Kev tu tsheb nrog tshuaj lom neeg
Kev tiv thaiv log tsheb tsheb
Thaum siv ntev los sis khaws cia tsis siv, roj hmab yuav ua nkig, tawv thiab poob nws kev yoog taus. Cov txheej txheem no qeeb heev, kav tau ntau xyoo.
Cov xwm txheej ntawm cov log tsheb tsheb, feem ntau, nyob ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm oxygen, ozone thiab ultraviolet hluav taws xob. Kev kub ceev ua kom cov kev ua tshuaj lom neeg uas rhuav tshem roj hmab sai dua.
Thaum nyob rau hauv lub xeev raug zog, roj hmab laus sai dua, txhais tau tias mas yog thaum siv tsis tu ncua. Cov yeeb ncuab loj tshaj plaws ntawm roj hmab yog tooj liab, cobalt thiab manganese. Txawm yog me ntsis npaum li cas los ntawm cov hlau no, lawv yeej yuav tawm tsam thiab rhuav roj hmab hauv lub sijhawm luv.
Cia peb tiv thaiv cov roj hmab ntawm roj (roj yuav yaj nws), hnub ci thiab cua sov. Kev khaws roj hmab thaum tsis siv xav tau chav txias thiab noo, thiab nws yog qhov zoo tshaj yog muab cov nplaim roj hmab hnav nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb.
Rau kev tu roj hmab, zoo tshaj yog pleev cov chaw roj hmab nrog cov sib tov glycerin thiab dej 50%-feem, ob txog peb zaug.
Yam kua txias tiv khov
Ethyleneglycol yog ib cov kua tsis muaj xim, pob tshab thiab zoo li syrup, tsis muaj ntxhiab. Qhov kub npau yog 197,2°C. (Qhov tov dej ntawm 60%-ni ntawm ethyleneglycol khov ntawm -40°C.)
Peb tuaj yeem ua cov dej txias sib tov rau ntau yam kub los ntawm kev sib tov dej nrog ethylene glycol hauv cov piv txwv hauv qab no:
10% ntawm ethylene glycol thiab 90% dej, siv tau mus txog -4°C,
20% etilenglikola thiab 80% dej, siv tau txog -9°C,
30% ntawm etilenglikola thiab 70% dej, siv tau txog -15°C,
40% ntawm ethylene glycol thiab 60% dej, siv tau txog -24°C,
50% ethylene glycol thiab 50% dej, siv tau mus txog -36°C.
Rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion, peb muab 3-7 gram ntawm sodium benzoate rau hauv txhua liter ntawm cov sib tov. Ethylene glycol yog tshuaj lom!
Kev muag dej rau lub txias dej
Qhov zoo tshaj yog siv dej nag lossis dej distilled. Peb ua kom cov dej uas tawv nruab nrab mos dua nrog 5 g ntawm kua qaub kub hnyiab thiab 10 gram ntawm dej qab zib rau 10 litres dej. Tom qab cia sawv ob peb teev, cov khib nyiab uas sib cais yuav txo mus rau hauv qab, yog li peb tuaj yeem yooj yim ncuav dej ntshiab tawm. Cov dej huv uas cais tawm peb muab rau hauv lwm lub thawv, ces mam li nchuav rau hauv lub txias dej.
Kev yaj cov nplai txhoj
Yog peb pom tias muaj pob zeb limescale tawm hauv lub txias tshuab, peb nchuav ib qho kua dej kub ntawm trinatrijum–fosfata (Na3PO4), uas yuav yaj cov limescale uas tawm los lawm.
Nyob rau hauv 100 litres dej peb ntxiv 6 g trinatrium-phosphate, thaum ua kom lub tov kub txog 80-90°C, peb ntxuav lub radiator nyob rau hauv 3-4 teev, cia dej ncig hauv lub tshuab txias, ces peb tso cov tov tawm thiab ntxuav lub radiator nrog dej huv. Yog tsim nyog, txheej txheem no peb rov ua ob peb zaug, mus txog thaum cov pob zeb xuab zeb yaj tas nrho.
Tshem huab cua/fog
Peb txoj kev paub tau qhia tias cov nto hlau thiab iav yooj yim pos huab yog tias ib sab ntawm lawv nyob rau qhov kub qis dua. Ces ntawm sab tod, uas kub dua, dej pa yooj yim ua kua qaub. Peb yuav qhia ob peb txoj hau kev rau kev tshem huab ntawm cov nto ntawd:
1. 100 g dej,
30 g glycerin,
3 g ntawm qe dawb,
0,5 g benzoat sodium.
2. 79 feem ntawm dej,
20 qhov chaw glycerin,
1 feem ntawm albumin,
0,1 feem ntawm phenol.
3. 5 feem ntawm roj silicon,
35 trichloroethylene,
yaj nyob rau hauv 60 feem ntawm roj av.
Poliplasti (lub npe)
(cov khoom yas)
Txawm lawv yog cov tswv cuab yau tshaj ntawm tsev neeg loj ntawm cov tshuaj siv hauv tsev los xij, lawv twb tau thawb ntau yam khoom siv qub tawm hauv kev siv lawm.
Lawv txoj kev faib tawm zoo tshaj plaws yog ua raws li txoj kev kho cua sov. Qhov tseeb, qee hom thaum raug cua sov ces mos zuj zus, hos lwm hom thaum raug cua sov ces tawv zuj zus. Hom thawj hu ua thermoplast, hom ob hu ua duroplast. Duroplast kuj feem ntau tuaj yeem hloov mus ua ib lub xeev ib nrab kua ib zaug thaum raug cua sov, (hauv pwm lawv txais tau qhov duab uas xav tau), tab sis kev ua haujlwm ntxiv ntawm tshav kub yuav hloov lawv mus rau lub xeev tawv tsis thim rov qab. Thaum rov muab cua sov ces peb tsis tuaj yeem ua kom lawv mos ntxiv lawm.
Thermoplastics, thaum muab cua sov lawv muag - dhau los ua plastic - tuaj yeem muab zoo rau hauv pwm thiab thaum txias lawv tawv. Thaum rov muab cua sov dua lawv rov muag, thiab rov muab zoo dua tau. Qhov rov tsim no tuaj yeem rov ua tau tsis muaj kawg.
Thermoplastic
yas polietileen
Polyethylene yog polymer ntawm ethylene. Nws yog ib yam khoom npliag, yas, uas thaum kov zoo li roj nplaum. Tsis muaj tshuaj lom, thiab tiv taus kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo heev. Nws yaj kwv yees li ntawm 105-110°C. Ntawm chav kub tsis muaj kua uas haum rau yaj lossis kua nplaum. Kev siv tshwj xeeb: cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev hluav taws xob, cov thawv tsis tawg, kav dej, zaj duab xis. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej txiav.
yas polypropylene
Polymer yog propylene. Nws zoo ib yam li polyethylene, tab sis khov dua thiab yaj kwv yees li ntawm 180°C. Nws tsis haum rau kev nchuav tes, vim qhov ceev loj ntawm cov khoom yaj. Nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom, thiab tiv taus kev ua ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Ntawm chav kub nws tsis yaj hauv cov kua thiab kuj tsis tuaj yeem lo tau.
Kev siv polypropylene zoo ib yam li polyethylene, tab sis vim nws muaj qhov melting point siab dua thiab tensile strength loj dua, nws siv tau rau ntau qhov chaw dua. Yog li ntawd, siv rau cov thawv thiab cuab yeej uas yuav tsum sterilize, cov yeeb nkab siab, cov tis ntawm lub kiv cua thiab propeller ntawm nkoj me muaj cav, cov thawv uas tsis tawg, khoom ua si thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov khoom no yog ua los ntawm polypropylene. Rau kev ua haujlwm uas txiav tshem khoom me me, nws tsis haum ntau.
Polymethyl acrylate
(Plexi-iav)
Plexiglas yog ib hom polymer ntawm methyl ester ntawm acrylic acid. Nws yog ib yam khoom ntshiab, tsis tshua muaj xim, thiab tsis txhav nkig ntau npaum li polystyrene. Ntawm 90°C pib muag muag, thiab ntawm 140-150°C tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li yas. Tsis muaj tshuaj lom, thiab ib feem kuj tiv taus kev cuam tshuam ntawm acids thiab bases. Qhov tshuaj yaj zoo tshaj yog chloroform, thiab tib lub sijhawm kuj yog kua nplaum. Nws cia cov teeb ci dhau tau zoo heev. Nws tuaj rau kev lag luam ua daim phiaj, yeeb nkab, thiab pas. Lub npe lag luam ntawm plexi–stakla, tsim hauv Galenika Zemun, yog klirit. Nws ua haujlwm tau zoo nrog cuab yeej txiav. Tom qab kho cua sov, thaum cia txias lawm, nws tuav tau daim duab uas tau txais zoo. Thaum rov ua kom sov, nws rov qab mus rau daim duab qub. Nws zoo heev rau kev siv tes ua hauv tsev neeg.
yas polystyrene
Polistirol yog ib hom polymer ntawm vinyl–benzene. Tsis muaj xim, pob tshab lossis cia lub teeb hla tau. Nws pib mos rau kwv yees li 80°C, thiab qhov kub ua haujlwm yog kwv yees li 120-140°C, hos ntawm 200° twb pib tawg lawm.
Nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom, cov acids thiab alkalis yaj nws. Tus yaj zoo tshaj, lossis kua nplaum, yog benzol. Ib hom poliplast uas paub thiab siv ntev lawm. Vim nws txhav thiab yooj yim tawg, nws txwv ib cheeb tsam siv uas loj heev. Thawv, tais diav, khoom ua si, khawm, ces zuag, tes tuav, thawv roj teeb, zaj yas, thiab cov khoom zoo li ntawd raug ua los ntawm polystyrene. Nws cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob, dielectric ruaj khov thiab cov poob dielectric tsawg ua rau nws yog ib cov khoom zoo heev rau hluav taws xob engineering. Cov tshuaj benzol ntawm polystyrene yog kua nplaum zoo heev rau ntawv, nws txhawb kev nkag mus rau hauv thiab tsis pub dej hla. Tsis pom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm txiav tshem cov shavings.
Polyamid (nylon)
Raws li kev muaj tshuaj, nws yog ib qho khoom tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov kua qaub dicarboxylic thiab diamine. Raws li nws cov qauv, nws zoo ib yam li cov protein ntuj. Nws ruaj khov heev, daj me ntsis, thiab pom kev dhau tau. Nws qhov chaw yaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 140°C. Nws tsis yog tshuaj lom, thaum tshiab yaj nws muaj qhov tsw qab iab vim cov khoom uas tawg tawm. Nws tsis tiv taus qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj heev. Nws tsis muaj cov kuab tshuaj uas haum, nws yaj hauv formic acid, lossis acetic acid.
Feem ntau nws yog siv los ua fibers. Los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thiab nias, kuj tseem ua tau ntau yam khoom. Cov ntaub polyamide kuj raug txiav ua tej daim tau zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ua cov iav iav uas tsis nrov thiab cov qia.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, mipolam)
Raws li tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog ib hom polymer ntawm vinyl chloride. Nws yog ib yam khoom tawv, tsis muaj xim, zoo li cob. Thaum siv, nws raug sib tov nrog ib qho me me mus txog ntau dua ntawm cov tshuaj ua kom mos (dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate). Nyob ntawm qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj ua kom mos, peb tau txais PVC tawv (Vinidur) lossis ib yam khoom mos, yoog raws (Mipolam). Nws tiv taus kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj zoo heev. Nws tsis muaj ib qho kuab tshuaj haum; cov kuab tshuaj muaj chlorine (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone) maj mam yaj nws. Rau kev muab lo, muaj tshwj xeeb PVC kua nplaum nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Nws lo tsis zoo heev nrog qhov sib tov ntawm 1:1 ntawm dichloroethane thiab cyclohexanone.
Siv rau: cov raj (ua tau zoo los ntawm kev txiav hlais, thaum muab kub nws ua mos thiab khoov tau) rau dej xa, kev tshem dej qias, thiab lwm yam, rau kev ua cov thawv ntim kua qaub thiab tshuaj. PVC mos feem ntau siv ua cov zaj duab xis (khaub ncaws tiv nag, ntim khoom, hnab). Kev txuas PVC feem ntau ua los ntawm kev vuam siv cua kub. Cov zaj duab xis PVC mos raug txuas los ntawm kev sib txuas vuam thiab tshuaj nplaum ua ke.
Politetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
Raws li tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws yog polymer ntawm tetrafluoroethylene. Khov, me ntsis ywj, tsis muaj xim, thiab hauv txheej nyias yog pom lub teeb hla tau. Cov pawg loj dua yog dawb li mis nyuj. Cov yam ntxwv dielectric uas tsis muaj neeg ncav cuag thiab cov yam ntxwv kub zoo heev, nrog rau kev tsis yaj kiag li, ua rau cov khoom no qee qhov chaw tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tus nqi tsim ua rau nyuaj nkag tau. Kev ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam ntawm teflon nyuaj heev, thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev tseem nyuaj dua. Tsis muaj cov tshuaj yaj. Nws tsuas yog tuaj yeem lo nrog cov kua nplaum tshwj xeeb thiab tseem nrog kev vam meej tsawg heev. Nws tuaj yeem siv tau txog 350°C, nws pib mos ntawm kwv yees 400-450°C.
Acetat cellulose
Nws raug tsim los ntawm cellulose ntuj (vata) siv kua qaub vinegar. Nws muaj lub molecule nyuab, muaj pes tsawg leeg hloov tau.
Khoom ruaj khov, tiv taus, tab sis tsis tiv taus kub me ntsis siab dua. Kev muag muag pib ntawm 60°С, yaj ntawm 100–110°С. Nws yog pob tshab, tab sis kev kis tau ntawm lub teeb tsis txog qib ntawm polystyrene. Kev siv zoo ib yam li polystyrene, tab sis cov khoom ua los ntawm cellulose acetate tawg nyuaj dua. Nws tsis tuaj yeem xim tau zoo npaum li polystyrene. Nws tsis kub nyhiab, yog li siv rau kev tsim yeeb yaj kiab. Cov kuab yog (nyob ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom) acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). Kev lo ua tau zoo tshaj plaws nrog kua qaub acetic uas muaj zog. Kev ua cua sov thiab kev txiav zom kuj ua tau.
Nitrocellulose (celluloid)
Nws raug tsim los ntawm cellulose ntuj, los ntawm kev ua ntawm nitric acid. Nws muaj cov molecules tsis zoo ib yam thiab nyuab.
Zoo ib yam li vati, ib yam khoom uas kub nyhiab heev thiab tawg tau. Nws yaj zoo hauv acetone. Cov kev tov, nrog ntxiv cov kua muag mos (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat) yog cov varnish uas paub zoo (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
Nitrocellulose, uas sib tov nrog camphor (10-30%), ua tus ua kom muag, paub npe hu ua: celluloid. Cov khoom no yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov yas, muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo heev (tiv taus kev ntaus, pom kev, pheej yig, zoo nkauj), tab sis raug tshem tawm ntawm kev siv txhua hnub tsuas yog vim nws kub nyhiab yooj yim heev. Thaum ua haujlwm thiab ua txheej txheem, yuav tsum ua tib zoo heev. Kev ua txheej txheem feem ntau ua los ntawm cov daim tiaj los ntawm kev txiav, lo, thiab khoov. Rau kev lo siv acetone.
yas duroplast
(Poliplasts uas ruaj khov rau tshav kub)
Cov poliplasti ntawm pawg no tau nrhiav pom ntxov tshaj plaws. Hauv kev tsim thiab siv cov khoom no muaj ob theem yam ntxwv: ua ntej tsim thermpoplast, (thaum muab kub nws muag), tom qab ntawd muab cov loj sib tov nrog »punila« thiab qhov khoom uas tau txais li ntawd yog raw khoom rau kev tsim ntau yam khoom siv.
Thaum ua ntxiv, cov khoom raug puab los ntawm kev nias, txhaj molding; vim tshav kub, polyplast uas twb tawv lawm tsis tuaj yeem raug ua dua los ntawm kev rhaub, thiab nws kuj tsis yaj hauv cov tshuaj yaj.
Fenoplast (yas bakelite)
Cov khoom muaj ib qho ntxhiab bakelite meej, thiab vim cov xim kaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raw, tsis tuaj yeem tsim tau cov khoom uas muaj xim qhib dua. Txog 170°С nws tiv taus kev kub, tom qab ntawd nws poob nws qhov ruaj khov. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 400°С nws puas tsuaj, tig ua thee.
Nyob ntawm hom »filler« bakelit yuav tawv, muaj zog, lossis yooj yim lov. Feem ntau siv rau cov hom phiaj txheej txheem: qhov xauv ntsaws, cov txuas, tes tuav, cov ntaub thaiv hluav taws xob, cov thawv thiab lwm yam. Nws tsis haum rau khaws khoom noj. Rau kev ua hauv tsev, cov khoom ib nrab tiav, cov phaj txheej, cov kav, thiab cov pas yog qhov tsim nyog tshaj. Nws lo tau zoo heev nrog cov tshuaj cob epoxy.
Cov aminoplasti (doramin, nikeplast)
Nws raug tsim los ntawm formaldehyde thiab carbamide. Cov khoom ntawd tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Kuj haum rau khaws cia cov khoom noj. Qhov no, thiab qhov tseeb tias nws tuaj yeem siv tau hauv cov xim qhib, muab rau nws ib qho txiaj ntsig loj. Txwv tsis pub, nws kev siv zoo ib yam li cov bakelite resin. Cov khoom ib nrab ua tiav rau kev siv hauv tsev tsis tshua tuaj rau hauv kev ua lag luam.
Polyester resins (elastirol, polikon)
Lawv raug tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov kua qaub dikarboksilik thiab cov cawv dvohidroksilik. Ntawm cov khoom pib, ib qho yuav tsum muaj ib txoj hlua ob npaug. Cov roj hmab uas tsim tawm raug yaj hauv ib hom monomer. Qhov loj no, zoo li zib ntab, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov katalis uas tau ntxiv thiab raws li hom thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov katalis ntawd, yuav khov sai dua lossis tom qab, ntawm chav sov lossis ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Ua ntej nws khov, nws tuaj yeem raug pleev xim nrog ntau yam xim. Zoo tagnrho, tab sis nrhiav tau nyuaj. Haum rau kev tsim khoom me me lossis cov khoom ib leeg.
Thaum ua los ntawm kev nchuav, tsuas yog nchuav cov mas rau hauv pwm xwb, tsis tas nias, nws puv tau pwm uas yuav ua los ntawm gypsum, ntoo, ciab, plasticine thiab lwm yam. Tsuas yog yuav tsum tos kom txog thaum cov mas tawv ces daim khoom tiav thiaj muab rho tawm tau ntawm pwm.
Raws li txoj kev thib ob, daim ntaub iav lossis ntaub textile raug ntub nrog cov cob, ces muab tso rau ntawm daim qauv lossis pwm. Ua li no thiaj tsim tau nkoj, cev tsheb, kaus mom tiv thaiv, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom muaj nqis siab, xws li cov qauv qub txeeg qub teg, cov cuab yeej siv hauv qab dej thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau zoo heev nrog cov resin pob tshab. Cov resin tawv yog haum heev rau kev ua tshuab los ntawm kev txiav chips, lo tau zoo nrog nws tus kheej monomer, thiab yog qhov zoo heev rau kev txhuam kom du. Nws tiv taus heev rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua thiab yog ib qho zoo heev ntawm hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev.
Epoxy–resin (eporezit, araldit)
Raws li cov qauv tshuaj, epoksi-resin tuaj yeem muab faib rau hauv pawg polyester. Yog li lawv txoj kev siv feem ntau kuj phim kev siv ntawm polyesters. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm cov khoom kua mus txog cov khoom tawv, hla ntau yam qib tuab. Cov khoom kua yooj yim ua haujlwm dua, hos cov khoom tawv muaj qee yam zoo dua me ntsis. Nyob ntawm tus catalyst rau kev txuas hla, lub sijhawm uas resin tawv tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov ntau dav heev. Yog hais tau, nws yog ib yam khoom zoo rau kev ua haujlwm tshaj polyesters ntxiv thiab. Hmoov tsis zoo, kuj nrhiav tau nyuaj heev.
Dhau li ntawm cov resin rau kev nchuav, ntawm cov epoxy resin kuj pom muaj cov kua nplaum zoo heev. Cov kua nplaum no siv tau rau kev txuas cov khoom siv uas tsis nquag siv ua ke, xws li: hlau–hlau, hlau-iav, iav-iav.