Kuchengetwa kwemotokari nechemistry
Kuchengetedzwa kwematai emotokari
Pakushandiswa kwenguva refu kana pakuchengetwa isiri kushandiswa, rabha rinova brittle, rakaoma uye rinorasikirwa nekusanduka. Maitiro aya anononoka, anotora makore akati wandei.
Mamiriro ematai emotokari anotsamira, zvikuru, pakushanda kweokisijeni, ozoni uye mwaranzi yeultraviolet. Kupisa kunokurumidza kuita kwemakemikari kunoparadza rabha.
Muchimiro chakatambanudzwa rabha rinokwegura nekukurumidza, zvinoreva chaizvo pakushandiswa nguva dzose. Vavengi vakuru verabha mhangura, cobalt uye manganese. Kunyange huwandu hudiki hwezvinhu izvi zvesimbi munguva pfupi hunorwisa uye hunoparadza rabha.
Ngatidzivirirei marabha kubva mumafuta (mafuta anoa nyungudutsa), chiedza chezuva uye kupisa. Kuchengetwa kwemarabha asingashandiswi kunoda makamuri anotonhorera uye ane mwando, uye zvinokurudzirwa kupfekedza nzvimbo dzemarabha nezvinhu zvekudzivirira zvemakemikari.
Pakuchengeta rabha, zvakanaka kuzora nzvimbo dzemarabhha nemusanganiswa une glycerin nemvura 50%-nom, kaviri kana katatu.
Antifreeze
Etilenigororo imvura isina ruvara, inoonekera, yakaita seshuga yakanyungudika, isina munhuwi. Poindi yekubikira iri 197,2°C. (Mhinduro yemvura ye60%-ni yeetileniglikoro inotonhora pa -40°C.)
Musanganiswa wefriji, wekutonhorera kwakasiyana siyana tinogona kuugadzira nekusanganisa mvura ne ethylene glycol muzvikamu zvinotevera:
10% ye ethylene glycol ne 90% yemvura, inoshandiswa kusvika ku -4°C,
20% ye ethylene glycol uye 80% yemvura, inoshandiswa kusvika ku -9°C,
30% yefomu re ethylene glycol uye 70% yemvura, inoshandiswa kusvika -15°C,
40% ethylene glycol uye 60% mvura, inoshandiswa kusvika -24°C,
50% ethylene glycol ne50% mvura, inoshandiswa kusvika -36°C.
Kudzivirira ngura, tinoisa magiramu 3-7 esodium benzoate mulita rimwe nerimwe remusanganiswa. Ethylene glycol ine chepfu!
Kupfavisa mvura yechitonhodzi
Zvakanakisisa kana kushandiswa mvura yemvura inonaya kana mvura yakasvinwa. Mvura dziri pakati pekuoma tinoidzikamisa nekuisa 5 g ecalimu rakadzimwa uye 10 magiramu esoda pa 10 litita emvura. Mushure mekumira kwemaawa mashoma, tsvina yakaparadzana inogara pasi, zvichiita kuti tive nyore kubudisa mvura yakajeka. Mvura yakachena yakaparadzaniswa tinoiisa mumudziyo wechipiri, tobva tadururira mufiriji chete pashure ipapo.
Kunyunguduka kwechikero
Kana tikaona kubuda kwechokoreti yemarara muchitonhodzi, tinoisa mushonga unopisa we trinatrium–phosphate (Na3PO4), uyo uchanyungudutsa chokoreti yemarara yabuda.
Pamakirogiramu 100 emvura tinoisa 6 g yetrinasiyamu–fosfeti, tichipisa mhinduro kusvika pa80-90°C, tinosuka radiator mukati me3-4 awa, tichirega mvura ichitenderera musystem yekutonhodza, tobva tadurura mhinduro yacho tosuka radiator nemvura yakachena. Kana zvichidikanwa, nzira iyi inodzokororwa kakati wandei, kusvikira chiyero chese chanyungudika zvachose.
Kubvisa mhute
Chiitiko chakatiratidza kuti nzvimbo dzesimbi negirazi dzinokurumidza kuva nemhute kana rimwe divi radzo riri patembiricha yakaderera. Parimwe divi, rinodziya, mweya wemvura unobva wanyatsokonzedzesa nyore. Tichataura mimwe mishonga yekubvisa mhute pamativi iwayo:
1. 100 g yemvura,
30 g yegiriserini,
3 g yechichena chezai,
0,5 g yesodium benzoate.
2. 79 zvimedu zvemvura,
20 zvikamu zveglycerin,
1 chikamu chealbumin,
chikamu che0,1 chephenol.
3. 5 zvikamu zvemafuta esilicone,
35 ye trichloroethylene,
zvanyungudutswa mu 60 zvikamu zvepeturu.
Polipurasti
(zvinhu zvepurasitiki)
Kunyange zvazvo vari nhengo duku-diki dzemhuri hombe yemakemikari anoshandiswa mumhuri, vatotobvisa kubva mukushandiswa zvinhu zvakawanda zvechinyakare.
Kupatsanurwa kwawo kunonyanya kuitwa maererano nenzira yekupisa. Kureva kuti, mamwe anonyorova kana apiswa, nepo mamwe anooma kana apiswa. Ekutanga anonzi thermoplastics, echipiri duroplastics. Duroplasticswo kazhinji anogona kamwe chete, pakupiswa, kuendeswa muchimiro chepakati-mvura, (mukuforoma anotora chimiro chinodiwa), asi kupisa kunoenderera mberi kunoashandura zvisingadzokei kuita mamiriro akasimba. Kana tapisa zvakare hatichakwanisi kuanyorovesa.
Thermoplastics, kana dzopisa dzinozonyorova - dzinoita plastiki - dzinogona kugadzirwa mumaforoma uye kana dzatonhora dzinooma. Dzakadzokororwazve kupisa dzinonyorova zvakare, uye dzinogona kugadzirwazve zvakare. Kugadzirwazve uku kunogona kudzokororwa kazhinji kusingaverengeki.
Mapurasitiki anonyungudika nekupisa
Poliyethirini
Polyethylene ipolima yeethylene. Chinhu chinofema, chepurasitiki, chinonzwa sechakakora kana wabata. Haina chepfu, inodzivirira zvikuru kushanda kwemakemikari. Inonyungudika paanenge 105-110°C. Pamutembiricha yemumba haina solvent yakakodzera kana kunamira. Kushandiswa kunoratidza: zvinhu zvekudzivirira magetsi, midziyo isingatyoke, mapaipi, mafirimu. Haigoni kugadzirwa nemidziyo yekucheka.
Polypropylene
Polima ndeye propylene. Yakafanana nepolyethylene, asi inotsemuka zviri nyore uye inonyungudika paanenge 180°C. Haina kukodzera kukandwa nemaoko, nekuda kwekuti zvinhu zvanyungudutswa zvine kuwanda kukuru. Haina chepfu, inoramba kushanda kwemakemikari. Pamusoro petembiricha yemumba hainyunguduki uye haigoni kunamirwa.
Kushandiswa kwepolypropylene kwakafanana nepolyethylene, asi nekuda kwekuti ine nzvimbo yakakwirira yekunyungudika uye simba guru rekudhonza, inogona kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakafara zvikuru. Saka inoshandiswa kumidziyo nematurusi anofanira kuitwa sterilize, mapaipi ekumanikidzwa, mapapiro emafeni nema propeller emabhoti emotor, mabhokisi asingaputsiki, matoyi nezvimwe zvakadaro. Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nepolypropylene. Haina kukodzera zvikuru pakugadzirisa nekubvisa machipisi.
Polymethyl acrylate
(Plexi-girazi)
Pleksi-girazi ipolima yemethyl ester yeasidhi yeakriliki. Icho chinhu chakajeka, chisingawanzo kuve neruvara, uye chine kusimba kushoma kupfuura polistireni. Pana 90°C kupfava kunotanga, uye pa 140-150°C rinogona kugadzirwa nepurasitiki. Harina chepfu, uye rinoshingirira zvishoma pakushanda kweasidhi nemabhesi. Solvent yakanakisisa i chloroform, uye panguva imwecheteyo, ndiyo guruu. Rinotapura mwenje zvikuru. Rinouya pamusika semaplate, mapaipi, netsvimbo. Zita rekutengeserana repleksi-girazi rinogadzirwa kuGalenika Zemun ndi klirit. Rinogadzirwa zvakanaka nematurusi ekucheka. Mushure mekupisa nekutonhodza, rinobata zvakanaka chimiro charo chakagamuchirwa. Nekupisazve rinodzokera kuchimiro charo chepakutanga. Rinonyatsokodzera basa remumba.
Polisitiriro
Polistirol ipolymer yevinyl–benzene. Isina ruvara, yakajeka kana kuti inotendera chiedza kupfuura. Kupfava kunotanga paanenge 80°C, uye tembiricha yekugadzirisa iri paanenge 120-140°C, uye pa 200° yatotanga kuparara.
Haisi chepfu, asidhi nealkali zvinoinyungudutsa. Chinonyungudutsa chakanakisisa, kana kuti guruu, ibenzene. Ipurasitiki yakagara ichizivikanwa uye ichishandiswa kwenguva refu. Kuputsika kwayo kuri pakati, kuve nyore kutsemuka, kunoganhurira nzvimbo yakakura zvikuru yokushandiswa kwayo. Mabhokisi, midziyo, matoyi, mabhatani, zvitsvairo, mabatiro, mabhokisi emaaccumulator, mafirimu nezvimwe zvakafanana zvinogadzirwa nepolystyrene. Zvimiro zvemagetsi, kusimba kwe dielectric, uye kurasikirwa kudiki kwe dielectric zvinoita kuti ive chinhu chakanakisisa muinjiniya yemagetsi. Mhinduro yebenzene yepolystyrene iguruu rakanakisisa repepa, inonyatsoimpregnate uye haina kupinza mvura. Hazvikurudzirwi kuishandisa pakugadzira nekubvisa machipisi.
Poliamidi (nylon)
Maererano nechemistry, igadzirwa rinobva pakukondenzwa kweacids diki-diki dzekabhoni uye diamines. Maererano nechimiro chakafanana nemapuroteni echisikigo. Rakanyanya kusimba, rine ruvara rweyero rakatsetseka, rinopinduka. Nzvimbo yaro yekunyunguduka iri pedyo ne140°C. Harisi chepfu, kana richangobva kunyungudutswa rine kuravira kunovava nekuda kwezvigadzirwa zvekuora. Harina kusimba zvakanyanya pakushanda kwemakemikari. Harina munyungudutsi wakakodzera, rinonyungudika neasidhi yefomic, kana kuti acetic acid.
Inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira faibha. Kubudisa majekiseni nemukukanya, zvinogadzirwawo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Mapolyamide anonyatso shandiswa pakubvisa zvimedu mukugadzirwa, kunyanya pakugadzira magiya asinganzwiki nemashafu.
Polivhinyl–klorayidi (PVC, mipolam)
Panyaya yekemikari, ipolima yevinyl chloride. Chisvinu, chena-chena, chine resin. Paishandiswa chinosanganiswa nehuwandu hudiki kana hukuru hweopeneri (dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate). Zvichienderana nehuwandu hweopeneri tinowana PVC yakaoma (Vinidur) kana chigadzirwa chakapfava, chinokwenenzvereka (Mipolam). Inoramba zvakanaka kukanganiswa nemakemikari. Haina chinonyungudutsa chakakodzera, zvinonyungudutsa zvine chlorine (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone) zvinongoiravira zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakunamirira pamusika panouya guruu rinokosha rePVC. Inonamirwa zvishoma nemazvo nemusanganiswa we1:1 we dichloroethane necyclohexanone.
Inoshandiswa ku: mapaipi (inogadzirwa zvakanaka nekubvisa machipisi, kana yadziyiswa inova inochinjika) yemvura yemupombi, sewage nezvimwewo, pakugadzira midziyo yemakemikari ane acid nezvimwe zvinomera. PVC yakapfava inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mafoiri (mabhachi emvura, kurongedza, mabhegi). Kubatanidza PVC kunonyanya kuitwa nekusonereswa nekunyungudutsa uchishandisa mhepo inodziya. Mafoiri ePVC akapfava anosunganidzwa nokubatanidza kusonera nekukamirira.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon)
Zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari, ipolima yetetrafluoro–ethylene. Yakasimba, ine zvishoma elasticity, haina ruvara, uye mucheka mutete inoonekera. Zvidimbu zvikuru zvine ruvara rwechena mukaka. Hunhu hwayo hunoshamisa hwedielectric pamwe chete nehunyanzvi hwayo hwekushanda patembiricha dzakasiyana, uye kusanyungudika kwayo zvachose, zvinoita kuti chinhu ichi chive chisingatsiviwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Zvisinei, mutengo wayo unoita kuti zviome kuiwana. Kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwetefloni kwakaoma zvikuru, uye kugadzirisa kumba kunotonyanya kuoma. Haina zvinonyungudutsa. Inogona kungosungirirwa nezvinonamira zvakakosha uye kubudirira kudiki kwazvo. Inogona kushandiswa kusvika ku350°C, inonyorova paanenge 400-450°C.
Acetate ye cellulose
Inogadzirwa kubva kucellulose yechisikigo (vata) kuburikidza neasidhi yeacetic. Ine mamorekuru akaomarara, ane kuumbwa kunoshanduka.
Chinhu chakasimba, chinoramba, asi hachimiriri tembiricha dzakakwirira zvishoma. Kupfava kunotanga pa60°С, chinonyunguduka pa100–110°С. Chinopenya, asi kupenya hakusviki kwepolystyrene. Kushandiswa kwakafanana nepolystyrene, asi zvinhu zvecellulose acetate zvinotsemuka zvakaoma. Hachigoni kupendwa zvakanaka sepolystyrene. Hachipisi, saka chinoshandiswa kugadzira mafirimu. Zvinonyungudutsa ndezvi (zvinoenderana nenzira yekugadzira) acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). Kunamira kunonyanya kubudirira nechaunga chakanyanyiswa cheacetic acid. Kugona kugadzirwa nokupisa uye kugadzirwa nekubvisa machipisi.
Nitro cellulose (celuloid)
Inogadzirwa kubva kucellulose yemusikirwo, nekuita kweasidhi yenitrogen. Inoumbwa nemamorekuru asina kufanana, akaoma kunzwisisa.
Chinhu chakafanana newati, chinobvira zvikuru uye chinoputika. Chinonyungudika zvakanaka muacetone. Mhinduro, kana kuwedzerwa mapurasitisa (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat) dzinozivikanwa zvakanaka semavarnish (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
Nitrocellulose, yakasanganiswa nekamfora (10-30%), seanoitapfava, inozivikanwa nezita rokuti: celluloid. Chinhu ichi ndechimwe chezvinhu zvekutanga zvepolimeri, chine hunhu hwakanaka kwazvo (chinoramba kurova, chinobuda pachena, chisingadhuri, chinoyevedza), chakabviswa mukushandiswa kwemazuva ose chete nekuda kwekupisa kwayo kukuru. Pakushanda nekugadzirisa, zvinofanira kuitwa nokungwarira kukuru. Kugadzirisa kunonyanya kuitwa kubva pazvimedu zvemapepanhau kuburikidza nekucheka, kunamira, kukotama. Pakunamisa kunoshandiswa acetone.
Mapurasitiki anooma
(Mapoliplasti anooma nekupisa)
Mapoliplasti eboka iri ndiwo akatanga kuwanikwa kare-kare. Pakugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi pane nhanho mbiri dzinoratidza: kutanga kugadzirwa kwethermoplast, (inopfava kana yapiswa), vozotevera kusanganiswa kwemassa ne »mafiller« uye chinhu chinowanikwa nenzira iyi chinoita seyakagadzirwa mbishi yekugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Pakugadziridzwa kunotevera, zvinhu zvinoumbwa nekukwizwa, nekujekeswa kuburikidza nekusvinwa; nekuita kwekupisa, polyplast yakaoma haichakwanisi kugadziridzwa nekupisa zvakare, uye haina kunyungudika mumanyungurudzo.
Fenoplast (bakiraiti)
Chinhu chacho chine hwema hunooneka hwebakelite, uye nekuda kweruvara rwakavharika rwezvigadzirwa zvekutanga hazvigone kugadzirwa zvinhu zvine mavara akazaruka zvakanyanya. Kusvika pa 170°С rinoramba chiito chetembiricha, vozopedzisira rarasikirwa nesimba raro. Pa anenge 400°С rinoparara, rinosanduka kuita marasha.
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwe »filler« bakelite inogona kuva brittle, tough kana inotsemuka nyore. Kazhinji inoshandiswa pazvinhu zvehunyanzvi: sockets, connectors, handles, insulators, mabhokisi nezvimwe zvakadaro. Haina kukodzera kuchengetera zvinhu zvekudya. Pakugadzirisa mumba, zvakanakisisa zvikamu zvemadhibloka, mapuranga akaturikidzana, mapaipi nematanda. Inonamatira zvikuru neepoxy resins.
Aminoplastics (doramin, nikeplast)
Inogadzirwa kubva ku formaldehyde nekarbamidi. Chigadzirwa hachina ruvara, hachina hwema, hachina uturu. Chinokodzera zvakare kuchengetera zvinhu zvekudya. Chokwadi ichi, pamwe chete nekuti chinogona kushandiswa mumavara akajeka, chinopa mukana mukuru. Zvikasadaro kushandiswa kwacho kwakafanana nemarezeni ebakeliti. Zvigadzirwa zvepakati zvekushandiswa mumhuri hazviwanzo kuwanikwa pamusika.
Mapurasitiki epolyester (elastirol, polikon)
Zvinogadzirwa nekondenseshoni yemakiredhikari e-dicarboxylic uye doro rine mapoka maviri ehydroxyl. Pamusoro pezvinhu zvinotanga, chimwe chinofanira kuva nechisungo chakapetwa kaviri. Resini rinobva ranyungudutswa mune imwe monomeri. Misa iyi, yakafanana nehuchi, inooma nekuita kwemakatalisiti anowedzerwa uye zvichienderana nerudzi nehuwandu hwevamakaratisiti iwayo, nekukurumidza kana kunonoka, patembiricha yemukamuri kana patembiricha dzakakwirira. Asati aoma, inogona kuvezwa nemavara akasiyana-siyana. Yakanaka, asi inowanikwa zvakaoma. Inokodzera kugadzirwa kwemapoka madiki kana zvinhu zvimwe chete.
Pakugadzira nekukandira, musanganiswa unongodirwa mu mold, pasina kudzvanywa, uye unozadza mold inogona kuva yegipsi, huni, wakisi, plastilini nezvimwe zvakadaro. Chingodiwa kungomirira kuti musanganiswa uome, ipapo chidimbu chakapedzwa chinogona kubviswa mu mold.
Zvinoenderana nenzira yechipiri, jira regirazi kana rejira rinoiswa resin, roiswa pafomu kana muforoma. Nenzira iyi zvinogadzirwa zvikepe, mabhodhi emuviri wemotokari, ngowani dzekudzivirira, nezvimwe.
Zvinhu zvinodhura, zvakaita semienzaniso yekuchera matongo, midziyo yepasi pemvura nezvimwewo, zvinogona kuchengetedzwa zvakabudirira zvikuru neresini yakajeka. Resini yakaoma inokodzera zvikuru kugadzirwa nekubvisa machipisi, inonamira zvakanaka kumonomeri yayo, uye inopurindwa zvakanaka. Inopesana zvikuru nemhedzisiro yemamiriro ekunze uye iinsulator yemagetsi yakanaka kwazvo.
Epoxy-resini (eporezit, araldit)
Maererano nechimiro chemakemikari, epoxy-resini inogona kuverengerwa pakati pepoliyesta. Saka kushandiswa kwayo kazhinji kunoenderana nekushandiswa kwepoliyesta. Inogadzirwa kubva kuzvigadzirwa zvemvura kusvika kuzvinhu zvakasimba, kuburikidza nemasimba akasiyana-siyana. Zvigadzirwa zvemvura zvinogadziriswa zviri nani, asi zvakasimba zvine zvimwe zvimiro zviri nani zvishoma. Zvichienderana nekatalisiti yekuyambuka majoini, nguva yekuoma kweresini inogona kuva mukati memuganhu wakakura zvikuru. Kana zvichibvira kutaura, ndechimwe chinhu chiri nani pakugadzirisa kupfuura poliyesta. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinonetsa zvakare kuwanikwa.
Kunze kwemarezeni ekukandira, pakati perezini dzeepoxy munogonawo kuwanikwa zvinamiso zvakanaka kwazvo. Zvinamiso izvi zvinogona kushandiswa kunamira zvinhu zvisingawanzojairika, senge: simbi-simbi, simbi-girazi, girazi-girazi.