Isexwayiso Esibalulekile: Lona umbhalo wengobo yomlando womlando, hhayi ukucaciswa kwamanje okuhlanganyelwe, okujwayelekile, ukukala umthwalo noma umyalelo womsebenzi. Izilinganiso, izintambo, izinto zokwakha, amathuluzi kanye nezinqubo ezichaziwe kufanele zihlolwe ngokuya ngamazinga asebenzayo, imibhalo yomkhiqizi kanye nemibandela yangempela yesicelo. Ukubhoboza, ukusika, ukugoqa kanye nokusebenza ngensimbi kudinga ubuchwepheshe obufanele, ukulungiswa okuzinzile kwezinto nezinto zokuzivikela.
Lo mbhalo awukona ukunikezwa kwama-rivets, izikulufu noma amathuluzi avela ku-Savo Kusić. Ukunikezwa kwamanje kugxile emafasiteleni, iminyango kanye nokukhiqizwa kokubaza okungokwezifiso.
Ukulalela
I-Riveting iwukuxhunywa kwezinto, lapho ama-rivets athambile futhi asebenziseka kalula aqiniswa ocezwini lokusebenza olubunjwe ngaphambili. Singasho ukuthi lokhu kuxhumana kufana nokuxhumana phakathi kwezipikili nezinkuni. Iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba insimbi ilukhuni kunokhuni.
Ama-Rivets yizici zensimbi eziyi-cylindrical ezinekhanda elingase libe yi-hemispherical, lenticular, countersunk noma flat. Akhiqizwa nge-aluminium nethusi.
Uma u-riveting, kusetshenziswa okulandelayo: isando, i-tensioner, punch, i-riveter, i-cutter, kanye ne-spiral drill yezimbobo zokubhoboza, kanye neshidi lensimbi, i-cornice. Esigabeni sokuqala somsebenzi, sibeka ama-workpieces (amapuleti noma ama-strips), bese siyawabhoboza bese sibeka etafuleni lomsebenzi ukuze kuqhutshwe i-riveting. Ithebula le-riveting lingaba likhulu, elenziwe ngensimbi eqinile, elinezinsika ezenziwe ukuze zilingane nekhanda le-rivet. Sidonsa ama-rivets kusuka ngezansi ngokusebenzisa amashidi afakwe ngaphambili axhunyiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela sibeka umsebenzi wokusebenzela epuleti lensimbi. Inhloko ye-rivet kufanele ihlale phansi kwekhefu phezulu kwetafula lensimbi. Ngemuva kwalokhu, sibeka i-tensioner ye-tubular ekupheleni kokuma kwe-rivet futhi ngokushaya kwesando, siqinisa ama-workpieces ahlanganiswe ngale ndlela (isithombe 1).
Image 1 — ukubukwa kokucula mathupha
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwenza isiqu se-rivet, uhambe ngesando esiyingini, ngokusihlephula sibe kwelinye ikhanda le-hemispherical. Kulokhu, sisizwa umenzi wobumba othi, ngokuhlehlisa kwawo, alolonge amaphethelo ahlukene ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi awahlukanise abe cishe amafomu afanayo.
Irivethi enekhanda eliyindilinga elishisiwe lisetshenziswa uma ikhanda le-rivet kungafanele libe ngaphezu kwendawo yokusebenza exhunywe enye kwenye. Akwanele ukuvele ubhoboze imbobo. Kuyadingeka ukwenza izandiso ezimise okwefaneli ezinhlangothini zombili zokuvula, ezikhudlwana kancane kunobubanzi bomzimba we-rivet lining (nge-cone reamer noma i-spiral drill ene-angle encane ye-blade). Ikhanda le-rivet manje selizongena esandisweni sefaneli. Ngokushaya isando somkhandi wezikhiye, umzimba omile umane uphushelwe ekunwebeni okumise okwefaneli kuze kube yilapho ivala indawo yensimbi kahle. Ikhanda elisha le-rivet, elimise ngokushaywa kwesando, lizoba lihle uma ubude bomzimba obubonakalayo 1,2-1,5 buphinda ububanzi bawo. Uma i-rivet imfushane, ayibopheli, kuyilapho i-rivet ende yenza kube nzima ukuyikhipha. Ububanzi bomgodi obumbiwe womzimba we-rivet kufanele bufane ncamashi nobubanzi bawo. Uma kungenzeka, sisebenzisa i-drill enobubanzi obufanayo, ngoba ibhoboza imbobo enkulu.
Sikhathazeke kakhulu “ngokuqaqa” noma ukususa ama-rivets. Uma ikhanda le-rivet liqhuma, singalisusa ngefayela bese sishaya i-rivet ngakolunye uhlangothi. Lapho ikhanda le-rivet likhulu, zama ukuthola umsiki ohlangothini, phakathi kwekhanda nepuleti, futhi unqume ikhanda emzimbeni we-rivet. Ama-rivets anekhanda eliphansi awakwazi ukususwa ngale ndlela. Esimeni esinjalo, susa ikhanda elihlehlisiwe le-rivet, endaweni yokuphuma emise okumise okwefaneli, ngokubhola okuvunguzayo okufanelekile, bese ungqongqoza i-rivet ngokushaya kwesando ngakolunye uhlangothi (isithombe 2).
Isithombe 2 — ukubuka kokususa i-rivet
Kuyenzeka ukuthi asinaso isidingo senkampani eqinile kodwa soxhumano olukhululekile ne-rivet (isb. uma unamathisela isandla odayelini). Kulokhu, sisebenzisa i-rivet encane ngobubanzi kunombobo bese sibeka iwasha eyisicaba ngaphansi kwekhanda. Kungumthetho owaziwayo: I-rivet eyodwa ayiyona i-rivet. Ukuze sibe nokuxhumana okuqinile futhi kungabi nokuxhumana okuxekethile, sizosebenzisa okungenani ama-rivets amabili. Uma, lapho sishaya i-rivet ngesando, sizwa umsindo okhencezayo, kufanele sazi ukuthi isiqu sawo siphukile. Uma ama-workpieces ahlanganisiwe esondela komunye nomunye, lokhu kuwuphawu lokuthi asizange siqinise ama-rivets ngokwanele noma cindezela iziphetho kahle. Kufanele futhi wazi ukuthi ama-rivets ajwayelekile. Amarivethi abandayo anobubanzi obungu-1 ukuya ku-37 mm, nobude obungu-1,5 kuya ku-8 ubukhulu. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-rivet yobukhulu obufanele, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho ngisho nesisebenzi esifanelekayo ngeke sikwazi ukuphatha umsebenzi kalula.
Ama-rivets amashubhu aphinde asetshenziswe (ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kanye nezikhwama zezandla kanye nemboni yokuhlobisa i-haberdashery). Isiqu nenhloko yalezi rivets azinalutho, ngakho-ke ngeke sakhe amakhanda ngokushaya, kodwa ngethuluzi elikhethekile.
Iqinisa amarivethi
Indlela entsha ye-riveting ukuqiniswa kwama-rivets, ingqikithi yakho ukuthi inhloko yesiqu se-tensioner yenza ukuqinisa nokuqinisa ukuze kwakheke unqenqema lwe-rivethi ye-tubular. Isiqu se-tensioner sinqamuka ngaphezu komkhawulo we-tension. Isiqu se-rivet siqiniswa ngamapulangwe anyakazayo.
Ama-Rivets amisiwe futhi angavulwa aphele noma avalwe aphele kanye ne-grooved. Ama-rivets avulekile asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto ezincane, ikakhulukazi i-sheet metal, kanye nama-rivets aneziphetho ezivaliwe asetshenziselwa izinto ezingakwazi ukudlula amanzi nomoya. Ama-rivets agayiwe asetshenziselwa izinto ezithambile neziphukayo (isb. ukhuni). Ikhanda le-rivet lingaba isigamu-round noma countersunk. Iziqu ze-rivet ezingena emigodini ye-rivet zingaba zifushane noma ziphuke isikhathi eside. Ikhanda le-rivet lingena esihlalweni se-rivet esingenalutho noma liyaphuma. I-rivet yenziwe nge-aluminium, ithusi, insimbi emnene, noma i-nickel-copper alloy (monel). Amandla ama-rivets ancike kukhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ukujiya, uhlobo. Amandla e-Shear asukela ku-60 kuye ku-150 kp. Sibhola izinto zokusebenza nge-spiral drill enobubanzi obukhudlwana ngo-0,1-0,2 mm kunobubanzi besiqu se-rivet. Sifaka umzimba we-rivet yokubopha ekuvuleni ama-pliers e-riveting, kanye ne-rivet engenalutho emgodini oboshiwe. Ukusebenzisa ingcindezi ngalezi pliers ku-workpiece, siqinisa izibambo zibheke komunye nomunye. Ukuqinisa okukodwa akwanele, kodwa kufanele wazi ukuthi umzimba we-rivet uvame ukuphuka ekuqiniseni okwesithathu. Ngemuva kokuqiniswa ngakunye, sishelela ama-pliers emzimbeni we-rivet. Inzuzo ye-riveting eyimpumputhe ukuthi ukuxhumeka kwe-riveting kuyafana, ngakho ukusebenza kabi cishe akunakwenzeka. Ukugqoka okuvela ezindaweni ezipendiwe akuchaphazi phakathi nalo msebenzi. Ezindaweni ezivaliwe noma okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo ze-workpiece (isb. emapayipini), isikhala esinobubanzi obungu-4,8 mm kuphela esidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe ikhanda lokuvala. Izinto ezicijile aziwohloki, ngisho namashidi anogqinsi olungu-0,5 mm. Sishintsha i-rivet ngokubhoboza i-rivet nge-drill enobubanzi obufanayo (isithombe 3).
Isithombe3- umbono wokushintsha i-rivet
Izikulufu
Izakhi zokuxhuma ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eziqinisekisa ukuhlakazwa kwezinto zokusebenza ezixhunyiwe yizikulufu. Ngokusho kwemicu, izikulufu zingaba: i-metric, fine, Whitworth kanye ne-tubular. Ngokusho kokuma kwekhanda, sihlukanisa i-polygonal, i-grooved, countersunk, i-drilled, i-screws ejwayelekile, njll. Lokhu kusebenza futhi kumantongomane-amantongomane e-screw esiwasebenzisayo lapho isikulufu singamukelwa yizintambo eziqoshiwe zembobo, kodwa ngentambo ye-nati ngakolunye uhlangothi lwembobo ebhoboziwe kahle. Izikulufu ngokuvamile zenziwe ngensimbi, kodwa ithusi, ithusi ne-aluminium ngezikulufo namantongomane nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Amapuleti asekelayo angaphansi kwekhanda lesikulufu avimbela umonakalo ebusweni bomsebenzi osuka ekhanda eliqinisiwe, angavumeli ukuvuleka okungalawuleki kwesikulufu, kanye nokuxegiswa, kodwa dlulisela amandla okubamba endaweni enkulu.
Izikulufu ezinochungechunge lwemethrikhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu. I-engeli yezintambo ezisikiwe, i-engeli yemiphetho yazo iphezulu60°. Ububanzi bentambo yesikulufu buphelele noma ingxenye yeshumi yemilimitha, futhi iphimbo lentambo (ngalokhu sisho ukunyakaza kwesikulufu sibheke eksisi longitudinal ngesikhathi sokujika okukodwa) nakho kungamamilimitha aphelele. Izikulufu zemethrikhi ezijwayelekile zinikezwa i- thread pitch. Ngokwesibonelo, uM10ikhombisa ububanzi bomucu we10 mmngephitch yentambo ye1,5 mm (lesi futhi isikhala phakathi kokusikeka). Uchungechunge olucolekile, oluhlukile koludlule, luphawulwe ngokuthi M10x1, okusho ukuthi, ngokungafani nentambo evamile, inamazinyo amancane kakhulu, ngoba ukuphakama kwentambo kuphela.1 mm, lokho kuncane kunangaphambili.
Nakuba kungavamile, amabhawodi anezintambo zikaWhitworth asetshenziswa (isb. ezimotweni ezenziwe ngesiNgisi). Bathola igama labo egameni lemboni yesiNgisi eyaqala yalinganisa imicu yesikulufu. Ububanzi bomucu bunikezwe ngama-intshi esiNgisi, amayintshi (1“=2,54 mm), kanye ne-engeli phezulu kwe55°. I-engeli yokuthambekela kochungechunge inqunywa inani lemicu ebudeni be-intshi eyodwa, isb. ngokwenani “lamazinyo” ku-spindle, ubude2,54 mm. Uma ububanzi bentambo akuyona intshi yonke, sibonisa ngesimo sengxenye. Uma sihlangabezana nezimpawu ezinjalo zentambo, njenge7/8“, bese kusho ukuthi ububanzi bebhawodi22,2 mm, kanye nenani lamazinyo esithupheni esisodwa lithi9, yilokho iphimbo lentambo2,8 mm. Intambo ye-Whitworth engajwayelekile imakwe nge-W3/4x10. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ububanzi besikulufu buyizingxenye ezintathu kwezine ze-intshi (19 mm) ngama-serrations aminyene, 10amazinyo-amanotshi kubude obubodwa besithupha esinomthambeka we 2,5 mm.
Uhlelo lokusebenza oluvame kakhulu imicu ye-tubular ekwenzeni ukufakwa kwe-tubular. Amakwe ngohlamvu C, amanani awo anikezwa ngamayintshi futhi afana ne-engeli ye55° eduze phezulu. Imicu ilungile uma iqhathaniswa, okungukuthi. ngenani elikhulu “lamazinyo”. Kumelwe siqaphele kakhulu ukuthi lezi zimpawu zesithupha azimeli ububanzi bezintambo, kodwa ububanzi bangaphakathi bepayipi lapho izintambo zifakwe khona. Ibhekisela esibonelweni sangaphambilini, ilebula C7/8“ imele intambo yepayipi enjalo, ububanzi bayo bangaphandle bu 30,2 m, futhi intshi eyodwa yobude bepayipi iyasikwa14amazinyo e-bevel1,8 mm.
Ekugcineni kwamahhala kwesikulufu, intambo yokuphotha ithola imicu, lapho inathi ligoqwa ngemicu yalo. Izintambo zangaphakathi zamantongomane zakhiwe emgodini owenziwe ngaphambili, futhi izintambo ze-bolt zakhiwa ngokuthepha emzimbeni we-cylindrical. Imicu yamantongomane ibanzi kancane ukuze ifake izintambo zesikulufu. Yingakho ububanzi bawo buhluka kancane. Ngokubhoboza imbobo entweni futhi ngokusebenzisa i-drill bit ukusika umvini, senza izintambo kumantongomane. Ububanzi balo mgodi bulingana nomnyombo we-screw, futhi buncane kakhulu kunobubanzi bentambo. Umongo ingxenye yesikulufu ngemva kokukhishwa kwentambo. Isb., ochungechungeni lwe-metric yamantongomane, ububanzi 10 mm sibhoboza ngaphambili imbobo engu-8,4 mm.
Ukuthepha uchungechunge lwangaphandle nolwangaphakathi akudingi amakhono akhethekile. Kubalulekile ukunikeza i-spindle izilinganiso ezifanele zentambo, okungukuthi, intambo ye-nati ukusika izilinganiso ezinqunyiwe zomgogodla (isithombe 4). Uma isikulufu siphenduka ngokwewashi, yisikulufu sesandla sokudla. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikulufu esinesiqondiso esifanayo sokuzungeza siphuma emgodini, khona-ke siyi-screw enentambo engakwesobunxele, ephawulwe ngenotshi encane emakhoneni ohlangothini lwekhanda, kuyilapho ama-notch amabili ephawulwe ekhanda ngenotshi. Intambo enjalo imakwe emdwebeni ngokuthi M-10. Uma kudingekile ukubopha izikulufu, ngaphandle kwezintambo eziqinile, sizokwenza imicu eneziqalo ezindaweni eziningana. Lokhu kumakwe ngokuthi 3 beg. M 10x1, emele isikhala sesikhala esingu-1mm, nakuba ukujika okukodwa kwehlisa isikulufu ngo-3 mm. Imicu yesikulufu ilawulwa ikamu le-thread gauge. Isixazululo esilula kunalokhu ukuqhathanisa ibhawudi elaziwayo ngokulibeka eduze nebhawodi enezici ezingaziwa. Izikulufu ziyefana uma imicu yazo ithinta bonke ubude be-spindle. Ububanzi bunqunywa kusetshenziswa isifanekiso.
Image 4 — ukubukwa kokuthepha intambo
Izikulufu ziqiniswa nge-screwdriver, ukhiye nangesandla. Ukuze usebenze nge-screwdriver, izikrini ezine-notch, ezine-cylindrical, i-half-round ne-countersunk head zisetshenziswa. Izikulufu ezinovemvane nekhanda eligoqekile ziqiniswa ngesandla, futhi izikulufu ezinekhanda eliyi-hexagonal nelesikwele ziqiniswa ngezikrufu. Izikulufu ezikhethekile zinikezwa ngama-recesses ane-hexagonal. Aphendulwa ngokhiye onesiphambano esiyi-hexagonal, esifakwa ekhanda lesikulufu esakhiwe ngale ndlela (esisetshenziswa emishinini ye-MULTIMAKS yokwenza amathuluzi). Okusetshenziswayo okwengeziwe izikulufu ezinenotshi emise okwesiphambano, okuyinto. zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-screwdriver ene-blade ezine. Amantongomane anomumo ohlukahlukene nawo akhiqizwa (isithombe 5).
Isithombe 5 — ukuboniswa kwezinhlobo zezikulufu
Sesivele sishilo mayelana nokhiye bezikulufu ukuthi kumele bajwayelane ncamashi nenhloko yesikulufu. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakumantongomane asetshenziswa uma usebenzisa izikulufu zekhanda eziphikisayo. I-screwdriver akumele ibe bukhali noma ibe buthuntu. Ububanzi be-blade kufanele bulungiswe ubude, futhi ubukhulu be-blade bufinyelele ububanzi benotshi. Nge-screwdriver, kungenzeka ukujika isikulufu ngaphandle kwekhanda, lokho okubizwa ngamabhawudi ethrekhi.
Uma usebenzisa inati elinekhanda eligoqekile (siphinde siwabize ngamakhanda ama-knurled), kusetshenziswa isikrudrayiva esikhethekile esimise okwemfologo.
Izindlela ezimbalwa zokusebenza ngesikulufu
Faka izikulufu zensimbi ezincane usebenzisa isikrudrayiva esinomphetho ozibuthe noma ukhiye. Ngezidingo zethu zokushayela ngezikulufu singasebenzisa intambo yensimbi ethambile ene-loop end. Uma inhloko yesikulufu iphukile, sinqamula inothi esikulufini lapho sifaka khona i-screwdriver bese sisusa isikulufu.
Emsebenzini, sinaka ngokukhethekile ukuthi singalimazi izintambo zesikulufa. Uma kwenzeka, ake sizame ukusika ingxenye eyonakele yentambo nge-hacksaw encane. Ukuhlola kusengaphambili isikulufu ukuze kufinyezwe ukuphakama kwaso kwenziwa kuphela ngemva kokuba sesivele sikubeke phakathi kwemihlathi ethambile ye-mangal, ukuze singalimazi izintambo. Siqale sigcobe izikulufu zensimbi, ezichayeka esimweni sezulu, bese sizigoqa endaweni. Uma izikulufu zigqwalile, gcoba imicu nge-petroleum futhi emva kwesikhathi esithile ushaye ikhanda lesikulufa ngesando.
Kuzikulufu, esizigoqa zibe izinto ezithambile, kufanele sibeke iwasha enobubanzi obukhulu. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imicu yesikulufu ayibambeki eduze kwekhanda lesikulufu ngaphandle uma sisika intambo esiqwini ibe ngaphansi kwekhanda lesikulufu.
Izihloko Ezihlobene: Bolting to Welding Articles, Base Material and Fasteners kanye Ukwenziwa Kwewindi Nomnyango.