Ngisho nalapho sisebenza ngokucophelela kakhulu kungase kwenzeke ukuthi silimaze isandla ngechizela, ukuthi ngesikhathi sisebenza ngamakhemikhali sihogele igesi enobuthi, noma ukuthi ngesikhathi semisebenzi yokufaka sikhuphuke sibe sisiwa ezitebhisini.
Izingozi ezivame kakhulu nezinyathelo zokuzivikela
Ukusha. Izindawo eziyingozi, imisebenzi nezinto: ikhishi, igumbi lokuwasha, indlu yokugezela; ukuncibilikisa amafutha, ukushisela; ama-ayina, izitofu, izifudumezi ezinephutha, izitofu zikagesi. Izinto ezivutha kalula kakhulu: uphethiloli, i-ether, utshwala, iturpentine, ikakhulukazi njengezinto zokuhlanza nezokubulala izinambuzane.
Mere predostrožnosti: ne smemo gomilati otpatke, novinski papir, krpe; ne smemo ostavljati pepeo u drvenom sanduku ili korpi; na štednjake i peći sudove za kuvanje treba tako postaviti da im ručke ne budu okrenute prema polju; sa zapaljivim sredstvima za čišćenje postupati vrlo oprezno; vatru ili otvoreni plamen ne smemo ostaviti bez nadzora.
Ukungenwa ubuthi yi-carbon monoxide, intuthu. Uku-ayina ngensimbi yamalahle, isitofu esinomlilo ongasebenzi kahle noma isitofu esivalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, oshimula abanephutha.
Izinyathelo zokuqapha: oshimula nezitofu kufanele kuhlolwe futhi kuhlanzwe njalo; uma kusebenziswa izinsimbi zoku-ayina ezisebenzisa amalahle, kufanele ku-ayiniwe iwindi livuliwe; akumele kubhenywe embhedeni; uma kupakwa imoto egalaji, kufanele kushiywe livulekile isikhathi esithile ngemva kwalokho.
Ukutheleleka ngamagesi, ukuqhuma kwegesi. Ukungalungi kwamapayipi egesi ekhanyayo. ukuphatha ngendlela engafanele izifudumezi zamanzi (amabhoyila), ama-valve angasebenzi kahle noma angavalekile. Izinhlobo ezintathu zengozi: ukuqhuma, umlilo, ukutheleleka ngamagesi.
Isithako esiyingozi kakhulu segesi ekhanyisayo yi-carbon monoxide. Izimpawu zokufakwa ubuthi yilezi: ukuphaphatheka, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ubuthakathaka, isiyezi, ukuba ndikindiki kwezitho, ukuhlanza, uhudo, ukozela, ukudlikiza kwemisipha ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuquleka. Ekugcineni, ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwezitho zokuphefumula, kungavela ukufa.
Uma ubuthi buvela kancane kancane, esikhathini eside kakhulu (isib. igesi ivuthe kancane futhi njalo efulethini), izimpawu ziba: umbala obandayo ophaphathekile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsundu kobuso, ubuthakathaka bemisipha, ukukhathala, ukundindizela kwemizwa, ukuthuthumela komlomo, izandla nezinyawo, ukuquleka (ikakhulukazi lapho usukuma) ukuncipha kokuzwa nokubona, ukuhamba okungaqiniseki, ukwehla kwenkumbulo namandla okugxila, ukungaphatheki kahle nokwehla kwamandla okuzimisela.
Izinyathelo zokuzivikela: uma sizwa iphunga legesi, kufanele ngokushesha sivule iminyango namafasitela, singenise umoya egumbini isikhathi eside, akumele kukhanyiswe umcibisholo, kunqatshelwe ukuvula ukukhanya kukagesi; i-valvu yegesi kufanele ivalwe ngokuphelele; akufanele kusetshenziswe ipayipi lerabha emigqeni yegesi ngaphandle kwesihlanganisi sendwangu; ukuqina kokufakwa kwegesi akumele kuhlolwe ngomlilo ovulekile, kuphela ngamanzi anensipho!
Uma ibhoyila legesi (autogejzir) lingafuni ukuvutha, kufanele ngokushesha kuvalwe impompi yamanzi ashisayo bese kulindwa okungenani 10 m imizuzu kuze kuphume ngokuphelele wonke umusi wegesi okhishiwe. Ngemva kwalokhu, kufanele kuqala kuvulwe ilangabi lokubasa bese kuphela kuvulwa impompi yamanzi ashisayo.
Ukushiswa kwelangabi legesi kufanele kuhlolwe njalo. Uma ilangabi linombala ophuzi futhi linemigqa emide, efiphele, khona-ke ukushiswa akuphelele. Idivayisi enokushiswa okungaphelele akumele isetshenziswe. Imikhiqizo yokushisa yama-stove egesi kufanele ihanjiswe ngoshimula. Lapho lokhu kungaxazululiwe, kufanele kunakwe kakhulu umoya omusha.
Ukushaqeka ngogesi. Izintambo ezonakele, izinto zasendlini, amathuluzi, izintambo ezingenaso isivikelo, amaswishi agugile, amapulagi, izisekelo zawo; ikakhulukazi ekhishini, endlini yokugezela, egumbini lokuwasha nasekamelweni elingaphansi; amalambu aphathwayo, ukulungiswa okungafanele kwezivikeli ezinephutha (isb. ngocingo).
Izinyathelo zokuphepha: kufanele kususwe zonke izintambo zikagesi ezilenga ngokukhululekile; akufanele sisebenzise izishintshi nezinsiza ezibuthakathaka futhi ezingafakiwe ukuvikela; noma yikuphi ukungasebenzi kahle kufanele kulungiswe ngokushesha; akufanele silungise izishintshi nezintambo ngezandla ezimanzi!
Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zokuzivikela emhlanganweni wasekhaya wokusebenzela
Indawo yokusebenzela, imishini, amathuluzi omsebenzi kanye namathuluzi okuvikela kufanele kube okufanele, kuhlale isikhathi eside futhi kube sesimeni esihle.
Iphansi kufanele libe bushelelezi, kodwa lingabi lushelelezi, libe sesimweni esihle futhi lifanele ukugcina ukuhlanzeka.
Indawo yokusebenza kufanele ibe banzi, ikhanyiswe kahle, ibe nesikhala esikhululekile esingekho ngaphansi kuka-80 cm ububanzi.
Masisebenzise kuphela izitebhisi ezinezinyathelo eziphusile nezilungile futhi ezihloliwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa! Izitebhisi ezinomzimba owodwa kumele zivikelwe ekusheleleni. Ezinomzimba emibili kumele zivikelwe ngamahinge noma ngamaketanga ukuze zingavuleki. Lapho kusebenza phezulu, ibhande lokuphepha kumele lisetshenziswe ngempela.
Imishini kagesi kufanele yenziwe futhi isetshenziswe kuphela ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso nemithetho esebenzayo.
Ukukhanya kwemvelo nokwenziwa kufanele kube okwanele futhi cishe kungabi nasithunzi endaweni yokusebenza nasezandleni, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo akumele kube nokukhazimula okudlulele.
Izingubo zokusebenza - ikakhulukazi eduze kwemishini eyingozi - kumele zifaneleke. Akufanele kugqokwe izingubo ezibanzi ezinezingxenye ezilenge ngokukhululeka; ama-apron, izikhafu namathayi entamo akuvunyelwe. Izinwele kumele zivikelwe ngesigqoko.
Kufanele kusetshenziswe izibuko zokuzivikela namamaski uma kunengozi yama-chips, izinhlansi namaconsi oketshezi oluvuthayo. Ngokumelene nokukhanya okunamandla kufanele futhi kusetshenziswe izibuko ezimnyama ezifanele.
Amagesi avuthayo n aqhumayo, umhwamuko, kanye nothuli kufanele kususwe ngama-exhauster anamandla. Uma egumbini kukhona amagesi avuthayo noma aqhumayo, umhwamuko noma uthuli, akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ukufudumeza noma ukukhanyisa ngelangabi elivulekile. Ngokunjalo akumele kumiswe amamotho avuthayo angaphakathi noma imishini yokugaya ezindaweni ezinjalo. Ukuphephisa umoya kulezi zindawo kufanele kunakwe ngokukhethekile. Uma kukhona amathuluzi nezinto zokucisha umlilo (eziphathwayo), kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi zibe sesimweni esihle futhi kuthi ngezikhathi ezithile kuqeqeshwe ukuphathwa kwazo.
Kunqatshelwe ukunqwabelanisa izinto ezizivuthayo zodwa, ama-chipboard kanye namaduku anamafutha!
Ezingxenyeni ezihambayo zemishini kufanele kufakwe izivikelo ezinjalo ezizokhipha ngisho nethuba lokuthi lezi zingxenye zithintane ngengozi.
Usizo lokuqala ngemva kwengozi
Ukumisa ukopha kwangaphandle. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuvala imithambo yegazi elimele nokuvikela isilonda ekuthelelekeni ngibhandishi elifanele (sl. 1). Akumele kususwe izinsalela zegazi esilondeni noma isilonda sithelwe siphinde sihlanzwe ngamanzi noma ezinye iziphuzo. Ibandishi elisetshenziswe kahle linciphisa ubuhlungu bomuntu olimele. Umuntu onokopha kwangaphandle kufanele ahlale noma alale futhi ingxenye yomzimba eyophayo (kufanele iphakanyiswe). Izinto ezidingekayo zosizo lokuqala yilezi: ama-gauze ayinyumba, ukotini namabhandishi. Uma isilonda noma indawo ezungezile ingcoliswe uthuli, udaka noma ezinye izinto ezithathelwanayo, khona-ke kufanele sisule isilonda nge-gauze eyinyumba (noma sisihlanze nge-hydrogen peroxide), bese indawo ezungeze isilonda siyigcobe kancane nge-iodine engu-5%-nim (uma ingekho iodine, bese ngotshwala noma i-cologne).
Kufanele kuhlukaniswe ukopha kwama-capillary, kwemithambo ephakamisayo kanye nemithambo emikhulu (imithambo eshaya inhliziyo).
Ukopha okuncane kwama-capillary kumiswa ngebhandeshi elivamile lokumboza (sl.1, 1. ingxenye). Ukopha okukhulu kumiswa ngebhandeshi elicindezelayo. Esilondeni kufakwa igauze eliyinyumba, bese phezu kwegauze kufakwa ukotini. Khona-ke kwenziwa “i-tampon”, okuwugauze noma ukotini osongwe nge-gauze futhi ogotshwe waba yibhola (elingalingana nentongomane, iqanda noma isibhakela, kuye ngosayizi wesilonda) olufakwa phezu kukakotini bese konke kuboshwa kuqinise kancane. (Akufanele kufakwe ukotini ngqo esilondeni!) Uma igazi liqhubeka lingena, akufanele kususwe ibhandeshi kodwa kubekwe elinye ibhandeshi ngaphezu kwalo! Ukuhlanganisa amanxeba, afaneleka kakhulu okuthiwa amabhandeji okuqala, aqukethe igauze eliyinyumba (njengephedi) kanye nebhandeshi eliyinyumba. Ukopha kwemithambo emikhulu yezitho kumiswa ngokufaka isivalo sokubopha ngaphezu kwesilonda (sl. 1, 2. ingxenye).
Ukulimala komthambo oyinhloko kubonakala ngokuthi igazi liphuma ngomfudlana onamandla kakhulu futhi linombala obomvu ogqamile kakhulu. Uma kulimale imithambo ethwala igazi, kuye ngobukhulu benxeba, igazi liphuma enxebeni ngomfudlana noma liye liconse kancane nje. Kuzo zombili izimo singamisa ukopha kuphela ngokubopha ibhandishi. Ukopha ezithweni kuba lula ukukumisa uma ingxenye eophayo iphakanyiswa (isith. 1, 3. ingxenye) bese iboshwa ngokuqinile, kusukwa ekugcineni kuya emzimbeni. Le nqubo iyadingeka ikakhulukazi uma olimele elahlekelwe igazi eliningi, ngoba ngaleyo ndlela sizobuyisela umfutho wegazi ojwayelekile. Ibhande elicindezelayo, uma kukhona ukopha komthambo oyinhloko, kufanele lifakwe phakathi kwenhliziyo nendawo elimele, kanti uma kukhona ukopha kwemithambo ethwala igazi, engxenyeni yesitho esibheke eminweni. Ngaphambi kokubopha inxeba, ingxenye elimele kufanele iphakanyiswe kancane ngoba lokho kuzonciphisa ukopha. Izinto ezifanele kakhulu zokuvala ukopha yilezi: ibhande elibanzi lenjoloba noma ipayipi lenjoloba. Umthetho obalulekile ukuthi i-tourniquet isetshenziswe kuphela uma singakwazi ukumisa ukopha ngebhandishi elivikelayo noma elicindezelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kubaluleke kakhulu nokuthi i-tourniquet akumele ishiywe isikhathi esingaphezu kuka-1-1,1/4 ihora emlenzeni noma engalweni ngoba zizobanda zibe ndikindiki. (Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudingeka usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha noma olimele athunyelwe masinyane esibhedlela). Uma ukopha kunzima kakhulu, kufanele kuzanywe ukumisa igazi ngokucindezela ngeminwe (isithombe 1, 4. ingxenye), uma kulimele umthambo oyinhloko phakathi kwenhliziyo nendawo elimele, kanti uma kuqhumile imithambo ethwala igazi, kusondele enxebeni. Ukopha komthambo oyinhloko, entanyeni, kungamiswa kuze kufike udokotela kuphela ngokucindezela ngeminwe. Isiguli esilahlekelwe igazi eliningi, uma siqaphile futhi singanawo umdlandla wokuhlanza, kufanele sinikwe ikhofi noma itiye bese kwenziwa i-enema ngesisombululo esifudumele sikasawoti wokupheka.
ISITHOMBE 1
Ukumisa ukopha kwamakhala. Isiguli kufanele sibekwe sihlale, ikhanda laso lithunyezwe emuva bese ucindezela uqwanga lwamakhala ngomunwe omkhulu isikhathi esingu-10-15 m imiz. Uma ngale ndlela singakwazi ukuyeka ukopha, kufanele kugcwaliswe izimbobo zamakhala ngegazi elihlanzekile noma ukotini, ikhanda ligobekelwe phambili futhi kulesi sikhundla kulindwe kuze kuphele ukopha.
Ukusha. Kumuntu ogqokweni lakhe seluvuthe umlilo, kufanele kubekwe ingubo ewugqinsi noma ijazi bese kufuthwa ngamanzi. Esilondeni sokusha kufanele kubekwe igauze noma indwangu ethambile efakwe ukhilimu onamafutha noma one-oyela, bese kulandelwa ngebhandishi. Izindawo ezishisiwe akufanele zithintwe ngeminwe noma nganoma yiziphi izinto, (ukugwazwa kwebhamuza njll.) kuze kufike udokotela.
Uma kushile ngenxa yama-asidi aqinile, i-asidi kufanele isulwe, indawo ishaywe ngokushesha ngamanzi, kufakwe kuyo igauze eligcotshwe ngamafutha kanye nebhandishi.
Nimfulelo. Indawo yokulimala ibuhlungu, ivuvukele futhi ibomvu. Uma isikhumba silimele futhi sikhuhliwe, kufanele sigcotshwe kancane ngotshwala noma nge-iodine bese kufakwa ibhandishi.
Ukuphazamiseka kwelunga. Ukulimala kwemicu yamalunga elungisa futhi evikela amalunga kuhambisana nobuhlungu kodwa hhayi obukhulu njengasekuhlukaneni kwelunga. Usizo lokuqala: ukuphumula kanye namabhandeshi abandayo.
Ukuhlakazeka kwelunga. Ukuma okungajwayelekile kweziphetho zamathambo emalungeni ngemva kokulimala kuhambisana nobuhlungu obukhulu. Isimo selunga siyashintsha futhi olimele akakwazi ukunyakaza. Umuntu ongewona udokotela akumele azame ukubuyisela ilunga eliphume endaweni, ngoba lokho kuzokwandisa kuphela ubunzima. Olimele kufanele abekwe esimeni sokuphumula bese kubizwa udokotela. Uma ilunga eliphume endaweni libuyiselwa ngokushesha, isiguli sizolulama ngokushesha.
Ukulimala kwamathambo. Ukuphuka kwethambo kuwukuphazamiseka kokulandelana kwethambo. Isiguli asikwazi ukuhambisa ingxenye yomzimba elimele, asikwazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukunyathela emlenzeni ophukile. Ukuphuka kwethambo kungaba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene: ukuqhekeka, ukuphuka kube nezingcezu ezincane ezihlukene, ukuphuka noma ukuqhekeka futhi, ekugcineni, ukuphuka okuvulekile. Kuzo zonke ukulimala, okubi kakhulu ukuphuka okuvulekile, okuphinde kube nengozi yokutheleleka. Ngakho-ke, endaweni elimele kubekwa i-gauze eyinyumba. Uma sithola, noma kukhona ukusola ukuthi kumayelana nokuphuka kwethambo futhi uma singakwazi ukuthola usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha, kungcono ukubeka isiguli sihlale siphumule silale bese silinda udokotela. Uma-ke kudingeka isiguli sithwalwe, kufanele singasanyakazi umlenze olimele (sl.2). Ukukhumula izingubo esigulini kufanele kuqale ohlangothini lapho kungekho kulimala khona (ukugqoka kulandelwa ngokuphambene nalokho). Izingubo kufanele zivulwe endaweni yemithungo, sinakekele ukunganyakazi ngokungadingekile ingxenye yomzimba elimele. Ukunganyakazi kwengalo kwenziwa ngokuthi ingalo iboshwe esifubeni. Lokhu kungenzeka ngisho nangaphandle kokubopha (sl. 2, 1. ingxenye). noma ngebhandishi, noma ngesikhafu sendwangu (sl. 2, 2. ingxenye). Uma umlenze uphukile, umlenze olimele uboshwa komunye ongalimele. Uma singaqiniseki ukuthi kumayelana nokuphuka (kungaba futhi ukugudluka kwelunga), kusamele senze sengathi kumayelana nokuphuka. Ithambo eliphukile kufanele linganyakazi ngamalunga amabili aseduze ndawonye: ingalo ephukile kanye nesihlakala nendololwane; umlenze ophukile kanye nedolo neqakala (sl. 2, 3. ingxenye). Izindlela zokunganyakazi zingaba induku, ipulangwe eliqinile noma into eyisicaba ethile. Zonke lezi zinto kufanele kuqala zisongwe ngendwangu ethile.
ISITHOMBE 2
Ingxenye ephukile kufanele, kuze kufike usizo lokuqala, ibekwe phezu kwendawo eyisicaba ethile (sl. 2, 4. ingxenye).
Ubuthi be-carbon monoxide bungavela: ngenxa yeziko ezinesici noma ezivalwe kabi; egalaji ngenxa yemoto; lapho igesi iyavutha kancane (amapayipi anesici, ama-valve, ukusha kwelangabi okungafanele njll.). Izimpawu zokuqala zobuthi: ikhanda elibuhlungu, isiyezi, isicanucanu, isifiso sokuhlanza. Kamuva kuza ubuthakathaka obungako bokuthi isiguli asikwazi ukuhamba futhi, naphezu kokuthi sisaphapheme, asikwazi ukubaleka. Ukuphefumula kuqala kusheshe, bese kamuva olimele eqala ukuminza futhi ukuphefumula kuba buthaka. Olimele kufanele akhishwe ngokushesha emoyeni omusha (futhi igumbi liphumelelwe umoya), uma esekhona engqondweni kufanele atshelwe ukuthi aphefumule ngokujulile futhi uma ekwazi ukugwinya amnike ikhofi eqinile noma itiye. Uma esesimweni sokungaphaphami, kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuphefumula okufakelwayo.
Ubuthi be-carbon dioxide. Lokhu empeleni kuwukuminya ngenxa yokushoda komoya-mpilo. Kwenzeka ezindlini ezingaphansi ezijulile ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwewayini, emapayipini endle kanye lapho kwehla emithonjeni emidala. Umsindisi kufanele abe nezinto zokuzivikela (ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo) lapho engena kula magumbi noma uma engenazo lezi zinto, kufanele abophe intambo eqinile okhalweni, isiphetho sayo sibanjwe yilabo abangaphandle kwegumbi, lapho engena adonse umoya kakhulu futhi azame ukusindisa noma ukukhipha owesisulu engaphefumuli.