Ukhathalelo lwekhemikhali lwemoto
Ukhuseleko lwamavili eemoto
Xa isetyenziswa ixesha elide okanye igcinwa ingasetyenziswa, irabha iba brittle, yome kwaye ilahlekelwe kukunwebeka kwayo. Le nkqubo icotha, ithatha iminyaka emininzi.
Imeko yamatayara eemoto ixhomekeke, ikakhulu, kwisenzo seoksijini, iozoni kunye nemitha yeultraviolet. Ubushushu bukhawulezisa iimpendulo ezonakalisa irabha.
Kwimeko exineneyo irabha iyaguga ngokukhawuleza, oko kuthetha kanye xa isetyenziswa rhoqo. Iintshaba ezinkulu zerabha yicopper, icobalt nemanganese. Nokuba zizixa ezincinane kakhulu kwezi ntsimbi, ngexesha elifutshane ziyahlasela zize zitshabalalise irabha.
Masikhusele iirabha kwioyile (i-oyile iyazinyibilikisa), ekukhanyeni kwelanga nakubushushu. Ukugcina iirabha zingasetyenziswa kufuna amagumbi apholileyo naneengqele, yaye kunqweneleka ukuba iindawo zerabha zigqunywe ngeemveliso zokukhusela zekhemikhali.
Ekukhathalelweni kwerabha, kuhle ukufaka umphezulu werabha ngodibaniso lwe-glycerin namanzi lwe-50%-nom, kabini ukuya kathathu.
I-antifreeze
I-Ethylene glycol lulwelo olungenambala, olucacileyo, olufana nesiraphu, olungenavumba. Indawo yokubilisa yi-197,2°C. (Isisombululo samanzi se-60%-ni se-ethylene glycol siqina kwi–40°C.)
Umxube wesipholisi, kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo sinokuwenza ngokuxuba amanzi ne-ethylene glycol kwezi mlinganiselo zilandelayo:
10% ye-etilenglikoli kunye 90% wamanzi, isetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga -4°C,
20% ye-etilenglikola ne 80% yamanzi, isetyenziswa ukuya ku -9°C,
30% ye-ethylene glycol kunye ne 70% yamanzi, isetyenziswa de kube -15°C,
40% ye-etylene glycol kunye ne 60% amanzi, isetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga ku -24°C,
50% ye-ethileniglycol kunye ne50% yamanzi, isetyenziswa ukuya ku -36°C.
Ukuthintela umhlwa, kwisitha ngasinye selitha somxube sifaka i3-7 yegramu ye-sodium benzoate. I-ethylene glycol inetyhefu!
Ukuthambisa amanzi esipholisi
Eyona nto ingcono kukuba kusetyenziswe amanzi emvula okanye amanzi adistiliweyo. Amanzi anobulukhuni obuphakathi siwathambisa nge-5 g yekalika ecinyiweyo kunye nee-10 gram zesoda kwi-10 iilitha zamanzi. Emva kokuma iiyure ezimbalwa, intlenge eyahluliweyo iyahlala ezantsi, ukuze sikwazi ngokulula ukukhuphela amanzi acwengileyo. Amanzi acocekileyo ahlulweyo siwafaka kwesinye isikhongozeli, emva koko sithulule kuphela kwisibandisi.
Ukunyibilikisa ikalika ekhokelela kwiidipozithi zikalika
Ukuba sibona ukwakheka kwekalika kwisifriji, sifaka isisombululo eshushu se-trinatrijum–fosfata (Na3PO4), eya kunyibilikisa ikalika eyahluliweyo.
Kwi 100 iilitha zamanzi sibeka 6 g ze-trisodium phosphate, ngoxa sifudumeza isisombululo ukuya ku 80-90°C, sihlamba ngexesha le 3-4 yeyure iradiyetha, sivumela amanzi ukuba ajikeleze kwinkqubo yokupholisa, emva koko sikhuphe isisombululo size sihlambe iradiyetha ngamanzi acocekileyo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, le nkqubo siyiphinda amaxesha amaninzi, de ikalika eqinileyo inyibilike ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuphelisa ukufogela
Amava ethu abonise ukuba imiphezulu yesinyithi neglasi iyafiphala lula, ukuba elinye icala layo likubushushu obuphantsi. Kwelinye icala, elishushu ngakumbi, umphunga wamanzi ke uyanqandeka lula. Siza kudwelisa iiresiphi ezimbalwa zokukhupha inkungu kwezo mphezulu:
1. 100 g yamanzi,
30 g yeglycerin,
3 g yeqanda elimhlophe,
0,5 g ye-sodium benzoate.
2. 79 iindawo zamanzi,
20 iinxalenye zeglycerin,
1 inxalenye yealbumin,
0,1 inxalenye yephenol.
3. 5 iindawo zeoyile yesilicone,
35 ye-trichloroethylene,
inyibilikiswe kwiindawo 60 zebhentsi.
Polyplastics
(ubuninzi obuludaka)
Nangona zingabona malungu amancinane kusapho olukhulu lweekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa ekhaya, sele ziye zakhupha ezininzi izinto zakudala ekusetyenzisweni.
Ukuzihlela kakuhle kakhulu kufuneka kwenziwe ngokwendlela yonyango lobushushu. Oko kukuthi, ezinye ziyathamba xa zishushu, logama ezinye ziqina xa zishushu. Ezokuqala zibizwa ngokuba ziitermoplasthi, ezesibini ziiduroplasthi. Nee-duroplasthi kaninzi zinokuguqulwa kube sisimo esithambileyo xa zishushu kube kanye, (kwiimbumba zamkela imilo efunekayo), kodwa ukuqhubeka kwesiphumo sobushushu kuziguqula ngokungenakubuyiselwa kwisimo esiqinileyo. Xa zifudunyezwa kwakhona asisakwazi kuzenza zithambe.
Ii-thermoplastic, xa zifudunyezwa ziyathamba - ziba zeplastiki - zinokubunjwa kwiimoldi zize ziqine xa zipholile. Xa ziphinda zifudunyezwa ziyathamba kwakhona, yaye zingabunjwa kwakhona. Olu kubunjwa kwakhona lunokuphindwa amaxesha amaninzi angenakubalwa.
Ii-termoplastic
Polyethylene
Ipolietileni yipolima ye-ethilini. Yimathiriyeli ephilayo, eplastiki, ethi xa uyichukumisa ivele ngathi inamafutha. Ayityhefu, ixhathisa kakhulu impembelelo yeekhemikhali. Iyanyibilika malunga no105-110°C. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi ayinanyibilikisi ifanelekileyo okanye incamatheliso. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhelekileyo: izinto zokugquma umbane, izitya ezingaphuki lula, imibhobho, iifilimu. Ayinakuqhutywa ngezixhobo zokusika.
Iipolipropileni
Ipolima yipropileni. Ifana nepolietileni, kodwa inzima ngakumbi ukuqhawuka yaye inyibilika malunga no180°C. Ayifanelekanga ukugalelwa ngesandla, ngenxa yobuninzi obuphezulu bemathiriyeli enyibilikisiweyo. Ayityhefu, iyamelana nempembelelo yeekhemikhali. Kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi ayinyibiliki kwaye ayinakuncamatheliswa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-polypropylene kuyafana ne-polyethylene, kodwa ngenxa yendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu kunye namandla amakhulu okuqina ingasetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi. Ngoko ke kwizitya nezixhobo ezicocekwayo, imibhobho yoxinzelelo, amaphiko eenjini zokuphefumla kunye neziphonsi zeenqanawa ezinamoto, iibhokisi ezingaqhekeki, iithoyi njl. Zonke ezi zinto zenziwa nge-polypropylene. Ayifaneleki kangako ekuqhubeni ngokususa iichips.
Ipolimethyl acrylate
(Plexi-stakli)
IPleksi-glasi yipolima ye-methyl ester ye-acrylic acid. Yinto ecacileyo, kunqabile ukuba ibe nemibala, kwaye inciphe kancinci ekubeni iqhunyiswe kune-polystyrene. Ku 90°C kuqala ukuthamba, yaye ku 140-150°C inokulungiswa ngeplastiki. Ayinatyhefu, inxalenye ethile yokuxhathisa isenzo seeasidi neebhesi. Oyena nyibilikisi ulungileyo yichloroform, kwaye ngaxeshanye isebenza njengeglu. Ivumela ngokumangalisayo imitha yokukhanya ukuba idlule. Iza kwimarike njengeepleyiti, imibhobho, neentonga. Igama lorhwebo lwepleksi-glasi, eyenziwe eGalenika Zemun, yi-klirit. Isebenza kakuhle ngezixhobo zokusika. Emva kokuphathwa ngobushushu, xa sele ipholile, ibambe kakuhle imilo eyamkelweyo. Xa ifudunyezwa kwakhona ibuyela kwimilo yayo yasekuqaleni. Ifaneleke kakhulu ukwenza imisebenzi yasekhaya.
I-Polistirol
IPolistirol yipolymer ye-vinyl–benzene. Ayinambala, iyabonakala okanye iyadlula ukukhanya. Ukuthamba kuqala malunga ne 80°C, yaye ubushushu bokusebenza bumalunga ne 120-140°C, kanti kwi 200° sele iyawaqhekeka.
Ayityhefu, ii-asidi kunye neealkali ziyayinyibilikisa. Eyona nyibilikisi ilungileyo, okanye iglu, yibenzol. Iplastiki eyaziwa kudala kwaye isetyenziswa. Ubuthathaka obulinganiselweyo, ukophuka lula, kuthintela indawo yayo ebanzi kakhulu yokusetyenziswa. Iibhokisi, izitya, amathoyizi, amaqhosha, emva koko amakama, izibambo, iibhokisi zeebhetri, iifilimu kunye neemveliso ezifanayo zenziwa ngepolistayirini. Iimpawu zombane, ukumelana nedielectric, ilahleko ezincinci zedielectric zenza ibe yeyona nto ilungileyo kubunjineli bombane. Isisombululo sebenzol sepolistayirini sisiqhoboshelo esigqwesileyo sephepha, sithambisa kakuhle kwaye asingenwa ngamanzi. Akucetyiswa ukulwenza ngomsebenzi wokususa iintanda zeentsimbi.
IPolyamide (nylon)
Ngokwesakhiwo sekhemikhali yimveliso yokudityaniswa kwee-asidi zedikarboksili kunye neediamine. Ngokwesakhiwo ifana neeprotheyini zendalo. Iqinile kakhulu, inombala otyheli kancinci, iyabonakala. Indawo yayo yokunyibilika imalunga ne-140°C. Ayinatyhefu, xa isandul’ ukunyibilikiswa inencasa ekrakra ngenxa yeemveliso zokubola. Ayixhathisi kangako kwisenzo seekhemikhali. Ayinasinyibilikisi sifanelekileyo, ibotshela nge-formic, oko kukuthi, nge-acetic acid.
Idla ngokusetyenziswa ekwenzeni imicu. Ngokubunjwa ngentsimbi ebunjiweyo kunye nokucinezela, kwenziwa kwakhona izinto ezahlukeneyo. Iimathiriyeli ze-polyamide zisebenza kakuhle ngokusikwa iichips, ngakumbi ekwenzeni amagiya namashafti angenangxolo.
I-Polivinil–hloridi (PVC, mipolam)
Ngokwakheka kweekhemikhali yi-polymer ye-vinyl chloride. Yinto eqinileyo, engenambala, efana neresini. Xa isetyenziswa ixutywa nexabiso elincinane ukuya kwelikhulu lesithambisi (dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate). Ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa sesithambisi sifumana i-PVC eqinileyo (Vinidur) okanye imveliso ethambisiweyo, enobhetyebhetye (Mipolam). Isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuxhathiseni iikhemikhali. Ayinanyibilikisi ifanelekileyo; izinyibilikisi ezineklorini (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloroethane, cyclohexanone) ziyinyibilikisa kancinci. Ukuncamathelisa, kukho imarike eneglue ekhethekileyo ye-PVC. Iincamathelisa ngokungathathi cala zisebenzisa umxube 1:1 we-dichloroethane kunye ne-cyclohexanone.
Isetyenziselwa: imibhobho (icutshungulwa kakuhle ngokusikwa kwe- chip, yaye xa ifudunyezwa iba bhetyebhetye) yeendlela zamanzi, imijelo yogutyulo njalo njalo, ekwenziweni kwezikhongozeli zeeasidi neekhemikhali. I-PVC ethambisiweyo isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenziweni kweefilim (iireyinjeke, ukupakisha, iingxowa). Ukudityaniswa kwe-PVC kudla ngokwenziwa ngokuwelda kusetyenziswa umoya oshushu. Iifilim ze-PVC ezithambisiweyo zidityaniswa ngokudibanisa ukuwelda nokuncamathisela.
IPolitetrafluoro-ethylene (teflon)
Ngokwakheka kweekhemikhali yipholima ye-tetrafluoro-ethylene. Iqinile, inelastic kancinci, ayinambala, kodwa kumaleko obhityileyo iyadlula ukukhanya. Iibhloko ezinkulu zimhlophe ngobisi. Iimpawu zedielectric ezingafikelelekiyo kwakunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo zobushushu, kunye nokunganyibiliki ngokupheleleyo, zenza le mathiriyeli ibe yinto engenakutshintshwa kwezinye iindawo. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso layo liyenza kube nzima ukuyifikelela. Ukusetyenzwa kwemizi-mveliso kwe-teflon kunzima kakhulu, kwaye ukusetyenzwa ekhaya kunzima nangakumbi. Ayinazinyibilikisi. Inokuncanyathiselwa kuphela ngeglu ezikhethekileyo, yaye oko ngempumelelo encinci kakhulu. Ingasetyenziswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-350°C, ithamba malunga ne-400-450°C.
I-acetate ye-cellulose
Iveliswa kwi-cellulose yendalo (i-cotton wool) kusetyenziswa i-acetic acid. Inemolekyuli entsonkothileyo, enobume obuguquguqukayo.
Izinto eziqinileyo, ezomeleleyo, ezingamelanga amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kancinane. Ukuthamba kuqala ku60°С, kunyibilike ku100–110°С. Ziyabonakala, kodwa ukungena kokukhanya akufikeleli koko kwepolistirola. Ukusetyenziswa kufana nepolistirola, kodwa izinto ezenziwe ngecellulose acetate ziqhekeka nzima ngakumbi. Azinakudaywa ngempumelelo njengepolistirola. Azitshisi lula, ngoko zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yeefilimu. Izinyibilikisi zazo (kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuvelisa) ziquka i-acetone, (chloroform, dichloroethylene). Ukuncamathelisa kwenzeka ngempumelelo enkulu ngesisombululo esixinene seasidi yeacetic. Kunokwenzeka unyango ngobushushu kunye nokucutshungulwa ngokususwa kweentshontsho.
Nitro selulosi (iseluloid)
Uveliswa kwiselulose yendalo, ngesenzo se-nitric acid. Wakhiwe ziimolekyuli ezingafaniyo, ezinzima.
Into efana nomqhaphu, enokutsha kakhulu, eqhuma lula. Inyibilika kakuhle kwi-acetone. Izinyibiliko, zongezwe izithambisi (dietil–ftalat, dibutil–ftalat) zaziwa kakuhle njengeelakhi (nitrolak, zapponlak, kolodijumlak, dukolak).
I-nitrocellulose, exutywe ne-camphor (10-30%), njengento yokuthambisa, yaziwa phantsi kwegama elithi: celluloid. Esi sixhobo sesinye seeplastiki zokuqala, sineempawu ezigqwesileyo (simelana nempembelelo, siyabonakala, asibizi, sithandeka ngobuhle), sakhutshwa ekusetyenzisweni kwemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokutsha kwaso okukhulu kuphela. Xa kusetyenzwa, kuqhutywa kufuneka kuqatshelwe kakhulu. Ukusetyenzwa kwenziwa ikakhulu kwiindawo ezinamacwecwe ngokusika, ukuncamathelisa, ukugoba. Ukuncamathelisa kusetyenziswa i-acetone.
Iiduroplastiki
(Iipoliplasti ezizinzileyo ngokobushushu)
Iipoliplasti zeli qela zafunyanwa kuqala. Kwimveliso nasekusetyenzisweni kwezi zinto kukho izigaba ezibini eziphawulayo: kuqala kuveliswa itermpoplast, (xa ifudunyezwa iyathamba), emva koko ubunzima buxutywa ne »izigcwalisi« yaye loo nto ifunyenweyo iba yinto ekrwada yokwenziwa kweempahla ezahlukeneyo.
Xa kuqhubeka ukwenziwa, izinto zisenziwa ngokucinezela, ngokutofwa; phantsi kwempembelelo yobushushu, iiplastiki eziqiniswe azisakwazi ukulungiswa ngokuphinda zifudunyezwe, yaye azinyibiliki nakwizinyibilikisi.
I-Fenoplast (bakelit)
Into inevumba elicacileyo le-bakelite, yaye ngenxa yombala ovalekileyo wesixhobo esisisiseko izinto ezinemibala ekhanyayo ngakumbi azinakwenziwa. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-170°С iyamelana nesenzo sobushushu, emva koko ilahlekelwe kukuqina kwayo. Malunga ne-400°С iyawa, ibe ngamalahle.
Kuxhomekeka kudidi ‘lwezizaliso’ i-bakelite inokuba krwada, yomelele okanye ibhityile. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngeenjongo zobugcisa: iziseko zeeplagi, iindawo zokudibanisa, izibambo, izixhobo zokugquma umbane, iibhokisi njl. Ayilungelanga ukugcina iimveliso zokutya. Ukusetyenzwa ekhaya ezona zilungele kakhulu ziimveliso ezisisiqingatha, iipleyiti ezinemaleko, imibhobho kunye neentsika. Incamathela kakuhle kakhulu nee-resin ze-epoxy.
Ii-aminoplasti (doramin, nikeplast)
Iveliswa ngeformaldehyde nekarbamidi. Imveliso ayinambala, ayinavumba, ayinabungozi. Ifanelekile nasekugcinweni kwezinto zokutya. Le nyaniso, kwakunye nokuba ingasetyenziswa kwimibala evulekileyo, iyinika inzuzo enkulu. Ngapha koko, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufana neeresini zebakelite. Iimveliso eziphakathi zokusebenzisa ekhaya azifane zifike kwimarike.
Ii-resin ze-polyester (elastirol, polikon)
Ziveliswa ngokudibana kweeasidi zedikhabhonikhi kunye notywala beedihydroksi. Kwizinto zokuqala ezisetyenziswayo, enye kufuneka ibe nebhondi ephindwe kabini. Iresini eyenziweyo iyanyibilika kwimonomere ethile. Le ntlama, efana nobusi, phantsi kwesenzo seekatalisti ezongeziweyo yaye ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo nakwisixa sezo katalisti, kungekudala okanye kamva, kubushushu begumbi okanye kubushushu obuphakamileyo iyaqina. Phambi kokuqina inokufakwa imibala eyahlukeneyo. Ifanelekile, kodwa kunzima ukuyifumana. Ifanele ukuveliswa kwee-odolo ezincinane okanye izinto ezizodwa.
Ekusebenzeni ngokugalela, ubunzima bulululwa nje bungene kumngundo, ngaphandle kokucinezela, buwuzalise lo mngundo onokwenziwa ngeplasta, ngomthi, nge-wax, ngeplastelina njl. Kuseleyo kuphela ukulinda de ubunzima buqine, ibe isiqwenga esigqityiweyo sinokukhutshwa kumngundo.
Ngokwenkqubo yesibini, ilaphu leglasi okanye lelaphu lenyama lixutyushwa neresini, libekwe kwifom okanye kumngundo. Ngale ndlela kuveliswa izikhephe, izakhiwo zemizimba, iimfakamfele zokhuseleko njl.
Izinto ezibizayo, ezifana nemizekelo ye-archeology, izixhobo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi njl. zinokukhuselwa ngempumelelo enkulu nge-resin ebonakalayo. I-resin eqinileyo ifaneleke kakhulu ekuqwalaselweni ngokususa ii-chips, incamathela kakuhle kwi-monomer yayo, kwaye iyakhazimla kakuhle kakhulu. Iyamelana kakhulu nesenzo seemeko zemozulu yaye iyisigqubuthelo sombane esigqwesileyo.
Ii-epoksi-resini (eporezit, araldit)
Ngokwesakhiwo samachiza, ii-epoxy-resin zinokuhlelwa kwiqela lee-polyester. Ngoko ke nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwiimeko ezininzi kuyahambelana nokusetyenziswa kwee-polyester. Ziveliswa ukusuka kwiimveliso ezilulwelo ukuya kwiimveliso eziqinileyo, ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yobungqingqwa. Iimveliso ezilulwelo zicutshungulwa ngcono, logama eziqinileyo zinezinto ezithile ezingcono. Kuxhomekeke kwikatalisti yokunqumla amakhonkco, ixesha lokuqina kweresin linokuba phakathi kwemida ebanzi kakhulu. Ukuba kunokuthiwa njalo, yeyona nto ingcono ngakumbi yokusebenza kunee-polyester. Ngelishwa, nazo kunzima kakhulu ukuzifumana.
Ngaphandle kweeresini zokuphosa, phakathi kweeresini ze-epoxy kunokufunyanwa nezincamathelisi ezibalaseleyo. Ezi zincamathelisi zingasetyenziswa ekuncamatheliseni izinto ezingaqhelekanga, ezifana ne: isinyithi-isinyithi, isinyithi-iglasi, iglasi-iglasi.