Tlhokomeliso ea Bohlokoa: Ena ke mongolo oa khale oa khale, eseng tlhaloso e kopaneng ea hajoale, maemo, boemo ba mojaro kapa taelo ea mosebetsi. Litekanyo, likhoele, lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa le mekhoa e hlalositsoeng li tlameha ho hlahlojoa ho latela maemo a nepahetseng, litokomane tsa moetsi le maemo a sebele a kopo. Ho cheka, ho rema, ho riveting le ho sebetsa ka tšepe ho hloka tsebo e nepahetseng, ho lokisoa ho tsitsitseng ha lintho le lisebelisoa tsa ho itšireletsa.
Sengoloa sena ha se tlhahiso ea li-rivets, screws kapa lisebelisoa ho tsoa ho Savo Kusić. Tlhahiso ea hajoale e shebane le lifensetere, mamati le tlhahiso ea mapolanka a itloaetsang.
Ho ikoetlisa
Riveting ke khokahano ea lintho, eo ka eona li-rivets tse batlang li le bonolo le tse bonolo ho sebetsa li kenngoeng ka har’a sesebelisoa se entsoeng esale pele. Re ka bolela hore kamano ena e tšoana le kamano pakeng tsa lipekere le lehong. E rarahane haholo kaha tšepe e thata ho feta lehong.
Li-rivets ke li-cylindrical metal elements tse nang le hlooho e ka bang hemispherical, lenticular, countersunk kapa flat. Li hlahisoa ka aluminium le koporo.
Ha ho riveting, ho sebelisoa tse latelang: hamore, tensioner, punch, riveter, cutter, hammoho le drill ea spiral bakeng sa likoti tsa ho cheka, le bakeng sa sheet metal, cornice. Karolong ea pele ea mosebetsi, re tšoaea li-workpieces (lipoleiti kapa lihlopha), ebe rea li phunya ebe re li beha tafoleng ea mosebetsi bakeng sa riveting. Tafole ea riveting e ka ba kholoanyane, e entsoe ka tšepe e tiileng, e nang le likoti tse entsoeng ho lekana hlooho ea rivet. Re hula li-rivets ho tloha ka tlase ka li-sheet tse entsoeng esale pele tse kopantsoeng ’me kahoo re beha mosebetsi oa ho sebetsa holim’a poleiti ea tšepe. Hlooho ea rivet e lokela ho lula ka tlase ho sebaka sa phomolo ka holim’a tafole ea tšepe. Ka mor’a sena, re beha mochine oa tubular karolong e emeng ea rivet ’me ka ho otla ha hamore, re tiisa lisebelisoa tsa mosebetsi tse bokaneng ka tsela ena (setšoantšo 1).
Image 1 — chebo ea ho riveting ka letsoho
Mohato o latelang ke ho bopa kutu ea rivet, ho pota-pota ka hamore ka selikalikoe, ka ho e pshatla ka hlooho e ’ngoe ea hemispherical. Ho sena, re thusoa ke shaper eo, ka li-indentations tsa eona, e bōpang lipheletso tse arohaneng ka litsela tse fapaneng le ho li hlahisa ka mefuta e batlang e tšoana.
A rivet e nang le hlooho ea conical ea countersunk e sebelisoa haeba hlooho ea rivet e sa lokela ho ba ka holim’a bokaholimo ba lisebelisoa tse hokahaneng. Ha hoa lekana ho phunya lesoba feela. Hoa hlokahala ho etsa likeketso tse bōpehileng joaloka funnel mahlakoreng ka bobeli a ho buloa, tse kholoanyane ho feta bophara ba ’mele oa lesela la rivet (ka mochini oa cone kapa drill ea spiral e nang le sekhahla se senyenyane sa lehare). Hlooho ea rivet joale e tla kenya katoloso ea funnel. Ka ho otla hamore ea locksmith, ’mele o emeng o sutumelletsoa ka har’a katoloso e bōpehileng joaloka funnel ho fihlela e koala bokaholimo ba tšepe hantle. Hlooho e ncha ea rivet, e entsoeng ka ho otla ha hamore, e tla ba hantle haeba bolelele ba ’mele bo bonahalang e le 1,2-1,5 makhetlo a bophara ba eona. Haeba rivet e le khutšoanyane, ha e tlame, ha rivet e telele e etsa hore ho be thata ho rivet. Bophara ba lesoba le chekiloeng bakeng sa ’mele oa rivet bo lokela ho tšoana hantle le bophara ba eona. Haeba ho khonahala, re sebelisa boro ea bophara bo lekanang, hobane e phunya lesoba le leholoanyane.
Re tšoenyehile haholo ka “ho qhaqha” kapa ho tlosa li-rivets. Haeba hlooho ea rivet e ntse e phahama, re ka e tlosa ka faele ebe re otla rivet ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ha hlooho ea rivet e le khōlō, leka ho fumana sehahi ka lehlakoreng, pakeng tsa hlooho le poleiti, ‘me u khaole hlooho’ meleng oa rivet. Li-rivets tse nang le hlooho e tlaase li ke ke tsa tlosoa ka tsela ena. Boemong bo joalo, tlosa hlooho ea rivet, sebakeng sa phomolo se bōpehileng joaloka funnel, ka mochini o pota-potileng, ’me u ntše rivet ka hamore ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng (setšoantšo 2).
Image 2 — pono ea ho tlosa rivet
Hoa etsahala hore ha re hloke hore ho be le setsi se tiileng empa sa ho hokahana le rivet (mohlala, ha re hokela letsoho ho daela). Tabeng ena, re sebelisa rivet e nyane ka bophara ho feta lesoba ebe re beha washer e bataletseng ka tlas’a hlooho. Ke molao o tsebahalang: Rivet e le ’ngoe hase rivet. E le hore re be le khokahanyo e matla le e seng e hlephileng, re tla sebelisa bonyane li-rivets tse peli. Haeba, ha re otla rivet ka hamore, re utloa molumo o hlabang, re lokela ho tseba hore kutu ea eona e robehile. Haeba li-workpieces tse bokelletsoeng li atamelana, sena ke sesupo sa hore ha rea tiisa li-rivets ka ho lekaneng kapa ho hatella lipheletsong hantle. U lokela hape ho tseba hore li-rivets li lekane. Li-rivets tse batang li na le bophara ba 1 ho isa ho 37 mm, ka bolelele ba 1,5 ho isa ho 8 bophara. Ho bohlokoa haholo ho sebelisa rivet ea boholo bo loketseng, hobane ho seng joalo esita le mosebeletsi ea tšoanelehang a ke ke a khona ho laola mosebetsi habonolo.
Li-tubular rivets li boetse li sebelisoa (haholo-holo theknoloji ea likhokahano hammoho le mokotlaneng oa matsoho le indastering ea mekhabiso ea haberdashery). Lehlaka le hlooho ea li-rivets tsena ha li na letho, kahoo re ke ke ra theha lihlooho ka ho otla, empa ka sesebelisoa se khethehileng.
Ho tiisa li-rivets
Tsela e ncha ea ho riveting ke ho tiisa li-rivets, tseo moelelo oa tsona e leng hore hlooho ea sekhahla sa tensioner e etsa ho matlafatsa le ho tiisa e le hore ho thehoe mothapo oa rivete ea tubular. The tensioner stems e robeha ho feta tekanyo ea tsitsipano. Lehlaka la rivet e tiisitsoe ke lipeipi tse phunyang.
Li-rivets li maemong a tloaelehileng ’me li ka buloa kapa li koetsoe, hammoho le li-grooved. Li-rivets tse bulehileng li sebelisetsoa ho kopanya lisebelisoa tse tšesaane, haholo-holo lishiti tsa tšepe, ’me li-rivets tse nang le mapheo a koetsoeng li sebelisoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse ke keng tsa feta metsi le moea. Li-rivets tse kolobisitsoeng li sebelisoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse bonolo le tse boreleli (mohlala, lehong). Hlooho ea rivet e ka ba halofo-pota kapa countersunk. Li-rivet stems tse kenang ka har’a likoti tsa rivet li ka ba tse khutšoane kapa tsa robeha nako e telele. Hlooho ea rivet e ka kena setulong se sekoti sa rivet kapa ea tsoa. Rivet e entsoe ka aluminium, koporo, tšepe e bonolo, kapa alloy ea koporo ea nickel (monel). Matla a li-rivets a itšetlehile ka boleng ba thepa, botenya, mofuta. Matla a ho kuta a tloha ho 60 ho isa ho 150 kp. Re phunya lisebelisoa tsa mosebetsi ka spiral drill e nang le bophara bo boholo ka 0,1-0,2 mm ho feta bophara ba kutu ea rivet. Beha ’mele oa rivet e tiisang ka har’a pulo ea li-riveting pliers, le rivet e sekoti ka mokoting o phuntsoeng. Ha re sebelisa khatello ka lisebelisoa tsena holim’a workpiece, re koala lithupa ho ea ho tse ling. Ho tiisa ho le mong ha hoa lekana, empa o lokela ho tseba hore ’mele oa rivet hangata o robeha ka ho tiisa boraro. Ka mor’a ho tiisa ho hong le ho hong, re thellisa pliers holim’a ’mele oa rivet. Monyetla oa ho foufala ha li-riveting ke hore likhokahano tsa riveting lia tšoana, kahoo ts’ebetso e mpe e batla e sa khonehe. Ho roala ho tloha libakeng tse pentiloeng ha ho fafatse nakong ea mosebetsi ona. Libakeng tse koetsoeng kapa tseo ho leng thata ho fihla ho tsona tsa mosebetsi (mohlala, ka liphaephe), ho hlokahala feela sebaka se nang le bophara ba 4,8 mm ho etsa hlooho ea ho tiisa. Thepa e tsitsitsoeng ha e holofale, esita le lishiti tse nang le botenya ba 0,5 mm. Re nkela rivet sebaka ka ho phunya rivet ka boro ea bophara bo lekanang (setšoantšo 3).
Setšoantšo3- pono e ncha ea rivet
Likokoana-hloko
Lintho tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa tsa ho hokahanya tse netefatsang ho qhaqhoa ha likarolo tse sebetsang tse hokahaneng ke li-screws. Ho ea ka likhoele, li-screws li ka ba: metric, fine, Whitworth le tubular. Ho ea ka sebōpeho sa hlooho, re khetholla polygonal, grooved, countersunk, drilled, screws karolelano, joalo-joalo Sena se boetse se sebetsa ho linate-linate tsa likoti tseo re li sebelisang ha sekoti se sa amoheloe ke likhoele tse tapped tsa sekoti, empa ka khoele ea linate ka lehlakoreng le leng la lesoba le phunyeletsoeng hantle. Hangata li-screw li entsoe ka tšepe, empa li-screw tsa koporo, boronse le aluminium le linate li sebelisoa hape. Lipoleiti tse tšehetsang tlas’a hlooho ea “screw” li thibela tšenyo e ka holim’a “workpiece” ho tloha hloohong e tiisitsoeng, u se ke ua lumella ho sa laoleheng ho sa laoleheng ha screw, hammoho le ho lokoloha, empa ho fetisetsa matla a clamping sebakeng se seholoanyane.
Hangata li-screw tse nang le likhoele tsa metric li sebelisoa. Sekhutlo sa likhoele tse sehiloeng, sekhutlo sa mathoko a tsona se fihla ho60°. Bophara ba khoele ea screw ke kakaretso kapa karolo ea leshome ea millimeter, ‘me bophahamo ba khoele (ka sena re bolela ho sisinyeha ha sekoti ho ea ka lehlakoreng la axis ea longitudinal ka nako e le’ ngoe e feletseng) e boetse e le limilimithara tse feletseng. Li-screws tsa metric tse tloahelehileng li fuoa khoele. Ka mohlala, M10e bontša bophara ba khoele ea10 mmka khoele sekontiri sa1,5 mm (ena hape ke sebaka se pakeng tsa ho khaola). Khoele e khabane, e fapaneng le ea pele, e tšoailoe M10x1, ho bolelang hore, ho fapana le likhoele tse tloaelehileng, e na le meno a matle haholo, hobane sekontiri sa khoele ke feela.1 mm, e nyane ho feta e fetileng.
Leha e sa tloaeleha haholo, ho sebelisoa liboutu tse nang le likhoele tsa Whitworth (mohlala, likoloing tse entsoeng ka Senyesemane). Ba fumana mabitso a bona ho tsoa lebitsong la feme ea Senyesemane e ileng ea qala ka li-screw tse tloaelehileng. Bophara ba khoele bo fanoe ka lisenthimithara tsa Senyesemane, lisenthimithara (1“=2,54 mm), mmoho le angle e kaholimo ho55°. Bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse ’maloa, ke hore. ho ea ka palo ea “meno” holim’a spindle, bolelele2,54 mm. Haeba bophara ba khoele e se inch kaofela, re e bontša ka mokhoa oa karoloana. Ha re kopana le letšoao le joalo la khoele, joalo ka7/8“, joale ho bolela hore ke bophara ba bolt22,2 mm, ’me palo ea meno monoaneng o le mong oa letsoho ke9, ke hore molumo oa khoele ke2,8 mm. Khoele e sa tloaelehang ea Whitworth e tšoailoe ka W3/4x10. Sena se bolela hore bophara ba screw ke likarolo tse tharo tsa inch (19 mm) ka lipuo tse teteaneng, 10meno-notch ka bolelele bo le bong ba monoana o motona o nang le moepa oa 2,5 mm.
Sesebelisoa se atileng haholo ke likhoele tsa tubular ts’ebetsong ea ho kenya li-tubular. Li tšoailoe ka tlhaku C, boleng ba tsona bo fanoa ka lisenthimithara ’me bo tsamaisana le angle ea55° haufi le holimo. Likhoele li hantle, ke hore. ka palo e kholo ea “meno”. Re tlameha ho ba hlokolosi haholo hore matšoao ana a menoana ha a emele bophara ba likhoele, empa bophara bo ka hare ba phala eo likhoele li kenngoeng ho tsona. Re bua ka mohlala o fetileng, leibole C7/8“ e emela khoele e joalo ea phala, eo bophara ba eona bo ka ntle e leng 30,2 m, ’me bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse le ’ngoe tsa phala boa khaoloa14meno a betliloeng1,8 mm.
Bofelong bo sa lefelloeng ba screw, spindle e fumana likhoele, tseo nate e phunyeletsoang ka likhoele tsa eona. Likhoele tse ka hare tsa linate li thehoa ka sekoting se entsoeng pele, ‘me likhoele tsa bolt li thehoa ka ho tlanya’ mele oa cylindrical. Likhoele tsa nate li pharalletse hanyenyane ho amohela likhoele tsa screw. Ke ka lebaka leo bophara ba bona bo fapaneng bo fapaneng. Ka ho phunya lesoba nakong e fetileng le ho sebelisa lesela la ho phunya sefate sa morara, re etsa likhoele ka linate. Bophara ba lesoba lena bo lekana le mokokotlo oa screw, ’me bo nyane haholo ho feta bophara ba khoele. Koko ke karolo ea screw ka mor’a hore khoele e tlosoe. Mohlala, bakeng sa likhoele tsa metric tsa nut, bophara 10 mm re phunya lesoba la 8,4 mm.
Ho tlanya likhoele tsa kantle le tsa kahare ha ho hloke boiphihlelo bo khethehileng. Ke habohlokoa ho fana ka li-spindle litekanyo tse loketseng tsa khoele, ke hore, khoele ea linate ho khaola litekanyo tse behiloeng tsa mantlha (setšoantšo 4). Haeba screw e tjeka ho ea ka nako, ke sekurufu sa letsoho le letona. Haeba, ka lehlakoreng le leng, sekoti se nang le tsela e tšoanang ea ho potoloha se tsoa ka mokoting, joale ke sekoti se nang le khoele e ka letsohong le letšehali, e tšoailoeng ka notch e nyenyane lihukung tse lehlakoreng la hlooho, ha li-notch tse ling tse peli li tšoauoa hloohong ka notch. Khoele e joalo e tšoailoe setšoantšong ka M-10. Haeba ho hlokahala ho tiisa li-screws, ntle le likhoele tse thata, re tla etsa likhoele ka qaleho libakeng tse ’maloa. Sena se tšoailoe ka 3 kopa. M 10x1, e emelang sebaka sa slot sa 1mm, leha ho thinya ha ’ngoe ho theola screw ka 3 mm. Likhoele tsa Screw li laoloa ke khekhe ea li-thread gauge. Tharollo e bonolo ho feta ena ke ho bapisa boutu e tsebahalang ka ho e beha pela bolt e nang le litšobotsi tse sa tsejoeng. Likokoana-hloko lia tšoana ha likhoele tsa tsona li ama bolelele bohle ba seluloana. Bophahamo bo khethoa ho sebelisoa template.
Image 4 — pono ea ho tlanya likhoele
Likurufu li tiisitsoe ka screwdriver, senotlolo le ka letsoho. Bakeng sa ho sebetsa ka screwdriver, ho sebelisoa li-screws tse nang le notch, tse nang le hlooho ea cylindrical, halofo-pota le countersunk hlooho. Li-crews tse nang le serurubele le hlooho e koetsoeng li tiisitsoe ka letsoho, ’me li-screw tse nang le hlooho ea hexagonal le lisekoere li tiisitsoe ka li-wrenches. Li-screws tse khethehileng li fanoa ka likheo tsa hexagonal. Li fetisoa ka senotlolo se nang le karolo ea hexagonal cross-section, e kentsoeng hloohong ea screw e entsoeng ka tsela ena (e sebelisoang ka mechine ea MULTIMAKS bakeng sa ho etsa lisebelisoa). Tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ke li-screws tse nang le sebopeho sa sefapano, e leng. e hloka tšebeliso ea screwdriver ea li-blade tse ’nè. Linate tsa libopeho tse fapaneng le tsona lia hlahisoa (setšoantšo 5).
Picture 5 — pontsho ya mefuta ya dikurufu
Re se re boletse ka likonopo tsa screw hore li tlameha ho ikamahanya hantle le hlooho ea screw. Sena se sebetsa le ho linate tse sebelisoang ha u sebelisa li-screws tsa hlooho tsa countersunk. The screwdriver ha ea lokela ho ba bohale kapa bohlasoa. Bophara ba lehare bo lokela ho fetoloa ho ea bolelele, ’me botenya ba lehare ho bophara ba notch. Ka screwdriver, hoa khoneha ho fetola screw ntle le hlooho, seo ho thoeng ke liboutu tsa pina.
Ha u sebelisa nate e nang le hlooho e koetsoeng (re boetse re e bitsa lihlooho tsa knurled), ho sebelisoa screwdriver e khethehileng ea sebōpeho sa fereko.
Mekhoa e mengata ea ho sebetsa ka screw
Kenya li-screw tse nyane tsa tšepe u sebelisa screwdriver e nang le pheletso ea makenete kapa senotlolo. Bakeng sa litlhoko tsa rona tsa ho khanna ka screw re ka sebelisa terata e bonolo ea tšepe e nang le loop end. Haeba hlooho ea screw e robehile, re khaola notch holim’a screw eo re kenyang screwdriver ho eona ebe re tlosa screw.
Mosebetsing, re ela hloko ka ho khetheha hore re se ke ra senya likhoele tsa screw. Haeba ho etsahala, a re leke ho fokotsa karolo e senyehileng ea khoele ka hacksaw e nyenyane. Ho hlahloba esale pele screw e le ho khutsufatsa bophahamo ba eona ho etsoa feela ka mor’a hore re se ke ra e beha pakeng tsa mehlahare e bonolo ea mangel, e le hore e se ke ea senya likhoele. Re qala ka oli ea li-screws tsa tšepe, tse pepesehetseng boemo ba leholimo, ebe re li phunya sebakeng sa tsona. Haeba li-screws li le mafome, tlotsa likhoele ka petroleum ’me ka mor’a nako u otla hlooho ea screw ka hamore.
Ka li-screws, tseo re li phunyeletsang ka thepa e bonolo, re tlameha ho beha washer e nang le bophara bo boholo. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore likhoele tsa screw ha li tšoase haufi le hlooho ea screw ntle le haeba re khaola khoele holim’a kutu ho ea ka tlas’a hlooho ea screw.
Lihlooho Tse Amanang: Bolting to Welding Articles, Base Material and Fasteners le Tlhahiso ea Lifensetere le Menyako.