Nlekọta kemịkal nke ụgbọala
Nchedo taya ụgbọala
Mgbe a na-eji ya ogologo oge ma ọ bụ chekwaa ya na-ejighị ya, roba na-aghọ nkụ, sie ike ma tufuo elasticity ya. Usoro a na-aga nwayọọ nwayọọ, ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ afọ.
Ọnọdụ taya ụgbọala na-adabere, nke mbụ, na mmetụta oxygen, ozone na radieshon ultraviolet. Okpomọkụ na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ndị na-ebibi rọba ngwa ngwa.
N’ọnọdụ nrụgide, roba na-aka nká ngwa ngwa, nke pụtara kpọmkwem mgbe a na-eji ya kwa ụbọchị. Ndị iro kachasị nke roba bụ ọla kọpa, cobalt na manganese. Ọbụna obere ọnụọgụ nke ọla ndị a n’ime obere oge na-awakpo ma na-emebi roba.
Ka anyị chekwaa rọba megide mmanụ (mmanụ na-agbaze ya), ìhè anyanwụ na okpomọkụ. Ịchekwa rọba mgbe a naghị eji ya chọrọ ụlọ oyi na nke mmiri mmiri, ma ọ dịkwa mma ka e were ọgwụ nchebe kemikal kpuchie elu rọba.
Maka nlekọta rọba, ọ dị mma ịkpuchi elu rọba ahụ na ngwakọta glycerin na mmiri nke 50%%, ugboro abụọ ruo atọ.
antifirizị
Ethylene glycol bụ mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agba, doro anya, dịka sirop, enweghị isi. Oke esi ya bụ 197,2°C. (Ngwọta mmiri 60%-ni nke ethylene glycol na-ajụ oyi na -40°C.)
Ngwakọta maka igwe oyi, maka okpomọkụ dị iche iche, anyị nwere ike ime ya site n’ịgwakọta mmiri na ethylene glycol n’usoro ndị a:
10% ethylene glycol na 90% mmiri, a na-eji ya ruo -4°C,
20% nke etilenglikol na 80% nke mmiri, a na-eji ya ruo -9°C,
30% ethylene glycol na 70% mmiri, a na-eji ya ruo -15°C,
40% ethylene glycol na 60% mmiri, a na-eji ya ruo -24°C,
50% ethylene glycol na 50% mmiri, a na-eji ya ruo -36°C.
Iji gbochie nchara, anyị na-etinye gram 3-7 nke sodium benzoate n’otu lita nke ngwakọta. Ethylene glycol bụ nsi!
Ime ka mmiri nke igwe oyi dị nro
Ọ kacha mma ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri destil. Anyị na-eme ka mmiri ndị nwere ike ịdị ọkara sie ike dị nro site na 5 g nke ngwa ọgụ a gbanyụrụ na 10 gram nke soda na 10 lita mmiri. Mgbe e kwụsịrị ya ruo awa ole na ole, ntụ ntụ ahụ kewapụrụ ga-adaba n’ala, ya mere anyị nwere ike ịkpụrụ mmiri doro anya ngwa ngwa. Anyị na-etinye mmiri dị ọcha nke kewapụrụ n’ime akpa ọzọ, naanị mgbe ahụ ka anyị na-awụsa ya n’ime igwe oyi.
Mgbaze nkume nnu dị n’ime mmiri
Ọ bụrụ na anyị hụ ka nkume nzu na-ekewa n’ime friji, anyị na-etinye ngwọta dị ọkụ nke trinatrium–phosphates (Na3PO4), nke ga-agbaze nkume nzu ahụ kewara.
N’ime 100 lita mmiri anyị na-etinye 6 g trinatrijum–fosfat, na-ekpochi ngwọta ahụ ruo 80-90°C, anyị na-asacha radiator n’ime 3-4 awa, ka mmiri na-ekesa n’usoro jụrụ oyi, mgbe ahụ anyị na-awụpụ ngwọta ahụ ma sachaa radiator ahụ na mmiri dị ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, anyị na-eme usoro a ọtụtụ ugboro, ruo mgbe nkume lime ahụ gbazee kpamkpam.
iwepụ uzuzu
Ahụmahụ egosila anyị na elu igwe na nke iko na-aghọ ngwa ngwa uzuzu ma ọ bụrụ na otu akụkụ ha dị n’okpomọkụ dị ala. N’akụkụ nke ọzọ, nke dị ọkụ, uzuoku mmiri na-ejikọta ngwa ngwa. Anyị ga-akọwa ụzọ ụfọdụ e si wepụ uzuzu n’elu ndị ahụ:
1. 100 g mmiri,
30 g glycerin,
3 g nke ọcha akwa akwa akwa,
0,5 g sodium benzoate.
2. 79 akụkụ mmiri,
20 akụkụ glycerin,
1 akụkụ albumin,
0,1 akụkụ nke fenol.
3. 5 akụkụ nke mmanụ silicone,
35 nke trichloroethylene,
agbazere n’ime akụkụ 60 nke mmanụ petrol.
ụlọ ọrụ Poliplasti
(ihe plastik)
Ọ bụ ezie na ha bụ ndị kacha ọhụrụ n’ime nnukwu ezinụlọ kemịkalụ ndị a na-eji n’ụlọ, ha enyebela ọtụtụ ihe ọdịnala n’iji ha eme ihe.
Nke kacha mma bụ ikewa ha dabere n’ụzọ a na-agwọ ha site na okpomọkụ. N’eziokwu, ụfọdụ na-adị nro mgbe a kpochara ha, ebe ụfọdụ na-esiwanye ike mgbe a kpochara ha. A na-akpọ nke mbụ thermoplastics, nke abụọ duroplastics. A pụkwara ịtụgharị duroplastics ụfọdụ otu ugboro site n’ịkpọ oku ka ha bụrụ ọnọdụ ọkara- mmiri mmiri, (n’ime ụdị mold ha na-anata ụdị a chọrọ), ma mmetụta okpomọkụ gara n’ihu na-eme ka ha ghọọ siri ike n’ụzọ a na-enweghị ike ịlaghachi azụ. Mgbe a kpochara ha ọzọ, anyị agaghị enwe ike ime ka ha dị nro ọzọ.
Thermoplastics, mgbe a kpoo ha ọkụ, ha na-adị nro - ha na-adị plastic - enwere ike ịkpụzi ha n’ime mold ma ha wee sie ike mgbe ha jụrụ oyi. Mgbe a kpoo ha ọzọ ọkụ, ha na-adị nro ọzọ, a pụkwara ịkpụzi ha ọzọ. Ịkpụzi ha ọzọ a pụrụ ime ugboro ugboro enweghị oke.
Thermoplastik
Polietilịn
Polyethylene bụ polymer nke ethylene. Ọ bụ ihe na-eku ume, plastik, nke na-adị ka mmanụ mgbe e metụrụ ya aka. Ọ bụghị nsi, ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta kemịkal nke ọma. Ọ na-agbaze n’ihe dị ka 105-110°C. N’ọ̀dịdị okpomọkụ nke ụlọ, ọ nweghị ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ gluu kwesịrị ekwesị. Ojiji a na-ahụkarị: ihe mkpuchi eletrik, ite na-adịghị agbaji, ọkpọkọ, fim. A pụghị ịhazi ya site n’iji ngwaọrụ ịkpụ.
Polipropilini
Polima bụ nke propylene. Ọ yiri polyethylene, ma ọ na-agbaji mfe karịa ma na-agbaze na ihe dịka 180°C. Ọ adịghị adabara maka ịwụ aka, n’ihi nnukwu njupụta nke ihe a gbazere. Ọ bụghị nsi, ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta kemikal. N’ọkụ ụlọ, ọ naghị agbaze ma enweghị ike ịkpachi ya.
Ojiji polypropylene yiri nke polyethylene, ma n’ihi ebe mgbaze ya dị elu na nnukwu ike tensile, enwere ike iji ya n’obosara karị. Ya mere n’ime akpa na ngwá ọrụ a na-sterilize, pipes nrụgide, akụkụ fan na propeller nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere moto, igbe na-agaghị agbaji, ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na ihe ndị yiri ya. A na-eme ihe ndị a niile site na polypropylene. Ọ naghị adabara nke ọma maka nhazi na iwepu ibe ihe.
Polimethyl acrylate
(Plexiglas)
Plexi-glass bụ polymer nke methyl ester nke acrylic acid. Ọ bụ ihe doro anya, na-adịkarị mfe enweghị agba, ma sie ike obere karịa polystyrene. Na 90°C ka ọ na-amalite ịkawanye nro, ma na 140-150°C enwere ike ịrụ ya n’ụdị plastik. Ọ bụghị nsị, ma ọ na-eguzogide ụfọdụ mmetụta nke acid na base. Chloroform bụ ezigbo ihe na-agbaze ya, ma n’otu oge ahụ ọ bụkwa gluu. Ọ na-agafe ìhè nke ukwuu. Ọ na-abata n’ahịa dịka efere, ọkpọkọ, na mkpanaka. Aha azụmahịa nke plexi-glass e mepụtara na Galenika Zemun bụ klirit. A na-arụ ya nke ọma site na ngwaọrụ ịkpụ. Mgbe emechara ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ, mgbe ọ jụrụ, ọ na-ejide ọdịdị e nyere ya nke ọma. Site n’imegharị ya ọzọ n’okpomọkụ, ọ laghachiri na ọdịdị mbụ ya. Ọ bara ezigbo uru maka ọrụ aka n’ụlọ.
Polistiren
Polistirol bụ polymer nke vinil–benzol. Ọ naghị agba agba, ọ na-apụta ìhè ma ọ bụ na-ekwe ka ọkụ gafee ya. Ịdị nro na-amalite na ihe dị ka 80°C, ebe okpomọkụ maka nhazi bụ ihe dị ka 120-140°C, ma na 200° ọ na-ada n’ime mmebi.
Ọ bụghị nsi, acids na alkalis na-agbaze ya. Ihe na-agbaze kacha mma, ya bụ gluu, bụ benzol. Poliplast a mara ogologo oge ma na-ejikwa ya ọtụtụ afọ. N’ihi na ọ na-adị mfe ịgbaji ma na-agbaji ngwa ngwa, nke a na-egbochi mpaghara ojiji ya nke sara mbara nke ukwuu. A na-eme igbe, efere, ihe egwuregwu, bọtịnụ, mesịa mbo, aka, akpa batrị, film na ngwaahịa ndị yiri ya site na polistirool. Njirimara eletrik, ike dielectric na obere ọnwụ dielectric na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe magburu onwe ya n’ọrụ eletrik. Ngwọta polistirool n’ime benzol bụ gluu magburu onwe ya maka akwụkwọ, ọ na-eme ka ihe banye n’ime ya nke ọma ma ghara ịgbara mmiri. A naghị akwado ya maka ọrụ ịkpụgharị na-ewepụ chip.
Polyamide (nylon)
Dị ka kemịkalụ ya si dị, ọ bụ ngwaahịa condensation nke acids dicarboxylic na diamine. N’ihe gbasara usoro ya, ọ yiri protein eke. Ọ na-eguzogide nke ọma, nwere agba odo ntakịrị, ma bụrụ transperent. Ebe ọ na-amalite ịgbaze dị ihe dị ka 140°C. Ọ bụghị nsi, mgbe e gbazịrị ya ọhụrụ ọ nwere ụtọ ilu n’ihi ngwaahịa mbibi. Ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta kemikal nke nta. Ọ nweghị mgbaze dị mma, a na-agbaze ya na formic acid, ma ọ bụ acetic acid.
A na-ejikarị ya eme eriri. Site n’ịgbanye ya n’ime mold na ịpịkọta ya, a na-emekwa ụdị ihe dị iche iche. A na-arụkwa ihe polyamide nke ọma site n’ịkpụcha ibe, ọkachasị n’ịmepụta gears na mkpanaka na-enweghị ụda.
Polivinyl–kloride (PVC, mipolam)
N’ihe gbasara nhazi kemịkal, ọ bụ polymer nke vinyl chloride. Ihe siri ike, na-enweghị agba, yiri resin. Mgbe a na-eji ya, a na-agwakọta ya na obere ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro (dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate). Dabere n’ọ̀nụ̀gụ nke ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro, anyị na-enweta PVC siri ike (Vinidur) ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa a mee ka ọ dị nro, na-agbanwe agbanwe (Mipolam). Ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta kemịkal nke ọma. Ọ nweghị ihe mgbaze kwesịrị ekwesị; ihe mgbaze nwere chlorine (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone) na-esi na ya nwayọ nwayọ. Maka ijikọ ya, a na-ere n’ahịa pụrụ iche gluu PVC. A na-ejikọta ya nke na-adịghị ike site na ngwakọta 1:1 nke dichloroethane na cyclohexanone.
A na-eji ya maka: ọkpọkọ (a na-arụ ya nke ọma site n’iwepụ ibe a kpụpụtara, kpoo ya ọkụ ma ọ na-aghọ nke a pụrụ ịkpa), maka mmiri ọkpọ, ọkpọ mmiri uzuzu/wastewater na ihe ndị yiri ya, nakwa n’ịrụ akpa maka acids na kemikal. A na-ejikarị PVC a mee ihe n’ịrụ fim/akpụkpọ (akwa mmiri ozuzo, nkwakọ ngwaahịa, akpa). A na-ejikọ PVC ọtụtụ mgbe site n’iji ikuku ọkụ mee welding. A na-ejikọ fim PVC a kpụ ọkụ n’ọkụ site n’ijikọ welding na ịkpọchi nrapado ọnụ.
Politetrafluoro-etilịn (teflon)
Site n’ime ihe mejupụtara ya, ọ bụ polima nke tetrafluoroethylene. Ọ siri ike, nwee obere ịdịgbanwe, enweghị agba, ma n’ígwé dị gịrịgịrị ọ na-ekwe ka ìhè gafere. Blọk ndị buru ibu na-acha ọcha dịka mmiri ara ehi. Njirimara dielectric pụrụ iche nakwa njirimara okpomọkụ magburu onwe ha, tinyere enweghị mgbaze kpamkpam, na-eme ka ihe a bụrụ nke a na-apụghị dochie anya n’ebe ụfọdụ. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa ya na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịnweta. Nhazi ụlọ ọrụ nke teflon dị ezigbo ike, ma nhazi n’ụlọ ka sie ike karịa. O nweghị ngwọta. Enwere ike ịkpọkọta ya naanị site n’iji gluu pụrụ iche, ma nke ahụ na-enyekwa nsonaazụ dị ntakịrị. Enwere ike iji ya ruo 350°C, ọ na-amịkọrọ nro na ihe dị ka 400-450°C.
Acetate cellulose
A na-emepụta ya site n’ime cellulose eke (vata) site n’enyemaka nke acetic acid. Ọ nwere molecule gbagwojuru anya, nke mejupụtara na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Ihe siri ike, na-adịgide adịgide, anaghị eguzogide obere okpomọkụ dị elu. Mmalite ime nro na-amalite na 60°С, ọ na-agbaze na 100–110°С. Ọ na-enwu n’ụzọ doro anya, ma ikike ịgafe ìhè ya erughị nke polystyrene. Ojiji ya yiri nke polystyrene, ma ihe e si na celluloid acetate mee na-agbaji ngwa ngwa karịa. Enweghị ike ịcha ya nke ọma dịka polystyrene. Ọ naghị agba ọkụ, ya mere a na-eji ya emepụta fim. Ngwọta na-agbaze ya bụ (dabere n’otú e si emepụta ya) acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). A na-eme ịkpachi ya nke ọma site na ngwọta kensinammuo nke acetic acid. O kwere omume ịrụ ọrụ ọkụ na ọrụ ịkpụ ihe.
Nitro selulọs (seluloid)
A na-emepụta ya site na cellulose eke, site n’ọrụ acid nitric. Ọ bụ ngwakọta nke molekul ndị na-abụghị otu, ndị gbagwojuru anya.
Ihe yiri owu, ihe na-ere ọkụ nke ukwuu, nke nwere ike ịgbawa. Ọ na-agbaze nke ọma n’ime acetone. Ngwọta, na mgbakwunye nke ndị na-eme ka ọ dị nro (diethyl–phthalate, dibutyl–phthalate) bụ varnishes a maara nke ọma (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
Nitrocellulose, agwakọtara ya na camphor (10-30%), dị ka onye na-eme ka ọ dị nro, a maara ya n’okpuru aha: celluloid. Ihe a bụ otu n’ime poliplast mbụ, nwere àgwà magburu onwe ha (na-eguzogide ịkụ, doro anya, dị ọnụ ala, na-atọ ụtọ n’anya), ma e wepụla ya n’iji kwa ụbọchị naanị n’ihi na ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa. N’oge ọrụ, nhazi, a ga-akpachara anya nke ukwuu. A na-arụ nhazi ahụ tumadi site n’ibe iberibe mbadamba site n’ịkpụ, ịgluu, ịkpọpụ. A na-eji acetone maka ịgluu.
Duroplastik
(Plastik ndị na-esi ike mgbe a na-ekpo ọkụ)
A chọtara poliplast nke otu a mbụ. N’ime mmepụta na ojiji nke ihe ndị a, usoro abụọ pụrụ iche pụtara: mbụ a na-emepụta thermoplast, (ọ na-adị nro mgbe a kpụchara ya), mgbe ahụ a na-agwakọta oke ahụ na »filler« ma ihe ahụ e nwetara otú ahụ bụ ihe mbụ eji emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche.
N’ime nhazi ọzọ, a na-akpụ ihe ahụ site na ịpị ya, ịgbanye ya n’ime oghere; n’ụzọ mmetụta okpomọkụ, polyplast nke sie ike apụghịzi ịrụ ọrụ ọzọ site na ikpo ya, ọ dịghịkwa agbaze n’ime ihe mgbaze.
Fenoplast (bakelait)
Ihe ahụ nwere isi bakelite doro anya, ma n’ihi agba mechiri emechi nke ihe ndị bụ isi, a pụghị imepụta ihe nwere agba na-emeghe karịa. Ruo 170°С ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta okpomọkụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-efu ike ya. N’ihe dị ka 400°С ọ na-agbajikwa, na-aghọ coal.
Dabere n’ụdị »ihe mejupụtara« a, bakelit nwere ike ịdị mgbaji, sie ike ma ọ bụ dị mfe ịgbaji. A na-ejikarị ya maka ebumnuche teknụzụ: sockets, njikọ, aka, insulators, igbe wdg. Ọ dịghị mma maka idobe ihe oriri. Maka ịrụ ọrụ n’ụlọ, ihe kacha dabara adaba bụ ngwaahịa ọkara emechara, mbadamba nwere ọtụtụ oyi akwa, ọkpọkọ na mkpanaka. Ọ na-ejikọta nke ọma na resin epoxy.
Aminoplastics (doramin, nikeplast)
A na-emepụta ya site na formaldehyde na karbamayd. Ngwaahịa ahụ enweghị agba, enweghị isi, ọ bụghị nsi. Ọ dịkwa mma maka ịchekwa nri. Nke a, yana eziokwu na enwere ike iji ya na agba mepere emepe, na-enye ya nnukwu uru. N’aka nke ọzọ, iji ya yiri nke resin bakelite. Ihe ndị e kesara nke a na-eji n’ụlọ anaghị abịakarị n’ahịa.
Resin polyester (elastirol, polikon)
A na-emepụta ha site na condensation nke asid dikarbọnik na alcohol dwohidroksil. N’ime ihe ndị mbido, otu ga-enwerịrị njikọ okpukpu abụọ. Resin sitere na ya na-agbaze n’ime monomer ụfọdụ. Ngwakọta a, nke yiri mmanụ aṅụ, site n’ọrụ nke catalysts agbakwunyere na dabere na ụdị na ọnụọgụ nke catalysts ndị ahụ, na-esiri ike n’oge mbụ ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, n’ọkụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ n’okpomọkụ dị elu. Tupu o sie ike, a pụrụ ịcha ya n’agba dị iche iche. Ọ zuru oke, ma ọ na-esiri ike ịnweta ya. Ọ dabara maka imepụta obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe ndị otu n’otu.
N’ịrụ ọrụ site n’ịkwà ihe n’ụdị ntụkpụ, a na-awụsa ngwakọta n’ime mold naanị, na-enweghị ịpị ya, ọ na-eju mold ahụ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke plasta, osisi, wax, plastiline wdg. Ihe naanị a ga-eme bụ ichere ruo mgbe ngwakọta ahụ gwụsie ike, mgbe ahụ a pụrụ iwepụta akụkụ emechara n’ụdị ahụ.
Dị ka usoro ọzọ si dị, a na-etinye resin n’akụkụ akwa iko ma ọ bụ akwa textile, wee tinye ya n’elu ụdị ma ọ bụ n’ime ebu. N’ụzọ a ka a na-emepụta ụgbọ mmiri, akpụkpọ ahụ́ ụgbọ ala, okpu nchebe, wdg.
Ihe bara nnukwu uru, dịka ihe atụ nke arheoloji, akụrụngwa n’okpuru mmiri wdg. enwere ike ichekwa ha nke ọma nke ukwuu site na resin doro anya. Resin siri ike dabara nke ukwuu maka nhazi site n’ịkpụ nchara, na-ejikọ nke ọma na monomer nke ya, ma na-asa nke ọma. Ọ na-eguzogide mmetụta nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ukwuu, ma bụrụkwa ezigbo ihe mkpuchi eletrik.
Epoksi–resin (eporezit, araldit)
Dabere na usoro kemikal, e nwere ike ịkekọ epoksi–resin n’otu nke poliester. Ya mere, ojiji ha n’ọtụtụ ọnọdụ kwekọrọ na ojiji poliester. A na-emepụta ngwaahịa sitere n’ụdị mmiri ruo n’ụdị siri ike, gafee ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ngwaahịa mmiri, ebe ndị siri ike nwere ụfọdụ àgwà ka mma. Dabere na katalyst maka ịkekọrịta n’etiti netwọk, oge resin iji sie ike nwere ike ịdị n’ókè sara mbara nke ukwuu. Ọ bụrụ na a pụrụ ikwu ya, ha ka bụ ihe ka mma maka nhazi karịa poliester. N’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, o siri ike kwa nke ukwuu ịnweta ha.
Ewezuga resin maka ịkwanye n’ime mould, n’etiti epoxy resin enwere ike ịchọta gluu dị mma nke ukwuu. Enwere ike iji gluu ndị a kpoo ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, dịka: metal–metal, metal-iko, iko-iko.