Chenjezo Lofunika: Awa ndi mawu osungira zakale, osati ndondomeko yamakono, mulingo, kuchuluka kwa katundu kapena malangizo a ntchito. Miyezo, ulusi, zida, zida ndi njira zofotokozedwera ziyenera kufufuzidwa molingana ndi miyezo yovomerezeka, zolemba za wopanga komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito. Kubowola, kudula, kugubuduza ndi kugwira ntchito ndi zitsulo kumafuna ukatswiri woyenera, kukonza zinthu mokhazikika ndi zida zodzitetezera.
Malembawa si kuperekedwa kwa ma rivets, zomangira kapena zida zochokera ku Savo Kusić. Zomwe zilipo panopa zikuyang’ana pa mazenera, zitseko ndi kupanga ukalipentala.
Riveting
Riveting ndi kulumikizana kwa zinthu, zomwe ma rivets ofewa komanso osavuta kugwira ntchito amakhazikika pachokha chobowolerapo. Tikhoza kunena kuti kugwirizana kumeneku ndi kofanana ndi misomali ndi matabwa. Ndizovuta kwambiri monga chitsulo ndi cholimba kuposa matabwa.
Ma Rivets ndi zinthu zachitsulo zozungulira zomwe zili ndi mutu womwe ukhoza kukhala wa hemispherical, lenticular, conical-recessed kapena flat. Zapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa.
Pobowola, zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: nyundo, tensioner, punch, riveter, cutter, komanso kubowola kozungulira pobowola mabowo, ndi pepala lachitsulo, cornice. Mu gawo loyamba la ntchito, timayika zida zogwirira ntchito (mbale kapena mizere), kenako timabowola ndikuziyika patebulo logwirira ntchito kuti liziwombera. The riveting tebulo likhoza kukhala lalikulu, lopangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba, chokhala ndi zotsalira zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mutu wa rivet. Timakoka ma rivets kuchokera m’munsi mwa mapepala opangidwa kale omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndipo motero timayika chogwirira ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo. Mutu wa rivet uyenera kukhala pansi pa chopumira pamwamba pa tebulo lachitsulo. Pambuyo pake, timayika tensioner tubular pamapeto oima a rivet ndikuwomba kwa nyundo, timalimbitsa zogwirira ntchito zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa motere (chithunzi 1).
Image 1 — mawonekedwe a riveting pamanja
Chotsatira ndi kupanga tsinde la rivet, kuzungulira ndi nyundo mozungulira, ndikuphwanya mutu wina wa hemispherical. Mwa izi, timathandizidwa ndi chojambula chomwe, ndi ma indentation ake, chimaumba mbali zogawanika m’njira zosiyanasiyana ndikuzipanga pafupifupi zofanana.
Rivet yokhala ndi mutu wopindika wozama imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mutu wa rivet suyenera kukhala pamwamba pa zida zolumikizirana. Sikokwanira kungobowola bowo. Ndikofunikira kupanga zowonjezera zooneka ngati funnel kumbali zonse ziwiri zotsegulira, zokulirapo pang’ono kuposa momwe thupi limakhalira (ndi cone reamer kapena spiral drill yokhala ndi ngodya yaying’ono ya tsamba). Mutu wa rivet tsopano ulowa muzowonjezera. Pomenya nyundo ya locksmith, thupi loyimilira limangokankhidwira mu kukulitsa kooneka ngati funnel mpaka kutseka pamwamba pazitsulo bwino. Mutu watsopano wa rivet, wopangidwa ndi nyundo, ukhala wabwino ngati utali wa thupi lowoneka uli 1,2-1,5 kuchulukitsa kukula kwake. Ngati rivet ndi lalifupi, silimangiriza, pomwe rivet lalitali limapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuziyika. Kutalika kwa dzenje lobowoleredwa kwa thupi la rivet liyenera kufanana ndendende ndi m’mimba mwake. Ngati ndi kotheka, timagwiritsa ntchito kubowola kofanana ndi m’mimba mwake chifukwa kumabowola bowo lalikulu.
Tili ndi nkhawa “kuchotsa” kapena kuchotsa ma rivets. Ngati mutu wa rivet ukuphulika, tikhoza kuuchotsa ndi fayilo ndikugwedeza rivet kumbali inayo. Pamene mutu wa rivet ndi waukulu, yesetsani kutenga wodula kuchokera kumbali, pakati pa mutu ndi mbale, ndikudula mutu pa thupi la rivet. Ma Rivets okhala ndi mutu wotsitsidwa sangathe kuchotsedwa motere. Zikatero, chotsani mutu wopindika wa rivet, pamalo opumira ngati funnel, ndikubowolera kozungulira koyenera, ndikugwetsa nthitiyo ndikuwomba nyundo mbali ina (chithunzi 2).
Image 2 — view kuchotsa rivet
Zimachitika kuti tilibe chosowa cholimba koma cholumikizira chomasuka ndi rivet (mwachitsanzo poyika dzanja pa dial). Apa, timagwiritsa ntchito rivet laling’ono m’mimba mwake kuposa bowo ndikuyika chochapira chathyathyathya pansi pamutu. Ndi lamulo lodziwika bwino: Rivet imodzi si rivet. Kuti tikhale ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu komanso wosasunthika, tidzagwiritsa ntchito ma rivets osachepera awiri. Ngati, pomenya riveti ndi nyundo, timva phokoso lamphamvu, tiyenera kudziwa kuti tsinde lake lathyoka. Ngati zida zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimasunthira wina ndi mzake, ichi ndi chizindikiro kuti sitinakhwimitse ma rivets mokwanira kapena kupondereza malekezero bwino. Muyeneranso kudziwa kuti ma rivets ndi okhazikika. Ma riveti ozizira amakhala ndi mainchesi a 1 mpaka 37 mm, ndi kutalika kwa 1,5 mpaka 8 diameter. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito rivet ya kukula koyenera, chifukwa mwinamwake ngakhale wogwira ntchito woyenerera sangathe kuyendetsa ntchitoyo mosavuta.
Ma tubular rivets amagwiritsidwanso ntchito (makamaka muukadaulo wamatelefoni komanso m’chikwama chamanja ndi mafakitale okongoletsa a haberdashery). Tsinde ndi mutu wa ma rivetswa ndi opanda pake, kotero sitipanga mituyo pomenya nyundo, koma ndi chida chapadera.
Kulimbitsa ma riveti
Njira yatsopano yopangira ma rivets ndikumangirira kwa ma rivets, chomwe chimati mutu wa tsinde la tensioner umachita kulimbitsa ndi kumangirira kuti apange mkombero wa tubular rivet. Tsinde la tensioner limatsika kupyola malire azovuta. Tsinde la Rivet lomangika ndi pliers.
Ma Rivets ndi okhazikika ndipo amatha kutsegulidwa kapena kutsekedwa kumapeto komanso grooved. Ma rivets otseguka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zida zowonda, makamaka zitsulo zachitsulo, ndipo ma rivets okhala ndi malekezero otsekedwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe sizingadutse madzi ndi mpweya. Ma rivets odulidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zofewa komanso zophwanyika (monga matabwa). Mutu wa rivet ukhoza kukhala theka lozungulira kapena countersunk. Zoyambira za Rivet zomwe zimalowa m’mitsempha ya rivet zimatha kukhala zazifupi kapena zazitali zosweka. Mutu wa rivet mwina umalowa pampando wopindika kapena kutuluka. Rivet imapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu, mkuwa, chitsulo chofewa, kapena nickel-copper alloy (monel). Mphamvu za rivets zimatengera mtundu wa zinthu, makulidwe, mtundu. Kumeta ubweya kumayambira 60 mpaka 150 kp. Timabowola zogwirira ntchito ndi kubowola kozungulira kokulirapo ndi 0,1-0,2 mm kuposa kukula kwa tsinde la rivet. Ikani thupi la riveti yomangirira potsegulira zopukutira, ndi dzenje lobowola mu dzenje lobowola. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma pliers awa pa chogwirira ntchito, timakanikiza zogwirira wina ndi mzake. Kumangitsa kumodzi sikokwanira, koma muyenera kudziwa kuti thupi la rivet nthawi zambiri limasweka pakulimbitsa kwachitatu. Tikamangitsa kulikonse, timatsitsa zowotchera pa thupi la rivet. Ubwino wa ma riveting akhungu ndikuti maulumikizidwe a riveting ndi ofanana, kotero kuti kusachita bwino kumakhala kosatheka. Chophimba chochokera kumalo opaka utoto sichimaphulika panthawiyi. M’malo otsekedwa kapena ovuta kufika a workpiece (monga mapaipi), malo okhawo okhala ndi m’lifupi mwake 4,8 mm amafunikira kuti apange mutu wosindikiza. Zinthu zolimba sizimapunduka, ngakhale mapepala okhala ndi makulidwe a 0,5 mm. Timalowetsa rivetiyo pobowola m’mimba mwake momwemo (chithunzi 3).
Chithunzi 3 - mawonekedwe osinthira rivet
Zomangira
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zolumikizira zomwe zimatsimikizira kutayika kwa zinthu zolumikizidwa zogwirira ntchito ndi zomangira. Malinga ndi ulusi, zomangira zimatha kukhala: metric, fine, Whitworth ndi tubular. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mutu, timasiyanitsa polygonal, grooved, countersunk, mokhomerera, pafupifupi zomangira, etc. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa mtedza-mtedza wa zomangira kuti timagwiritsa ntchito pamene wononga si kuvomerezedwa ndi ulusi tapped za dzenje, koma ndi ulusi wa mtedza pa mapeto ena a dzenje bwino mokhomerera. Zomangira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo, koma zomangira zamkuwa, zamkuwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi mtedza zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Ma mbale othandizira pansi pa wononga mutu amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba pa workpiece kuchokera pamutu womangika, musalole kusasunthika kosalamulirika kwa wononga, komanso kumasula, koma kufalitsa mphamvu yokhotakhota kumtunda waukulu.
Zomangira zokhala ndi ulusi wa metric zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ngodya ya ulusi wodulidwa, ngodya ya m’mphepete mwake imafika 60°. Kutalika kwa ulusi wa screw ndi lonse kapena gawo limodzi la magawo khumi la millimeter, ndipo phula la ulusi (potero tikutanthauza kusuntha kwa wononga molunjika kumtunda wautali panthawi imodzi) kumakhalanso mamilimita athunthu. Zomata zokhazikika zimapatsidwa ulusi wokwera. Mwachitsanzo, M 10 imasonyeza ulusi wa 10 mm wokhala ndi 1,5 mm 1,5 mm (ukunso ndi kamvekedwe kake pakati pa ulusiwo). Ulusi wabwino kwambiri, womwe ndi wosiyana ndi wam’mbuyomo, umalembedwa ndi M 10x1, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, mosiyana ndi ulusi wamba, umakhala ndi mano, chifukwa phula la ulusi ndi 1 mm, i.e. yaying’ono kuposa yapitayi.
Ngakhale sizodziwika, mabawuti okhala ndi ulusi wa Whitworth amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo pamagalimoto opangidwa ndi Chingerezi). Amatenga dzina lawo kuchokera ku dzina la fakitale ya Chingerezi yomwe poyamba inagwirizanitsa ulusi wa screw. Kutalika kwa ulusi kumaperekedwa mu Chingerezi mainchesi, mainchesi (1“=2,54 mm), komanso ngodya yomwe ili pamwamba pa55°. Kupendekeka kwa ulusi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ulusi muutali wa inchi imodzi, mwachitsanzo. malinga ndi chiwerengero cha “mano” pa chopopera, kutalika kwake2,54 mm. Ngati m’mimba mwake wa ulusi si inchi lonse, timasonyeza mu mawonekedwe a kachigawo kakang’ono. Tikakumana ndi zolembera za ulusi, monga7/8“, ndiye zikutanthauza kuti ndi mainchesi a bawuti22,2 mm, ndipo chiwerengero cha mano pa chala chachikulu chimodzi ndi9,ndiwo mamvekedwe a ulusiwo2,8 mm. Ulusi wosakhala wamba wa Whitworth umalembedwa ndi W3/4x10. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m’mimba mwake wa screw ndi magawo atatu mwa anayi a inchi (19 mm) ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, 10mano-notch pa utali wa chala chachikulu ndi otsetsereka 2,5 mm.
Ntchito yodziwika kwambiri ndi ulusi wa tubular pakukhazikitsa ma tubular. Amalembedwa ndi chilembo C, makonda awo amaperekedwa mu mainchesi ndikufanana ndi ngodya ya55° pafupi ndi pamwamba. Ulusiwo ndiobwino ndithu. ndi “mano” ambiri. Tiyenera kusamala kwambiri kuti zizindikiro zam’manja izi sizikuyimira m’mimba mwake mwa ulusi, koma kukula kwa mkati mwa chitoliro chomwe ulusiwo amalumphirapo. Potengera chitsanzo cham’mbuyo, cholembedwa C7/8“ imayimira ulusi woterewu wa chitoliro, womwe m’mimba mwake muli 30,2 m, ndipo inchi imodzi ya kutalika kwa chitoliro imadulidwa14mano a bevel1,8 mm.
Kumalekezero aulere a screw, spindle imapeza ulusi, pomwe nati imakulungidwa ndi ulusi wake. Ulusi wamkati wa mtedza umapangidwa mu dzenje lobowoledwa kale, ndipo ulusi wa bolt umapangidwa pogogoda pa thupi la cylindrical. Ulusi wa mtedzawu ndi wotambalala pang’ono kuti ugwirizane ndi ulusi wa screw. Ndicho chifukwa chake ma diameter awo amasiyana pang’ono. Pobowola kale dzenje ndikugwiritsa ntchito pobowola podula mpesa, timapanga ulusi mu mtedza. The awiri a dzenje limeneli ndi wofanana wononga pachimake, ndi ang’onoang’ono kwambiri kuposa awiri a ulusi. Pakatikati ndi gawo la screw pambuyo pochotsa ulusi. Mwachitsanzo, pama metric ulusi wa nati, m’mimba mwake 10 mm timaboolatu bowo la 8,4 mm.
Kujambula ulusi wakunja ndi wamkati sikufuna ukatswiri wapadera. Ndikofunika kupatsa spindle miyeso yoyenera ya ulusi, ndiko kuti, ulusi wa mtedza kuti udulidwe pamiyeso yovomerezeka ya pachimake (chithunzi 4). Ngati screw itembenuka motsata wotchi, imakhala kotila dzanja lakumanja. Ngati, kumbali ina, wononga ndi njira yozungulira yozungulira ikutuluka mu dzenje, ndiye kuti ndi wononga ndi ulusi wa kumanzere, womwe umadziwika ndi kachidutswa kakang’ono m’makona kumbali ya mutu, pamene zizindikiro zina ziwiri zimayikidwa pamutu ndi notch. Ulusi woterewu umayikidwa pa chojambula ndi M-10. Ngati kuli kofunikira kumangirira zomangira, popanda ulusi wovuta, tipanga ulusi wokhala ndi zoyambira m’malo angapo. Izi zalembedwa ndi 3 peg. M 10x1, yomwe ikuyimira malo otalikirana a 1mm, ngakhale kutembenuka kumodzi kumatsitsa screw ndi 3 mm. Ulusi wa screw umayendetsedwa ndi chisa cha ulusi. Yankho losavuta kuposa ili ndikufanizira bawuti yodziwika poyiyika pafupi ndi bawuti yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yosadziwika. Zikulukulu zimakhala zofanana ngati ulusi wake ukhudza utali wonse wa ulusi wopota. Kuchuluka kwake kumatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito template.
Image 4 — mawonekedwe a ulusi pogunda
Ma screwdriver amangidwa ndi screwdriver, kiyi komanso pamanja. Pogwira ntchito ndi screwdriver, zomangira zokhala ndi notch, zokhala ndi cylindrical, theka-lozungulira ndi countersunk mutu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomangira zokhala ndi gulugufe ndi mutu wopindika zimamizidwa ndi dzanja, ndipo zomangira zokhala ndi mutu wa hexagonal ndi masikweya zimamizidwa ndi ma wrenches. Zomangira zapadera zimaperekedwa ndi zotsalira za hexagonal. Amatembenuzidwa ndi kiyi yokhala ndi gawo lopingasa la hexagonal, lomwe limayikidwa pamutu wa zomangira zomwe zimapangidwa motere (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a MULTIMAKS popanga zida). Zochulukira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomangira zokhala ndi zopingasa, zomwe. amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito screwdriver ya ma blade anayi. Mtedza wamitundu yosiyanasiyana amapangidwanso (chithunzi 5).
Chithunzi 5 - chiwonetsero cha mitundu ya zomangira
Tanena kale za makiyi a screw kuti akuyenera kusinthidwa ndendende ndi mutu wa screw. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku mtedza womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamagwiritsa ntchito zomangira zamutu za countersunk. The screwdriver sikuyenera kukhala yakuthwa kapena yosamveka. M’lifupi mwa tsamba ayenera kusinthidwa kwa kutalika, ndi makulidwe a tsamba ndi m’lifupi mwa mphako. Ndi screwdriver, ndizotheka kutembenuza screw popanda mutu, zomwe zimatchedwa ma bawuti.
Mukagwiritsa ntchito nati yokhala ndi mutu wopindika (timayitchanso mitu yopindika), screwdriver yapadera yokhala ngati mphanda imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira zingapo zogwirira ntchito ndi screw
Timayika zomangira zing’onozing’ono zachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito screwdriver yokhala ndi maginito kapena kiyi. Pazosowa zathu zoyendetsa galimoto titha kugwiritsa ntchito waya wofewa wachitsulo wokhala ndi loop end. Ngati mutu wa screw wathyoka, dulani mfundo pa screwdriver yomwe timayikamo screwdriver ndikuchotsa screw.
Muntchito yathu, timapereka chidwi chapadera kuti tisawononge ulusi wa screw. Ngati zichitika, tiyeni tiyesetse kudula gawo lomwe lawonongeka la ulusi ndi hacksaw yaing’ono. Kuyesa koyambirira kwa screw kuti mufupikitse kutalika kwake kumachitika pokhapokha titayika kale pakati pa nsagwada zofewa za mangel, kuti tisawononge ulusi. Choyamba timapaka mafuta zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimakumana ndi nyengo, ndikuzikulunga m’malo mwake. Ngati zomangirazo zachita dzimbiri, pani ulusiwo ndi mafuta ndipo pakapita nthawi mumenye wononga mutu ndi nyundo.
Pa zomangira, zomwe timazimanga muzinthu zofewa, tiyenera kuyika chochapira chokhala ndi mainchesi akulu. Tisaiwale kuti ulusi wa screw sizigwira pafupi ndi mutu wa screw pokhapokha titadula ulusi pa tsinde mpaka pansi pa wononga mutu.
Mitu yofananira: bawuti ku weld mamembala, zinthu zoyambira ndi zomangira ndi kupanga mazenera ndi zitseko.