhala ofewa) a madzi a m’nyumba, ngalande ndi zina zotero, popanga zotengera za asidi ndi mankhwala. PVC yofewetsedwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mafilimu (mikanjo yamvula, ma paketi, matumba). Kulumikiza PVC nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwa kuwotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotentha. Mafilimu a PVC ofewetsedwa amalumikizidwa mwa kuphatikiza kuwotcherera ndi kumata.
Politetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
Mwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi polima ya tetrafluoroethylene. Yolimba, yosinthika pang’ono, yopanda mtundu, m’gawo lochepa imawonekera. Zidutswa zazikulu ndi zoyera ngati mkaka. Makhalidwe ake osayerekezeka a dielectrical komanso makhalidwe ake abwino kwambiri a kutentha, komanso kusasungunuka kwake konse, zimapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa asakhale ndi wina woti angalowe m’malo mwake m’malo ena. Komabe, mtengo wake umapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupezeka. Kukonza teflon m’makampani n’kovuta kwambiri, ndipo kukonza kunyumba n’kovutanso kwambiri. Palibe zosungunulira. Kumamatitsa kumatheka ndi zomatira zapadera zokha, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo ndi kupambana kochepa kwambiri. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 350°C, imafewa pa pafupifupi 400-450°C.
Acetate ya selulosi
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose yachilengedwe (vata) pogwiritsa ntchito asidi ya viniga. Lili ndi molekyulu yovuta, yokhala ndi kapangidwe kosinthasintha.
Zinthu zolimba, zolimba, zosapirira pa kutentha pang’ono kokwera. Kufewa kumayamba pa 60°С, kusungunuka pa 100–110°С. Ndi chowoneka bwino, koma kupatsira kuwala sikufika kwa polystyrene. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kuli kofanana ndi kwa polystyrene, koma zinthu za cellulose acetate zimaphwanyidwa movuta kwambiri. Silingapakidwe utoto bwino monga polystyrene. Siyaka, choncho imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu. Zosungunulira ndi (kutengera njira yopangira) acetone, (chloroform, dihlorethylene). Kumata kumachitika bwino kwambiri ndi yankho lokhazikika la asidi wa acetic. N’zotheka kuchita chithandizo cha kutentha ndi kukonza pochotsa tchipisi.
Nitro selulozi (celuloid)
Imapangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose yachilengedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito asidi wa nitriki. Imapangidwa ndi ma molekyulu osiyana-siyana, ovuta.
Chofanana ndi vati, chinthu chowopsa kwambiri, choyaka mofulumira, chophulika. Chimamasuka bwino mu acetone. Mayankho, okhala ndi kuwonjezera kwa zofewetsa (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat) amadziwika bwino ngati ma varnish (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
Nitrocellulose, wosakanizidwa ndi camphor (10-30%), monga chofewetsa, amadziwika ndi dzina lakuti: celluloid. Chinthuchi ndi chimodzi mwa mapulasitiki oyambirira, chokhala ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri (chimakana kugunda, chili chowonekera, chotsika mtengo, chokongola m’maonekedwe), ndipo chinachotsedwa pa ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa cha kuyaka kwambiri. Pa kugwira ntchito ndi kukonza, ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala kwambiri. Kukonza kumachitika makamaka kuchokera ku zidutswa za mapanelo podula, kumata, ndi kupinda. Pakumata amagwiritsa ntchito acetone.
Mapulasitiki olimba
(Mapoliplasti okhazikika pa kutentha)
Poliplasti za gulu ili zidadziwika koyambirira kwambiri. Pa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi pali magawo awiri ofunikira: choyamba amapangidwa termpoplast, (ikatenthedwa imafewa), kenaka chisakanizo chimasakanizidwa ndi »zodzazira« ndipo chinthu chomwe chimachitika chimakhala zopangira za kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Pakupitiliza kukonza, zinthuzo zimapangidwa mwa kukanikiza kapena kujekesa; chifukwa cha kutentha, polipulasitiki wolimba sangathenso kukonzedwanso ndi kutenthetsa, ndipo sungasungunuke m’misulu.
Fenopulasiti (bakilaiti)
Zinthuzo zimakhala ndi fungo lodziwika la bakelite, ndipo chifukwa cha mtundu wotsekeka wa zopangira zoyambira zinthu zokhala ndi mitundu yotseguka kwambiri sizingapangidwe. Mpaka 170°С zimapirira kutentha, kenako zimayamba kutaya kulimba kwake. Pa pafupifupi 400°С zimawonongeka, zimakhala makala.
Malingana ndi mtundu wa »filler« bakelite imatha kukhala yolimba, yosagonjera kapena yosweka mosavuta. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zaumisiri: soketi, zolumikizira, zogwirira, zotetezera magetsi, mabokosi ndi zina zotero. Siyoyenera kusungiramo zakudya. Pa kukonza m’nyumba, zinthu zoyenera kwambiri ndi zopangidwa theka, mapanelo angapo zigawo, mapaipi ndi ndodo. Imagwirizana bwino kwambiri ndi ma epoxy resins.
Aminoplastiki (doramin, nikeplast)
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku formaldehyde ndi carbamide. Chogulitsacho chili chopanda mtundu, chopanda fungo, komanso chosawononga. N’choyeneranso kusungiramo zinthu za chakudya. Chifukwa chimenechi, komanso chifukwa choti chingagwiritsidwe ntchito m’makutidwe otseguka, chimampatsa mwayi waukulu. Kupatula apo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuli kofanana ndi ma resini a bakelite. Zinthu zoyambirira za kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyumba sizimabwera kawirikawiri pamsika.
Ma resin a polyester (elastirol, polikon)
Amapangidwa ndi kondenseshoni ya ma asidi a dikarboksili ndi mowa wa dwohidroksili. Mwa zinthu zoyambira, chimodzi chiyenera kukhala ndi cholumikizira chawiri. Resini yomwe imapangika imasungunuka mu monomeri ina. Unyinji umenewu, wofanana ndi uchi, umalimba posonkhezeredwa ndi ma katalisitala omwe awonjezedwa ndipo, kutengera mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma katalisitala amenewo, mofulumira kapena mochedwa, pa kutentha kwa chipinda kapena pa kutentha kokwera. Asanalimbe ukhoza kupakidwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Wabwino, koma zimapezeka movuta. Uyenera kupanga mizinga yaying’ono kapena zinthu payekha.
Pa kukonza ndi kuponyera, misa imangotsanuliridwa mu nkhungu, popanda kukanikizidwa, ndipo imadzaza nkhunguyo yomwe ingakhale ya pulasitala, matabwa, sera, plastelini ndi zina zotero. Chokhacho ndi kudikira mpaka misa ilimba ndipo chidutswa chatha chingatulutsidwe mu nkhungu.
Malingana ndi njira ina, nsalu ya galasi kapena ya nsalu imalowetsedwa ndi resini, kenako kuikidwa pa fomu kapena nkhungu. Mwanjira imeneyi amapanga mabwato, matupi a magalimoto, zipewa zodzitetezera ndi zina.
Zinthu zamtengo wapatali, monga zitsanzo za zakale, zida zoyendera pansi pa madzi ndi zina zotero, zingatetezedwe bwino kwambiri ndi utomoni wowonekera. Utomoni wolimba ndi wabwino kwambiri pokonza pochotsa tchipisi, umamamatira bwino ndi monomer wake womwewo, ndipo umawoneka bwino akapolished. Umalimbana kwambiri ndi zotsatira za nyengo ndipo ndi insulator yabwino kwambiri ya magetsi.
Epoksi–resin (eporezit, araldit)
According to their chemical structure, epoxy resins can be classified among polyesters. Thus, their use in most cases corresponds to the use of polyesters. They are produced in products ranging from liquid to solid, in various consistencies. Liquid products are easier to process, while solid ones have somewhat better properties. Depending on the catalyst for cross-linking, the curing time of the resin can vary within very wide limits. If one may say so, they are an even better processing material than polyesters. Unfortunately, they are also quite difficult to obtain.
Kupatula ma resin a kuponyera, pakati pa ma resin a epoksi mungapezekenso zomatira zabwino kwambiri. Zomatirozi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumata zinthu zosazolowereka, monga: chitsulo-ku-chitsulo, chitsulo-galasi, galasi-ku-galasi.