Muhimmin Gargaɗi: Wannan rubutun tarihin ne, ba ƙayyadaddun haɗin gwiwa na yanzu ba, ma’auni, ƙimar kaya ko umarnin aiki. Ma’aunai, zaren, kayan, kayan aiki da siffanta hanyoyin dole ne a duba su bisa ingantattun ma’auni, takaddun masana’anta da ainihin yanayin aikace-aikacen. Hakowa, yanke, rive da aiki tare da ƙarfe yana buƙatar ƙwarewa mai dacewa, daidaitawar abubuwa da kayan kariya na sirri.
Wannan rubutun ba tayin rivets bane, sukurori ko kayan aiki daga Savo Kusić. tayin na yanzu yana mai da hankali akan Taga, kofa da kuma aikin kafinta na al’ada.
Riveting
Riveting shine haɗin abubuwa, wanda in mun gwada da taushi da sauƙin injuna rivets ana gyara su a cikin kayan aikin da aka riga aka hako. Za mu iya cewa wannan haɗin yana kama da haɗin tsakanin kusoshi da itace. Ya fi rikitarwa kamar yadda karfe ya fi itace wuya.
Rivets abubuwa ne na ƙarfe na silinda tare da kai wanda zai iya zama hemispherical, lenticular, countersunk ko lebur. Ana samar da su daga aluminum da jan karfe.
Lokacin yin riveting, ana amfani da waɗannan abubuwa: guduma, tensioner, punch, riveter, cutter, kazalika da rawar karkace don haƙo ramuka, da ƙarfe na katako, cornice. A cikin mataki na farko na aiki, muna yin alama a kan kayan aiki (faranti ko tube), sa’an nan kuma mu sanya su a kan teburin aiki don riveting. Teburin riveting na iya zama ya fi girma, an yi shi da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, tare da wuraren da aka yi don dacewa da kan rivet. Muna cire rivets daga ƙasa ta hanyar zanen gado da aka riga aka haɗe da aka haɗa kuma don haka sanya aikin aiki a kan farantin karfe. Shugaban rivet ya kamata ya kwanta a kasa na hutu a saman tebur na karfe. Bayan haka, mun sanya tubular tensioner a kan tsayawar ƙarshen rivet kuma tare da bugun guduma, muna ƙarfafa kayan aikin da aka haɗa ta wannan hanyar (hoto 1) .
Hoto 1 - duba riveting na hannu
Mataki na gaba shi ne a siffata gindin gungumen, a zagaya da guduma a cikin da’ira, ta hanyar fasa shi zuwa wani kai mai kaifi. A cikin wannan, ana taimaka mana ta hanyar mai siffa wanda, tare da ɓangarorinsa, yana siffata tsagawar ƙarshen ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma ya raba su zuwa kusan nau’i ɗaya.
Ana amfani da rivet tare da kan conical na countersunk idan bai kamata kan rivet ɗin ya kasance sama da saman kayan aikin da za a haɗa tare ba. Bai isa kawai buga rami ba. Wajibi ne a yi gyare-gyare mai siffar mazurari a bangarorin biyu na budewa, dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da diamita na jikin rufin rivet (tare da mazugi na mazugi ko karkace rawar jiki tare da ƙaramin kusurwa). Shugaban rivet ɗin yanzu zai shigar da ƙarin mazurari. Ta hanyar buga guduma na maƙalli, jikin da ke tsaye kawai ana tura shi cikin faɗaɗa mai siffar mazurari har sai ya rufe saman ƙarfen da kyau. Wani sabon kai, mai siffa tare da bugun guduma, zai yi kyau idan an ga tsayin jiki1,2-1,5sau girma fiye da diamita. Idan rivet ɗin gajere ne, ba ya ɗaure, yayin da tsayin daka yakan sa ya zama mai wahala. Diamita na rami da aka haƙa don jikin rivet ɗin yakamata ya dace daidai da diamita. Idan zai yiwu, muna amfani da diamita na diamita guda ɗaya, kamar yadda yakan yi rami mai girma.
“Rarraba” ko cire rivets yana ba mu matsala kaɗan. Idan shugaban rivet ɗin yana ƙumburi, za mu iya cire shi tare da fayil kuma mu buga rivet a gefe guda. Lokacin da kan rivet ɗin ya girma, yi ƙoƙarin samun mai yankan daga gefe, tsakanin kai da farantin, kuma yanke kan daga jikin rivet ɗin. Rivets tare da saukar da kai ba za a iya cire ta wannan hanyar ba. A irin wannan yanayin, cire kan rivet ɗin da aka yanke, a cikin wurin hutu mai siffar mazurari, tare da rawar karkace mai dacewa, sannan a buga rivet ɗin tare da bugun guduma ta gaba (hoto).2).
Hoto2- kallon cirewar rivet
Yana faruwa cewa ba ma buƙatar kafaffen haɗi amma sako-sako da haɗin gwiwa tare da rivet (misali lokacin haɗa hannu akan bugun kira). A wannan yanayin, muna amfani da ɗan ƙaramin diamita fiye da ramin sannan mu sanya mai wanki a ƙarƙashin kai. Sanannen ka’ida ce: Rivet guda ɗaya ba ƙugiya ba ce. Domin samun ƙarfi kuma ba sako-sako ba, za mu yi amfani da aƙalla rivets biyu. Idan, a lokacin da ake bugun hamada da guduma, mun ji sautin baƙar fata, ya kamata mu san cewa tushensa ya karye. Idan kayan aikin da aka haɗa suna motsawa zuwa juna, wannan alama ce da ke nuna cewa ba mu ƙarfafa rivets sosai ba ko damfara iyakar da kyau. Ya kamata ku kuma san cewa rivets an daidaita su. Rivets masu sanyi suna da diamita1ku37 mm, tare da tsawon1,5ku8diamita. Yana da matukar muhimmanci mu yi amfani da ƙugiya mai girman da ya dace, domin in ba haka ba ko da ƙwararren ma’aikaci ba zai iya sarrafa aikin cikin sauƙi ba.
Hakanan ana amfani da rivets na Tubular (musamman a fasahar sadarwa da kuma a cikin jakar hannu da masana’antar kayan ado). Tushen da shugaban waɗannan rivets suna da zurfi, don haka shugabannin ba za a kafa su ta hanyar guduma ba, amma tare da kayan aiki na musamman.
Tsantsan rivets
Sabuwar hanyar riveting ita ce ƙulla rivets, ainihin abin da yake shi ne cewa shugaban tsattsauran ra’ayi yana yin gyaran fuska da ƙarfafawa don samar da gefen rivet na tubular. Tushen tashin hankali ya karye fiye da iyakar tashin hankali. An ɗora ɓangarorin rivet ɗin ta ƙwanƙwasa.
Tsarin rivets an daidaita su kuma ana iya buɗe su ƙare ko rufewa da tsagi. Ana amfani da buɗaɗɗen rivets don haɗa abubuwa masu sirara, da farko farantin karfe, kuma ana amfani da rivets tare da rufaffiyar ƙarshen don kayan da ba za su iya wuce ruwa da iska ba. Ana amfani da rivets da aka ƙera don abubuwa masu laushi da ɓarna (misali itace). Shugaban rivet na iya zama rabin-zagaye ko countersunk. Tushen rivet da ke shiga cikin raƙuman ruwa na iya zama gajere ko tsayi mai tsayi. Kan rivet ko dai ya dace da kujerar rivet ɗin mara kyau ko kuma ya fito waje. Rivet ɗin an yi shi da aluminum, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai laushi, ko gami da nickel-Copper (monel). Ƙarfin rivets ya dogara da ingancin kayan, kauri, nau’in. Ƙarfin ƙarfi ya tashi daga 60 zuwa 150 kp. Muna hako kayan aikin tare da rawar karkace tare da diamita mafi girma ta 0,1-0,2 mm fiye da diamita na karawar rivet. Mun sanya jikin ƙugiya mai ɗorewa a cikin buɗaɗɗen ƙwanƙwasa, da kuma rami mai zurfi a cikin rami mai zurfi. Aiwatar da matsa lamba tare da waɗannan filaye a kan workpiece, muna ƙarfafa hannaye zuwa juna. Ƙunƙwasawa ɗaya bai isa ba, amma ya kamata ku sani cewa jikin rivet yakan karye akan ƙara na uku. Bayan kowane ƙarfafawa, muna zazzage filan a jikin rivet ɗin. Amfanin riveting makaho shine cewa haɗin haɗin gwiwa iri ɗaya ne, don haka rashin aikin yi kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Rubutun daga saman fenti ba ya fantsama yayin wannan aikin. A cikin rufaffiyar ko wuraren da ke da wuyar isarwa na kayan aikin (misali a cikin bututu), sarari kawai ke da faɗin 4,8 mm ana buƙatar yin kan hatimi. Abubuwan da aka tada hankali baya lalacewa, ko da zanen gado mai kauri na 0,5 mm. Muna maye gurbin rivet ta hanyar hako rivet tare da diamita iri ɗaya (hoto 3)
Hoto3- kallon maye gurbin rivet
Screws
Abubuwan haɗin da aka fi amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke tabbatar da rarrabuwa na abubuwan da ke aiki da aka haɗa su ne sukurori. Dangane da zaren, sukurori na iya zama: metric, fine, Whitworth da tubular. Dangane da sifar kai, muna bambance polygonal, tsagi, countersunk, hakowa, matsakaita sukurori, da sauransu. Wannan kuma ya shafi goro-kwayoyin na sukurori da muke amfani da su lokacin da dunƙule ba a yarda da zaren da aka taɓa ramin ba, amma ta zaren goro a ɗayan ƙarshen ramin da aka haƙa da kyau. Yawanci ana yin sukudi da karfe, amma kuma ana amfani da sukurori, tagulla da aluminum da goro. The goyon bayan faranti a karkashin dunƙule shugaban hana lalacewa da surface na workpiece daga tightened kai, kada ka ƙyale uncontrolled unscrewing na dunƙule, kazalika da loosening, amma aika da clamping karfi zuwa wani ya fi girma surface.
Ana amfani da sukurori tare da zaren awo mafi yawa. Matsakaicin zaren yanke, kusurwar gefunansu ya kai60°. Diamita na zaren dunƙule gabaɗaya ne ko kuma kashi goma na millimeters, kuma filin zaren (da wannan muna nufin motsin dunƙule a cikin axis na tsayin daka yayin jujjuyawar juzu’i ɗaya) yana cikin milimita duka. Madaidaitan ma’auni skru ana ba da fitin zaren. Misali, M10yana nuna diamita na zaren10 mmtare da zaren zaren1,5 mm (wannan kuma shine sarari tsakanin yanke). Mafi kyawun zaren, wanda ya bambanta da na baya, ana yiwa alama M10x1, wanda ke nufin cewa, ba kamar zaren yau da kullun ba, yana da kyau sosai a haƙori, saboda yanayin zaren kawai1 mm, wanda ya kasance karami fiye da na baya.
Ko da yake ba kowa ba ne, ana amfani da kusoshi tare da zaren Whitworth (misali akan motocin motsa jiki na Ingilishi). Suna samun sunan su daga sunan masana’antar Ingilishi wanda ya fara daidaita zaren zaren. Ana ba da diamita na zaren a cikin inci na Ingilishi, inci (1“=2,54 mm), da kuma kusurwa a saman 55°. An ƙaddara kusurwar karkata zaren da adadin zaren a tsawon inci ɗaya, watau. bisa ga adadin “hakora” a kan spindle, tsawon2,54 mm. Idan diamita na zaren ba cikakke ba ne, muna nuna shi a cikin nau’i na juzu’i. Lokacin da muka ci karo da irin wannan alamar zaren, kamar7/8“, to yana nufin cewa shine diamita na kusoshi22,2 mm, kuma adadin hakora a babban yatsan hannu ɗaya shine9, wato filin zaren shine2,8 mm. Zaren Whitworth mara daidaito yana da alamar W3/4x10. Wannan yana nufin cewa diamita na dunƙule ya kai kashi uku cikin huɗu na inci (19 mm) tare da ɗimbin yawa, 10hakora-notches akan tsayi ɗaya na babban yatsan hannu tare da gangara 2,5 mm.
Mafi yawan aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani shine zaren tubular a cikin aiwatar da shigarwar tubular. An yi musu alama da harafin C, ana ba da ƙimar su cikin inci kuma sun dace da kusurwar55° kusa da saman. Zaren suna da kyau sosai watau. tare da mafi yawan adadin “hakora”. Dole ne mu yi taka tsantsan cewa waɗannan alamomin babban yatsan ba su wakiltar diamita na zaren, amma diamita na ciki na bututun da ake zaren zaren a kai. Dangane da misalin da ya gabata, alamar C7/8“ yana wakiltar irin wannan zaren bututu, wanda diamita na waje yake 30,2 m, kuma an yanke inch ɗaya na tsayin bututu14bevel hakora1,8 mm.
A ƙarshen screw ɗin kyauta, sandar za ta sami zaren, wanda akan ƙulla goro da nasa zaren. Zaren ciki na goro ana yin su ne a cikin wani rami da aka riga aka haƙa, kuma zaren aron yana samuwa ta hanyar taɓa jikin silinda. Zaren goro suna ɗan faɗi kaɗan don ɗaukar zaren dunƙulewa. Shi ya sa diamitansu ya bambanta kaɗan. Ta hanyar hako rami a baya a cikin kayan da kuma amfani da rawar soja don yanke itacen inabi, muna yin zaren a cikin goro. Diamita na wannan rami yana daidai da ainihin dunƙule, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da diamita na zaren. Jigon shine ɓangaren dunƙule bayan an cire zaren. Misali, don metric zaren na goro, diamita 10 mm mun riga mun hako rami na 8,4 mm.
Taɓan zaren waje da na ciki baya buƙatar ƙwarewa ta musamman. Yana da mahimmanci a ba da igiya madaidaicin ma’aunin zaren, wato, zaren goro don yanke zuwa matakan da aka tsara na ainihin (hoto 4). Idan dunƙule ya juya kusa da agogo, hannun dama ne dunƙule. Idan, a daya bangaren kuma, dunƙule mai jujjuyawa iri ɗaya ta fito daga cikin ramin, to, shi ne dunƙule tare da zaren hannun hagu, wanda aka yi masa alama da ƙaramin ƙima a cikin sasanninta a gefen kai, yayin da ƙarin ƙima guda biyu aka yi alama a kai tare da ƙima. Ana yiwa irin wannan zaren alama akan zane tare da M-10. Idan ya zama dole don ɗaure sukurori, ba tare da ƙananan zaren ba, za mu yi zaren tare da farawa a wurare da yawa. Ana yiwa wannan alama da 3 bara. M 10x1, wanda ke wakiltar tazarar ramuka na 1mm, ko da yake juyowa ɗaya yana rage screw ta 3 mm. Ana sarrafa zaren dunƙule ta hanyar tsefe ma’aunin zaren. Magani mafi sauƙi fiye da wannan shine kwatanta sananniya ta hanyar sanya shi kusa da kusoshi wanda ba a sani ba. Sukurori iri ɗaya ne idan zaren su ya taɓa tsayin dunƙule. Ana ƙayyade diamita ta amfani da samfuri.
Hoto4- nunin zare
Ana juya sukurori tare da screwdriver, maɓalli da hannu. Don yin aiki tare da screwdriver, ana amfani da sukurori tare da daraja, tare da cylindrical, rabi-zagaye da kan countersunk. Sukullun da malam buɗe ido da ramin kai ana ɗora su da hannu, kuma ana ɗora screws tare da kai mai hexagonal da murabba’i tare da wrenches. Ana ba da kusoshi na musamman tare da madaidaitan madaidaitan ɗari huɗu. Ana juya su ta hanyar maɓalli tare da ɓangaren giciye mai siffar hexagonal, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kan dunƙulewar da aka yi ta wannan hanya (ana amfani da irin wannan a cikin injin MULTIMAKS don yin kayan aiki). Ana ci gaba da amfani da su sukurori masu siffa mai siffar giciye, wanda. na buƙatar amfani da screwdriver mai ruwa huɗu. Ana kuma samar da ƙwaya masu siffofi dabam dabam (Fig5).
Hoto5- nunin nau’in dunƙule
Mun riga mun faɗi game da maɓallan dunƙule cewa dole ne a daidaita su daidai da kan dunƙule. Wannan kuma ya shafi goro da ake amfani da su lokacin amfani da screws kai tsaye. Sukudireba dole ne ya kasance mai kaifi ko lumshewa. Ya kamata a daidaita nisa na ruwa zuwa tsayi, kuma kauri daga cikin ruwa zuwa nisa na daraja. Tare da screwdriver, yana yiwuwa a juya dunƙule ba tare da kai ba, abin da ake kira kullun waƙa.
Lokacin amfani da goro tare da kawunan da ke da daraja (muna kiran su da kawuna), ana amfani da sukudireba na musamman mai siffar cokali mai yatsa.
Hanyoyi da yawa don aiki tare da dunƙule
Shigar da ƙananan screws na ƙarfe ta amfani da screwdriver tare da ƙarshen maganadisu ko maɓalli. Don buƙatun mu na tuƙi za mu iya amfani da wayar ƙarfe mai laushi tare da ƙarshen madauki. Idan kan dunƙule ya karye, za mu yanke ƙima a kan dunƙule a cikin abin da muke saka screwdriver kuma mu cire dunƙule.
A cikin aikin, muna ba da kulawa ta musamman don kada mu lalata zaren dunƙulewa. Idan hakan ya faru, bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu datse ɓangaren zaren da ya lalace da ƙaramin hacksaw. An riga an gwada dunƙule don rage tsayinsa kawai bayan mun riga mun sanya shi a tsakanin jaws masu laushi na mangel, don kada ya lalata zaren. Da farko za mu mai da screws na karfe, waɗanda suke fuskantar yanayi, kuma mu murƙushe su a wuri. Idan sukurori sun yi tsatsa, sai a shafa zaren da man fetur kuma bayan wani lokaci a buga kan dunƙule da guduma.
A kan sukurori, wanda muke murƙushe cikin kayan laushi, dole ne mu sanya mai wanki tare da babban diamita. Ya kamata a tuna cewa zaren dunƙule ba su kama kusa da kan dunƙule ba sai dai idan mun yanke zaren a kan tushe zuwa ƙasan kan dunƙule.
Maudu’ai masu alaƙa: kulla zuwa labaran walda, Bas material and fasteners da samar da tagogi da kofofi.