Isilumkiso esiBalulekileyo: Lo ngumbhalo wogcino lwembali, hayi indibaniselwano yangoku, umgangatho, ubungakanani bomthwalo okanye umyalelo womsebenzi. Imilinganiselo, imisonto, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo ezichaziweyo kufuneka zitshekishwe ngokwemigangatho esebenzayo, amaxwebhu omenzi kunye neemeko zokwenyani zesicelo. Ukugrumba, ukusika, ukukrazula kunye nokusebenza ngentsimbi kufuna ubuchwephesha obufanelekileyo, ukulungiswa okuzinzileyo kwezinto kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela.
Lo mbhalo awungonikezelo lwerivets, izikrufu okanye izixhobo ezisuka kuSavo Kusić. Unikezelo lwangoku lugxile kwiifestile, iingcango kunye nemveliso yokuchwela ngokwesiko.
Ukuhlamba
I-Riveting ludibaniso lwezinto, apho iirivets ezithambileyo nezilula ukusebenza zilungiswa kwindawo yokusebenza esele igrunjwe ngaphambili. Sinokuthi olu xhulumaniso lufana nokudibanisa phakathi kwezikhonkwane kunye neenkuni. Inzima ngakumbi njengoko isinyithi sinzima kunomthi.
I-Rivets zizinto zetsimbi ze-cylindrical ezinentloko enokuthi ibe yi-hemispherical, lenticular, countersunk okanye flat. Ziveliswa kwi-aluminiyam kunye nobhedu.
Xa u-riveting, oku kulandelayo kusetyenziswa: ihamile, i-tensioner, i-punch, i-riveter, i-cutter, kunye ne-spiral drill ye-drilling imingxuma, kunye ne-sheet metal, i-cornice. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lomsebenzi, siphawula ii-workpieces (iipleyiti okanye imichilo), emva koko sizibhobhoze kwaye sizibeke etafileni yomsebenzi we-riveting. Itafile ye-riveting ingaba nkulu, yenziwe ngentsimbi eqinile, kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezenziwe ukuze zilingane nentloko ye-rivet. Sitsala iirivets ukusuka ngaphantsi ngokusebenzisa amaphepha angaphambili adityanisiweyo adityanisiweyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela sibeka i-workpiece kwi-plate yensimbi. Intloko ye-rivet kufuneka iphumle phantsi kwe-recess kwi-top table yesinyithi. Emva koko, sibeka i-tubular tensioner ekupheleni kokuma kwe-rivet kunye nokubetha kwesando, siqinisa izixhobo zokusebenza ezihlanganiswe ngolu hlobo (umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1 — imbono yeriveting ngesandla
Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukubumba isiqu se-rivet, sijikeleza ngehamile kwisangqa, ngokuyiqhekeza kwenye intloko ye-hemispherical. Kule nto, sincedwa ngumyili othi, ngokujongwa kwayo, imise iziphelo zokwahlula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye izenze zibe phantse kwiifom ezifanayo.
I-rivet ene-countersunk conical head isetyenziswa ukuba intloko ye-rivet ayifanele ibe ngaphezu komphezulu wezinto zokusebenza eziqhagamshelwe omnye komnye. Akwanelanga ukugqobhoza nje umngxuma. Kuyimfuneko ukwenza izandiso ezimilise okwefuneli kumacala omabini okuvula, zikhulu kancinci kunobubanzi bomzimba we-rivet lining (nge-cone reamer okanye i-spiral drill ene-angle encinci ye-blade). Intloko ye-rivet ngoku iya kungena kwi-funnel extension. Ngokubetha ihamile yesitshixo, umzimba omileyo utyhalelwa nje kulwandiso olumise okwefuneli de uvale umphezulu wentsimbi kakuhle. Intloko entsha ye-rivet, emise ngokuvuthela kwesando, iya kuba yinto entle ukuba ubude bomzimba obubonakalayo 1,2-1,5 umphinda-phinda ubukhulu bayo. Ukuba i-rivet imfutshane, ayibopheli, ngelixa i-rivet ende yenza kube nzima ukuyikhupha. Ubukhulu bomngxuma ombiweyo womzimba we-rivet kufuneka buhambelane ngqo nobubanzi bawo. Ukuba kuyenzeka, sisebenzisa i-drill enomlinganiselo ofanayo, kuba igrumba umngxuma omkhulu.
Sinexhala kakhulu “ngokwahlula” okanye ukususa iirivethi. Ukuba intloko ye-rivet ikhupha, sinokuyisusa ngefayile kwaye sibethe i-rivet kwelinye icala. Xa intloko ye-rivet inkulu, zama ukufumana i-cutter ukusuka kwicala, phakathi kwentloko kunye neplate, kwaye unqumle intloko emzimbeni we-rivet. Iirivets ezinentloko ephantsi azikwazi ukususwa ngale ndlela. Kwimeko enjalo, susa intloko ehlaziyiweyo yerivethi, kwindawo yokuphumla emile okwefuneli, kunye ne-spiral drill efanelekileyo, kwaye ubethe i-rivet ngokuvuthela kwesando kwelinye icala (umfanekiso 2).
Umfanekiso 2 — imbono yokususa i-rivet
Kuyenzeka ukuba asinayo imfuno yefemu kodwa yoqhagamshelo oluxekileyo kunye nerivet (umz. xa uncamathelisa isandla kwidayili). Kule meko, sisebenzisa i-rivet encinci ngobubanzi kunomngxuma kwaye sibeke iwasha emcaba phantsi kwentloko. Ngumgaqo owaziwayo kakhulu: Irivethi enye ayiyonto yomdlalo. Ukuze sibe nonxibelelwano oluqinileyo kwaye lungabikho uxhulumaniso, siya kusebenzisa ubuncinane iirivets ezimbini. Ukuba, xa sibetha irivethi ngehamile, siva isandi esikhenkcezayo, sifanele sazi ukuba isikhondo sayo saphukile. Ukuba ii-workpieces ezidibeneyo zihamba zisiya komnye nomnye, olu luphawu lokuba asizange siqinise i-rivets ngokwaneleyo okanye sicinezele iziphelo kakuhle. Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba iirivethi zisemgangathweni. Iirivethi ezibandayo zinedayamitha ye-1 ukuya ku-37 mm, kunye nobude obungu-1,5 ukuya ku-8 ubukhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-rivet yobukhulu obufanelekileyo, kuba kungenjalo nokuba nomsebenzi oqeqeshiweyo akayi kukwazi ukulawula umsebenzi ngokulula.
Ii-tubular rivets zikwasetyenziswa (ingakumbi kubuchwephesha bonxibelelwano kunye nakwi-handbag kunye ne-decorative haberdashery industry). Isiqu kunye nentloko yezi rivets zingenanto, ngoko asiyi kubumba iintloko ngokubethelwa, kodwa ngesixhobo esikhethekileyo.
Ukuqinisa iirivethi
Indlela entsha ye-riveting kukuqiniswa kwee-rivets, ingundoqo yokuba intloko ye-tensioner stem yenza ukuqiniswa kunye nokuqiniswa ukwenzela ukuba yenze i-rim ye-rivet ye-tubular. Isiqu se-tensioner siyaphuka ngaphaya komda woxinzelelo. Isiqu se-rivet siqiniswa zizitya zokutshiza.
IiRivets zisemgangathweni kwaye zinokuvulwa ziphele okanye zivaliwe kunye negrooved. Ii-rivets ezivulekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izinto ezincinci, ngokuyinhloko i-sheet metal, kunye ne-rivets ezineziphelo ezivaliweyo zisetyenziselwa izinto ezingenakudlula amanzi kunye nomoya. I-grooved rivets isetyenziselwa izinto ezithambileyo neziqhekezayo (umz. iinkuni). Intloko ye-rivet ingaba yi-semi-round okanye i-countersunk. Iziqu ze-rivet ezingena kwi-rivet cavities zinokuba zifutshane okanye zide zophukile. Intloko yerivethi inokungena kwisitulo serivet esinomgongxo okanye iphumele ngaphandle. I-rivet yenziwe nge-aluminium, ubhedu, insimbi ethambileyo okanye i-nickel-copper alloy (monel). Amandla e-rivets axhomekeke kumgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo, ubukhulu, uhlobo. Amandla okucheba aqala 60 ukuya 150 kp. Sigrumba izixhobo zokusebenza nge-spiral drill enobukhulu obukhulu ngo-0,1-0,2 mm kunobukhulu besiqu serivet. Sifaka umzimba we-rivet yokuqinisa ekuvuleni i-riveting pliers, kunye ne-rivet egobileyo emngxunyeni owenziweyo. Ukufaka uxinzelelo ngezi pliers kwi-workpiece, siqinisa izibambo ngokubhekisele komnye nomnye. Ukuqiniswa okukodwa akwanele, kodwa kufuneka wazi ukuba umzimba we-rivet udla ngokuphuka kwisithathu sokuqinisa. Emva kokuqiniswa ngakunye, sityibilika iipliers kumzimba we-rivet. I-advanteji ye-riveting eyimfama kukuba uxhulumaniso lwe-riveting luyafana, ngoko ke ukusebenza kakubi akunakwenzeka. Ukugquma kweendawo ezipeyintiweyo akutshizi ngexesha lomsebenzi. Kwiindawo ezivaliweyo okanye ezinzima ukufikelela kwindawo yokusebenza (umzekelo, kwimibhobho), kuphela indawo enobubanzi be-4,8 mm efunekayo ukwenza intloko yokutywina. Izinto ezixineneyo azikhubazeki, kwanamaphepha anobunzima be-0,5 mm. Sitshintsha i-rivet ngokubhobhoza i-rivet nge-drill yobukhulu obufanayo (umfanekiso 3).
Umfanekiso3-Imbonakalo yokutshintsha i-rivet
Izikrufu
Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokudibanisa eziqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwezinto zokusebenza ezidibeneyo ziyi-screws. Ngokwemicu, izikrufu zingaba: i-metric, i-fine, i-Whitworth kunye ne-tubular. Ngokwemilo yentloko, siyahlula i-polygonal, i-grooved, i-countersunk, i-drilled, i-screws ephakathi, njl njl. Oku kusebenza nakwi-nuts-nuts ye-screws esiyisebenzisayo xa i-screw ayimkelwanga yimicu ecofekileyo yomngxuma, kodwa ngomsonto we-nut kwelinye isiphelo somngxuma owenziwe ngokutyibilikayo. Izikrufu zihlala zenziwe ngentsimbi, kodwa ubhedu, ubhedu kunye nezikrufu ze-aluminiyam kunye namantongomane nazo zisetyenziswa. Iipleyiti ezixhasayo phantsi kwentloko ye-screw zithintela umonakalo kumphezulu we-workpiece ukusuka kwintloko eqiniweyo, ungavumeli ukungalawulwa okungalawulwayo kwe-screw, kunye nokukhulula, kodwa ukuhambisa amandla okudibanisa kwindawo enkulu.
Izikrufu ezineemitha zemetric zisetyenziswa kakhulu. I-angle yeentambo ezisikiweyo, i-angle yemida yazo iphezulu60°. Ububanzi bomsonto we-screw buphelele okanye isahlulo seshumi se-millimeter, kunye ne-pitch yentambo (ngale nto sithetha intshukumo ye-screw kwicala le-axis longitudinal ngexesha elinye elipheleleyo lokujika) kwakhona kwi-millimeters epheleleyo. Izikrufu zemetric ezisemgangathweni zinikwa umsonto. Ngokomzekelo, uM10ibonisa idayamitha yomsonto we10 mmngepitch yomsonto we1,5 mm (esi ikwasisithuba phakathi kokusikeka). Umsonto ocolekileyo, owahlukileyo kowangaphambili, unophawu M10x1, okuthetha ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nemisonto yesiqhelo, yona inamazinyo acolekileyo kakhulu, kuba inowuthi yomsonto kuphela.1 mm, incinci kuneyangaphambili.
Nangona ingaxhaphakanga kangako, iibholiti ezinemisonto yakwaWhitworth ziyasetyenziswa (umz. kwiimoto ezenziwe ngesiNgesi). Bafumana igama labo kwigama lomzi-mveliso wesiNgesi owaqala ukulinganisa imisonto yesikrufu. Idayamitha yomsonto inikwe ngesiNgesi i-intshi, i-intshi (1“=2,54 mm), kunye ne-engile phezulu kwe55°. I-engile yokuthambekela kwemisonto imiselwa linani lemisonto kubude be-intshi enye, okt. ngokwenani “lamazinyo” kwi-spindle, ubude2,54 mm. Ukuba ububanzi bomtya abuyi-intshi epheleleyo, sibonisa ngendlela yeqhekeza. Xa sidibana nophawu olunjalo lomsonto, njenge7/8“, ngoko ke kuthetha ukuba ubukhulu bebholi22,2 mm, kwaye inani lamazinyo kubhontsi omnye li9, leyo yipitch yomsonto2,8 mm. Umsonto weWhitworth ongengowomgangatho uphawulwe ngeW3/4x10. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-diameter ye-screw yikota ezintathu ze-intshi (19 mm) ngeentetho ezixineneyo, 10amazinyo-iinotshi kubude omnye wobhontsi kunye nethambeka le 2,5 mm.
Esona sicelo siqhelekileyo yimisonto ye-tubular ekuqhutyweni kofakelo lwe-tubular. Ziphawulwe ngonobumba C, amaxabiso azo anikwe ngee-intshi kwaye atshatise i-engile ye55° kufutshane phezulu. Imisonto ilungile ngokwentelekiso ie. ngenani elikhulu “lamazinyo”. Kufuneka silumke kakhulu ukuba ezi mpawu zesithupha azibonakalisi ububanzi beentambo, kodwa ububanzi bangaphakathi bombhobho apho intambo ifakwe khona. Ngokubhekiselele kumzekelo wangaphambili, ileyibhile C7/8“ imele umsonto wombhobho onjalo, onedayamitha yangaphandle 30,2 m, kwaye i-intshi enye yobude bombhobho iyanqunyulwa14amazinyo e-bevel1,8 mm.
Ekugqibeleni kwamahhala kwe-screw, i-spindle ifumana iintambo, apho i-nut ifakwe khona ngeentambo zayo. Imicu yangaphakathi ye-nut yenziwe kumngxuma owenziwe ngaphambili, kwaye imicu ye-bolt yenziwe ngokucofa kumzimba we-cylindrical. Imisonto ye nut ibanzi kancinane ukulungiselela imisonto yesijirufu. Kungenxa yoko le nto i-diameter yabo yahluka ngandlel’ ithile. Ngokugrumba ngaphambili umngxuma kwizinto kunye nokusebenzisa i-drill bit ukusika umdiliya, senza imicu kwi-nut. Ububanzi balo mngxuma bulingana nengundoqo ye-screw, kwaye incinci kakhulu kunobubanzi bomsonto. Undoqo yinxalenye yesikrufu emva kokuba umsonto ususiwe. Umzekelo, kwimisonto yemetric ye nut, idayamitha 10 mm sigrumba kwangaphambili umngxuma 8,4 mm.
Ukucofa imisonto yangaphandle nangaphakathi ayifuni nabuphi na ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Kubalulekile ukunika i-spindle imilinganiselo efanelekileyo yentambo, oko kukuthi, intambo ye-nut ukusika kwimilinganiselo emiselweyo ye-core (umfanekiso 4). Ukuba isikrufu sijika ngasekunene, sisikrufu sesandla sasekunene. Ukuba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikrufu esinendlela efanayo yokujikeleza siphuma emngxunyeni, ngoko sisijiko esinomsonto wesandla sasekhohlo, esiphawulwe ngenotshi encinci kwiikona kwicala lentloko, ngelixa iinotshi ezimbini ezingaphezulu ziphawulwe entloko ngenotshi. Umsonto onjalo uphawulwe kumzobo nge-M-10. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukubopha izikrufu, ngaphandle kwemisonto erhabaxa, siya kwenza imisonto ngokuqalwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Oku kuphawulwe ngo-3 beg. M 10x1, emele isithuba sesithuba se-slot se-1mm, nangona ujiko olunye lwehlisa isikrufu ngo-3 mm. Imisonto yeScrew ilawulwa yikama yegeji yomsonto. Isisombululo esilula kunesi kukuthelekisa ibholithi eyaziwayo ngokuyibeka ecaleni kwebholi eneempawu ezingaziwayo. Izikrweqe ziyafana ukuba imisonto yazo ichukumisa bonke ubude bento yokusonta. Idayamitha imiselwa kusetyenziswa itemplate.
Umfanekiso 4 — umbono wokucofa intambo
Izikrufu ziqiniswa ngesikrudrayiva, isitshixo nangesandla. Ukusebenza nge-screwdriver, i-screws ene-notch, ene-cylindrical, i-half-round kunye ne-countersunk head isetyenziswa. Izikrweqe ezinebhabhathane kunye nentloko egotyiweyo ziqinisiwe ngesandla, kwaye izikrufu ezinehexagonal kunye nentloko yesikwere ziqiniswe ngeziqwenga. Izikrufu ezikhethekileyo zibonelelwa nge-hexagonal recesses. Ziguqulwa ngendlela yesitshixo esine-hexagonal cross-section, efakwe kwintloko ye-screw eyenziwe ngolu hlobo (enjalo isetyenziswe kumatshini we-MULTIMAKS ekwenzeni izixhobo). Okuninzi nangakumbi ekusebenziseni izikrufu ezinenotshi emile okwemnqamlezo, leyo. ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-screwdriver ene-blade ezine. Amandongomane eemilo ezahlukeneyo nawo aveliswa (umfanekiso 5).
Umfanekiso 5 — ukuboniswa kweentlobo zezikrufu
Sele sitshilo malunga nezitshixo ze-screw ukuba kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ngqo nentloko yesijivu. Oku kusebenza nakumandongomane asetyenziswa xa usebenzisa izikrufu zentloko ze-countersunk. I-screwdriver kufuneka ingabibukhali okanye ibe buthuntu. Ububanzi be-blade kufuneka bulungelelaniswe kubude, kunye nobukhulu be-blade ukuya kububanzi benotshi. Ngescrewdriver, kunokwenzeka ukujika isikrufu ngaphandle kwentloko, into ebizwa ngokuba zii-bolts zengoma.
Xa usebenzisa i-nut enentloko edibeneyo (esiphinda siyibize ngeentloko ze-knurled), i-screwdriver ekhethekileyo eyenziwe ngefolokhwe isetyenziswa.
Iindlela ezininzi zokusebenza ngesikrufu
Faka izikrufu zentsimbi ezincinci usebenzisa isikrudrayiva esinesiphelo samagnetic okanye isitshixo. Ngeemfuno zethu zokuqhuba ngesikrufu sinokusebenzisa ucingo lwentsimbi oluthambileyo olunesiphelo se-loop. Ukuba intloko ye-screw iphukile, sinqumla inotshi kwi-screw apho sifaka i-screwdriver kwaye sisuse i-screw.
Emsebenzini, sihlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ukuba singonakalisi imicu ye-screw. Ukuba kuyenzeka, makhe sizame ukucheba indawo eyonakeleyo yomsonto ngehacksaw encinci. Ukuvavanya kwangaphambili i-screw ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukuphakama kwayo kwenziwa kuphela emva kokuba sele siyibeke phakathi kwemihlathi ethambileyo ye-mangal, ukuze ungonakalisi imicu. Siqala nge-oyile izikrufu zentsimbi, ezivezwe kwimozulu, kwaye sizijije endaweni. Ukuba izikrufu zinomhlwa, gcoba imisonto nge-petroleum kwaye emva kwexesha elithile ubethe intloko ye-screw ngehamile.
Kwii-screws, esizikrazula kwizinto ezithambileyo, kufuneka sibeke i-washer enobubanzi obukhulu. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba imisonto ye-screw ayibambeli kufutshane nentloko ye-screw ngaphandle kokuba siwunqumle umsonto kwisiqu ukuya ngaphantsi kwentloko ye-screw.
Imixholo eyeleleneyo: UkuBolting kwiNqaku lokuWelding, I-Base Material and Fasteners kunye noVeliso lwefestile nomnyango.