Nakwasebenzini olunonophelo olukhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba sonakalise isandla ngentsimbi yokukrola, ukuba sisebenza ngeekhemikhali siphefumle igesi enetyhefu, okanye ukuba emsebenzini wofakelo siwe kwizitebhisi.
Ezona ngozi zixhaphakileyo kunye namanyathelo okuzilumkisa
Ukutsha. Iindawo eziyingozi, imisebenzi nezinto: ikhitshi, igumbi lokuhlamba impahla, igumbi lokuhlambela; ukunyibilikisa amafutha, ukuwelda; iayini, izitovu, izifudumezi ezingasebenziyo, iisitulo zokupheka. Izinto ezivutha kakhulu: ipetroli, etha, utywala, iturpentine, ingakumbi njengezinto zokucoca nezinto zokutshabalalisa izinambuzane.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko: asimele siqokelele inkunkuma, iphepha leendaba, amalaphu; asimele sishiye uthuthu ebhokisini okanye ebhaskithini yomthi; kwizitovu nakwiziko lokufudumeza iimbiza zokupheka kufuneka zibekwe ngendlela yokuba izibambo zazo zingajongi ngasemkhosini; kufuneka sisebenzise ngononophelo olukhulu izinto zokucoca ezinokutsha; umlilo okanye ilangatye elivulekileyo asimele sishiye lungajongwanga.
Ukutyhefa yi-carbon monoxide, ngumsi. Ukufudumeza ngentsimbi yamalahle, isitovu esinomlilo ongasebenziyo kakuhle okanye isitovu esivalwe ngaphambi kwexesha, iimfumba zomsi ezingasebenziyo.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko: iitshimini nezitovu kufuneka zihlolwe zize zicocwe rhoqo; xa kusetyenziswa iiayini zamalahle, kufuneka ku-ayinwe ifestile ivuliwe; akuvumelekanga ukutshaya ebhedini; ukuba sipaka imoto kwigaraji, emva koko kufuneka siyishiye ivuliwe kangangexesha elithile.
Ukutyhefwa ziigesi, ugqabhuko lwegesi. Iimpazamo kwimibhobho yerhasi yokukhanya. ukuphathwa gwenxa kwezitshisi zamanzi (iibhoyila), iivalvu ezonakeleyo okanye ezingavalwanga. Iindidi ezintathu zengozi: ugqabhuko-dubulo, umlilo, ukutyhefwa ziigesi.
Eyona ndawo iyingozi kakhulu kwigesi ekhanyayo yi-carbon monoxide. Iimpawu zokutyhefa zezi: ukwaluphala kombala, intloko ebuhlungu, ubuthathaka, isiyezi, ukungabinabuvakalelo kwamalungu, ukugabha, urhudo, ukulala, ukungcangcazela kwezihlunu ngamaxesha athile, ukutyhafa. Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwezitho zokuphefumla, kunokubakho ukufa.
Ukuba ityhefu yenzeka kancinci, ngexesha elide (umzekelo, xa igesi ivutha kancinci nangokuqhubekayo eflethini), iimpawu zezi: umbala ophaphathekileyo oluhlaza-ngwevu wobuso, ubuthathaka bemisipha, ukudinwa. ukushukuma kwemithambo-luvo, ukungcangcazela komlomo, izandla neenyawo, ukulahlekelwa yingqondo (ngakumbi xa kuvuka) ukwehla komsebenzi wokuva nokubona, ukuhamba okungaqinisekanga, ukuncipha kwememori namandla okugxila, ukungazinzi nokuncipha kwamandla entando.
Amanyathelo okhuseleko: ukuba sivakalelwa livumba legesi, kufuneka kwangoko kuvulwe iingcango neefestile, kungene umoya ixesha elide kwigumbi, akuvumelekanga ukulayita umatshisi, akuvumelekanga ukuvula ukukhanya kombane; ivalve yegesi kufuneka ivalwe ngokupheleleyo; akufanele kusetyenziswe umbhobho werabha kwimigca yegesi ngaphandle kofakelo lwelaphu; ukuqina kofakelo lwerhasi akufuneki kujongwe ngedangatye elivulekileyo, kuphela ngamanzi anesepha!
Ukuba ibhoyila yegesi (autogejzir) ayivumi ukuqala, kufuneka kwangoko kuvalwe impompi yamanzi ashushu kuze kulindwe ubuncinane 10 m imizuzu de wonke umthamo wegesi ekhutshelweyo ube ngumphunga. Emva koko, kuqala kufuneka kuvuthiswe ilangatye lokuvuthisa, kuze emva koko kuvulwe impompi yamanzi ashushu.
Ukutsha kwelangatye legesi kufuneka kuhlolwe rhoqo. Ukuba ilangatye linombala otyheli oneenkcazo ezinde nezimfiphele, ngoko ukutsha akuphelelanga. Isixhobo esinokutsha okungaphelelanga akufunekanga sisetyenziswe. Iimveliso zokutsha zezitovu zegesi kufuneka zikhutshwe ngomsele wetshimini. Apho oku kungalungiswanga, ingqalelo enkulu kufuneka ibekwe ekungeniseni umoya.
Ukutshaywa ngombane. Iintambo ezingasebenziyo, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo, iintambo ezingenayo i-insulation, izitshintshi ezonakeleyo, iiplagi, iisokethi; ngakumbi ekhitshini, kwigumbi lokuhlambela, kwigumbi lokuhlamba iimpahla nakwigumbi elingaphantsi; izibane eziphathwayo, ukulungiswa okungelulo kwemifuse eneziphene (umz. ngocingo).
Amanyathelo okhuseleko: kufuneka kususwe zonke iintambo zombane ezijingayo ngokukhululekileyo; akufuneki sisebenzise iiswitshi nezixhobo ezibuthathaka nezingafakelwanga mbane; yonke impazamo kufuneka ilungiswe ngoko nangoko; akufuneki silungise iiswitshi neentambo ngezandla ezimanzi!
Amanyathelo aqhelekileyo okuzikhusela kwindawo yokusebenzela yasekhaya
Iworkshop, oomatshini, izixhobo zokusebenza nezixhobo zokukhusela kufuneka zifaneleke, zomelele kwaye zisebenze kakuhle.
Umgangatho kufuneka ube mpuluswa, kodwa ungatyibiliki, usemgangathweni omhle yaye ulungele ukugcinwa ucocekile.
Indawo yokusebenza kufuneka ibe banzi, ikhanyiswe kakuhle, ibe nendawo evulekileyo ubuncinane 80 cm ububanzi.
Masisebenzise kuphela iiladla ezineenyawo ezilungileyo nezomeleleyo nezivavanywe phambi kokusetyenziswa! Iiladla ezinephiko elinye kufuneka zikhuselwe ekutyibilikeni. Ezinamaphiko mabini kufuneka zikhuselwe ngeehenjisi okanye amatyathanga ukuze zingavuleki. Xa kusebenza kubude, kunyanzelekile ukuba kusetyenziswe ibhanti lokhuseleko.
Izixhobo zombane kufuneka zenziwe kwaye zisetyenziswe kuphela ngokuhambelana nemigangatho nemimiselo esebenzayo.
Ukukhanya kwendalo kunye nokwenziwa kufuneka kube ngokwaneleyo kwaye phantse kungabi nabumba emsebenzini nasezandleni, ngaxeshanye kungabi khazimlisi kakhulu.
Impahla yokusebenza - ingakumbi kufutshane noomatshini abayingozi - kufuneka ibe ifanelekile. Akufuneki kunxitywe impahla ebanzi enamalungu ajingayo ngokukhululekileyo; iifaskoti, iiscarf neetayi azivumelekanga. Iinwele kufuneka zikhuselwe ngomnqwazi.
Kufuneka kusetyenziswe iiglasi zokhuselo neemaski ukuba kukho ingozi yeentsimbi eziphumayo, iintlantsi kunye namathontsi olwelo olutyhafisayo. Ngokuchasene nokukhanya okunamandla kufuneka kusetyenziswe, kwakhona, iiglasi ezimnyama ezifanelekileyo.
Iigesi ezinokutsha nezintshayo, umphunga, kwakunye nothuli kufuneka zisuswe ngee-exhauster ezinamandla. Ukuba kwigumbi kukho iigesi ezinokutsha okanye ezintshayo, umphunga okanye uthuli, akuvumelekanga ukusebenzisa ukufudumeza okanye ukukhanyisa ngomlilo ovulekileyo. Ngokunjalo akufunekanga kubekwe iinjini ezinomlilo wangaphakathi okanye oomatshini bokusila kumagumbi anjalo. Ukuvuselela umoya kula magumbi kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Ukuba kukho izixhobo nezixhobo (eziphathwayo) zokucima umlilo, kufuneka zisoloko zisebenza kakuhle yaye kuqhutywe ngamaxesha athile uqeqesho lokuzisebenzisa.
Akuvumelekanga ukuqokelela izinto ezizivuthayo zodwa, iibhodi ze-chip kunye namalaphu anamafutha!
Kwiindawo ezihambayo zoomatshini kufuneka kufakwe iintshixo ezinjalo eziza kususa kwanethuba elingaqondakaliyo lokuba ezi ndawo zithintane.
Uncedo lokuqala emva kwengozi
Ukumisa ukopha kwangaphandle. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuvala imithambo-luvo yonzakeleyo kunye nokukhusela inxeba ekungeneni kosulelo ngelithi elifanelekileyo (sl. 1). Akufuneki kususwe intsalela yegazi enxebeni okanye inxeba ligalelwe kwaye lihlanjululwe ngolwelo. Ibhanti efakwe kakuhle inciphisa iintlungu zomonzakeleyo. Umntu onokopha ngaphandle kufuneka ahlale okanye alale phantsi kwaye inxalenye yomzimba eyophayo (kufuneka iphakanyiswe). Izinto ezifunekayo zoncedo lokuqala zezi: igauze engenazintsholongwane, umqhaphu neebhanti. Ukuba inxeba okanye indawo elijikelezileyo lingcoliswe luthuli, ludaka okanye ezinye izinto zosulelo, kufuneka silisule inxeba ngegauze engenazintsholongwane (okanye silihlambe nge-hydrogen peroxide), kwaye indawo ejikeleze inxeba ithambiswe kancinane ngejodo 5%-n e (ukuba akukho jodo, ke ngotywala okanye ngamanzi anephunga).
Kufuneka kwahlulwe ukopha kweekapilari, imithambo ethwalayo kunye nemithambo ephambili (imithambo ebetha).
Ukopha okuncinane kwe-capillary kuyamiswa ngembambo elula egqumayo (sl.1, 1. deo). Ukopha okukhulu kumiswa ngembambo yoxinzelelo. Enxebeni kufakwa igaza elinyumba, aze phezu kwegaza kufakwe umqhaphu. Emva koko kwenziwa »itampu«, igaza okanye umqhaphu osongelwe ngegaza uze ugobe ube yibhola (ubukhulu benathi, iqanda okanye inqindi, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu benxeba) ubekwe phezu komqhaphu aze konke kusongwe kancinane kuqiniswe ngakumbi. (Umqhaphu akufanele ufakwe ngqo enxebeni!) Ukuba igazi liyaqhubeka liphuma, akufuneki kususwe ibhandeji koko kubekwe elinye ibhandeji phezu kwalo! Eyona mibandela ifanelekileyo yokubopha amanxeba kuthiwa ziibhandeji zokuqala, ezibandakanya igaza elinyumba (ngendlela yecushion) kunye nebhandeji elinyumba. Ukopha kwemithambo emikhulu yamalungu kumiswa ngokubeka umqobo woxinzelelo ngaphezu kwenxeba (sl. 1, 2. deo).
Ukulimala komthambo omkhulu onentliziyo kunokubonwa ngento yokuba igazi liphuma ngomsinga onamandla kwaye linombala obomvu oqaqambileyo kakhulu. Xa umthambo othwala igazi wonzakele, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu benxeba, igazi liphuma enxebeni ngomsinga okanye liconde nje kancinci. Kuzo zombini iimeko singanqanda ukopha kuphela ngokubeka ibhandeji. Ukopha kweengalo okanye imilenze kulula ukunqandwa ukuba indawo eyophayo iphakanyisiwe (sl. 1, 3. inxenye) kwaye ibotshwe ngokuqinileyo, kusukela ekupheleni ukuya emzimbeni. Le nkqubo ibaluleke ngakumbi ukuba owonzakeleyo ulahlekelwe ligazi elininzi, kuba ngale ndlela siya kubuyisela uxinzelelo lwegazi oluqhelekileyo. Ibhandeji elicinezela, kwimeko yokopha komthambo omkhulu onentliziyo, kufuneka libekwe phakathi kwentliziyo nendawo elimeleyo, kwaye kwimeko yokopha kwemithambo ethwala igazi, kwicala lemilenze okanye iingalo elijonge kwiiminwe. Ngaphambi kokubopha inxeba, indawo elimeleyo kufuneka iphakanyiswe kancinci kuba ngolo hlobo ukopha kuya kuncipha. Njengesibopho sokumisa ukopha ezona zilungele kakhulu zezi: umtya werabha obanzi okanye umbhobho werabha. Umgaqo obalulekileyo kukuba isibopho kufuneka sisetyenziswe kuphela xa singakwazanga ukumisa ukopha ngebhandeji elikhuselayo okanye elicinezela. Ngaphandle koko kubaluleke kakhulu nokuba isibopho singashiywa ngaphezu kwe 1-1,1/4 seyure emlenzeni okanye engalweni kuba ziya kuba ndindisholo. (Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kungenelelwe ngugqirha ngokukhawuleza okanye owonzakeleyo athunyelwe ngoko nangoko esibhedlele). Xa ukopha kunzima kakhulu kufuneka kuzanywe ukumiswa kwegazi ngokucinezela ngeminwe (umz. 1, 4. inxenye), xa umthambo omkhulu onentliziyo wonzakele phakathi kwentliziyo nendawo elimeleyo, kwaye xa kumithambo ethwala igazi, ngokujolisa ngaphandle. Ukopha komthambo omkhulu onentliziyo entanyeni kunokumiswa de kufike ugqirha kuphela ngokucinezela ngeminwe. Isigulana esilahlekelwe ligazi elininzi, ukuba siyazazi kwaye asinamdla wokugabha, kufuneka sinikwe ikofu okanye iti kwaye senziwe i-enema ngesisombululo esishushu kancinci setyuwa yasekhitshini.
UMFANEKISO 1
Ukumisa ukopha impumlo. Isigulana kufuneka sibekwe kwindawo yokuhlala, intloko yaso ibekwe ngasemva aze ngobhontsi acinezele intlala yempumlo kangangexesha le 10-15 min. Ukuba ngale ndlela asiphumeleli ukuyeka ukopha, kufuneka imingxuma yempumlo igcwaliswe ngegauze ecocekileyo okanye ngomqhaphu, intloko igobeke phambili yaye kule ndawo kulindwe de kuphele ukopha.
Ukutsha. Kumntu onempahla yakhe ithungqeleke ngomlilo, kufuneka kubekwe ingubo enzima okanye ibhatyi, aze agalelwe ngamanzi. Kwinxeba lokutsha kufuneka kubekwe igazi okanye ilaphu elithambileyo elifakwe ikhrimu enamafutha okanye yeoli, emva koko kufakwe ibhandeji. Iindawo ezitshileyo akufanele zichukunyiswe ngeminwe okanye nantoni na, (ukugqobhoza iqamza njl.) de kugqirha afike.
Xa kutshiswa ziiasidi ezinamandla, iasidi kufuneka isulwe, indawo ihlanjwe ngoko nangoko ngamanzi, kubekwe kuyo igauze efakwe ngamafutha yaye kubotshwe ibhandeji.
Ukutyhafa. Indawo etyhafileyo ibuhlungu, idumbile kwaye ibomvu. Ukuba ulusu lonzakele yaye lukrwelwe, kufuneka luthanjiswe kancinci ngetywala okanye iyodini kuze kufakwe ibhandeji.
Ukwaphuka kweqhina. Ukwenzakala kwebhanti leelunga elilungisa nelikhusela amalunga kukhatshwa ziintlungu kodwa azikho mbi kangako njengakwimeko yokukhutshwa kwelunga. Uncedo lokuqala: ukuphumla kunye neepakethi ezibandayo.
Ukwaphuka kwendawo edibeneyo. Ukuma okungafanelekanga kweziphelo zamathambo kumalunga emva kokwenzakala kuhamba neentlungu ezinkulu. Ubume belungu buyatshintsha yaye wonzakeleyo akakwazi kuhamba. Umntu ongenalo uqeqesho akufanele azame ukubuyisela umalunga owaphukileyo endaweni, kuba oko kuya kunyusa ingxaki kuphela. Owonzakeleyo kufuneka abekwe kwindawo ezolileyo aze kubizwe ugqirha. Ukuba umalunga owaphukileyo ubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza, isigulana siya kuchacha ngokukhawuleza.
Ukonzakala kwamathambo. Ukuqhekeka kwethambo kukuphazamiseka kokuqhubekeka kwethambo. Isigulana asikwazi kushukumisa inxalenye yomzimba eyonzakeleyo, asikwazi nokuma, umzekelo, emlenzeni owophukileyo. Ukuqhekeka kwethambo kunokuba kwinqanaba elahlukileyo: ukuqhekeka kancinane, ukuqhekeka okunamaqhekeza amancinci aqhawukileyo, okanye, ekugqibeleni, ukuvuleka kokuqhekeka. Kuzo zonke iingozi, okona kubi kukuvuleka kokuqhekeka, okuzisa nomngcipheko wosulelo. Yiyo loo nto kufakwa igauze enyumba kwindawo eyonzakeleyo. Ukuba siqinisekisa, okanye kukho urhano lokuba kukho ukuqhekeka kwethambo, yaye ukuba singalufumana ngokukhawuleza uncedo lwezonyango, eyona nto ingcono kukubeka isigulana silale size silinde ugqirha. Kodwa ukuba isigulana kufuneka sithwalwe, kufuneka senze umlenze owonzakeleyo ungashukumi (sl.2). Ukususwa kwempahla kwisigulana kufuneka kuqale kwicala elingenzakalanga (ukunxiba kulandelelwano olwahlukileyo). Impahla kufuneka ikrazulwe kwiindawo zokuthunga, kuqatshelwe ukuba singashukumisi ngokungeyomfuneko inxalenye yomzimba eyonzakeleyo. Ukungashukumi kwengalo kwenziwa ngokubopha ingalo esifubeni. Oku kunokwenzeka nokuba kungabotshelwanga (sl. 2, 1. inxenye), okanye ngebhandeji, oko kukuthi ngelaphu lesikhafu (sl. 2, 2. inxenye). Xa umlenze wophukile, umlenze owonzakeleyo ubotshelelwa kowungonzakalanga. Ukuba asiqinisekanga ukuba kukwaphuka na (kungaba kukukhutshwa kwelungu), kusekufanele ukuba senze ngathi kukwaphuka. Ithambo eliphukileyo kufuneka lingashukumi ngezihlanganisi ezibini ezikufuphi kunye: ingalo ephukileyo kunye nesihlanganisi sesandla kunye nengqiniba; umlenze ophukileyo kunye nedolo ne-ankile (sl. 2, 3. inxenye). Iindlela zokungashukumi zinokuba ngumsimelelo, umbhoxo onamandla okanye nayiphi na into ethe tyaba. Zonke ezi zinto kufuneka kuqala zisongwe ngelaphu.
UMFANEKISO 2
Ilungu elaphukileyo, de kufike uncedo lokuqala, kufuneka lixhaswe phezu kwendawo ethe tyaba (umz. 2, 4. inxenye).
Ukutyhefa nge-carbon monoxide kunokwenzeka: ngenxa yezitovu ezingasebenziyo okanye ezingavalekanga kakuhle; kwigaraji ngenxa yeemoto; xa igesi itshisa kancinci (imibhobho engalunganga, iivalvu, ukutsha komlilo okungalunganga njl.). Iimpawu zokuqala zetyhefu: intloko ebuhlungu, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, umnqweno wokugabha. Kamva kuvela ubuthathaka obukhulu kangangokuba isigulana asikwazi kuhamba yaye, nangona sisengqondweni, asikwazi kuzisindisa. Ukuphefumla kuqala kukhawuleza, kanti kamva owenzakeleyo uqala ukugaxwa, yaye ukuphefumla kuyancipha. Lowo wonzakeleyo kufuneka akhutshwe ngokukhawuleza emoyeni omtsha (kwaye negumbi liphefumliswe), ukuba usezingqondweni kufuneka axelelwe ukuba aphefumle nzulu yaye, ukuba unokuginya, makanikwe ikofu eyomeleleyo okanye iti. Ukuba ukwimeko yokungabikho zingqondweni, kufuneka kusetyenziswe ukuphefumla okwenziweyo.
Ukutyhefwa yi-carbon dioxide. Oku eneneni kukufuthaniselwa ngenxa yokunqongophala kweoksijini. Kwenzeka kwiiphalethi ezinzulu xa kusenziwa ukubila kwewayini, kwimibhobho yogutyulo, nakwixesha lokuhla emithonjeni emidala. Umsindisi kufuneka abe nezixhobo zokuzikhusela (unikezelo lweoksijini) xa engena kula magumbi, okanye ukuba azikho izixhobo ezinjalo, kufuneka abophe intambo eyomeleleyo esinqeni, isiphelo sayo sibanjwe ngabo bangaphandle kwegumbi, kungenele ephefumla nzulu aze azame ukuhlangula, okt. ukukhupha lowo wonzakeleyo engaphefumli.