Ka ’Ōlelo Aʻo Palekana: He kikokikona waihona mōʻaukala kēia, ʻaʻole ia he manual hou no ka hana metala a i ʻole ka hana uila. ʻO ka hana ʻana me nā mīkini, nā mea hana wili, metala wela, nā mea uila a me nā mea hana lima kahiko e hiki ke hōʻeha nui, ke ahi a i ʻole ka haʻalulu uila. Mai hoʻohana i nā improvisation i wehewehe ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana; e hoʻohana i nā kānāwai kūpono, nā mea hana kūpono, nā lako pale a me nā ʻōlelo aʻo mai nā poʻe loea.
ʻAʻole kēia ʻāpana o ka hāʻawi ʻana o Savo Kusić i kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā puka makani, nā puka a me nā hoʻonā e pili ana.
ʻO wai ka manaʻo ʻaʻole i lawa ka ikaika ma nā hana hana ponoʻī, hoʻāʻo maʻamau e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā ia iho ma ka hana ʻana me ka lāʻau. ʻO ia ke kumu i noho lōʻihi ai mākou ma ka mokuna mua, e pili ana i ka hana lāʻau. ʻO ia hoʻi, he mea palupalu ka lāʻau, kūpono no ka hana ʻana. No ka mea, ua kamaʻāina mākou i nā waiwai nui o ka lāʻau a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole pono mākou i ka nui o ka manawa e kamaʻāina ai i nā metala i hoʻohana ʻia a me kā lākou hana pū kekahi. ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hale lāʻau me ka ʻole o nā ʻāpana metala, nā kui, nā mea hoʻopili, akā ʻaʻohe mea hana metala e pono e hoʻohui ʻia me ka lāʻau, no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, hoʻoikaika.
O nā metala like ʻole he nui i loko o ka hale hana hale, ʻo ka hao wale, ke kila, ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ka zinc, a me ka alumini ka mea maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kēpau a me ka tin i mau mea kōkua. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā metala i hoʻohana nui ʻia, e aʻo kākou i ko lākou mau waiwai nui.
Metala
ʻO ka mea nui loa he hao. Loaʻa ia ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā ʻala i loko o nā kapuahi. Ma kona ʻano maka, aia ka hao i nā pākēneka o ka manganese, silika, phosphorus, sulfur a me ka graphite. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka graphite ma ka hao ma mua o1,7ke kamaʻilio nei mākou no ka hao, a inā he ʻuʻuku ia, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou no ke kila.
Ma kā mākou hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻike mākou i nā huahana semi-finished wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi nā metala i hala mua i nā pae o ka hana. ʻO kēia nā kaola o nā profile like ʻole (ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou i ka hao profile a i ʻole ke kila profile), nā pepa a me Iiv. Ke kūʻai ʻia nei nā huahana metala paʻi e like me nā hale keleawe a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he mea pono.
Maikaʻi ka ʻike ʻana he palupalu ka hao hao, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopōloli ʻia ka maka o ka mea hana i ka wā e hana ai. Hiki ke ʻano like ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, e like me nā kaola a me nā lau. ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona maʻamau, ua hanaʻia lākou i ke kila.
Steel loaʻa ka hapa liʻiliʻi loa o ke kalapona, ʻo ka mea i kapa ʻia he kila palupalu a i ʻole ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, piʻo, hoʻopaʻa ʻia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke paʻakikī. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ke kila paʻa (0,4-1,7% carbon), akā hiki ke hana wale ʻia ma ka huli ʻana, wili, a pēlā aku
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o ka hao a me ke kila, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala, a huki ʻia lākou e kahi magnet, a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokalakupua iā lākou iho. ʻO ko lākou ʻumekaumaha kikoʻī ʻo 7,8 kg/dm3. ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ke kila ʻo 1700°C (hao 1400-1500°C). ʻO kahi mea hoihoi me kēia mau metala, ʻo ia ma kahi mahana o 750°C nalowale lākou i ko lākou mau waiwai magnetic.
Hiki ke paʻakikī ke kila ma ka hoʻomehanaʻana, inā ma hope o ka hoʻomehanaʻana e maʻalili mālie (ka loea: tempering), hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hana, elasticity a me ka hoʻololi ikaika (tempering + tempering = refining).
Inā hoʻohui ʻia ke kila me ka chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kekahi o kona mau hiʻohiʻona, e like me ka paʻakikī, ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, etc. ʻO kēia nā mea i kapa ʻia nā kila kūikawā kiʻekiʻe.
Ua kaha ʻia ke kila hoʻolei ʻia me ka huapalapala Ч a me ka helu helu ʻelua, a me ke kila me ka huapalapala Ч a me nā helu ʻelua. ʻO ka helu mua ma hope o ka leka e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka waimaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ikaika i haʻihaʻi ai kahi mea ʻāpana keʻa.1mm. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka helu ʻelua e nā kūlana JUS. No laila, he mea nui ka helu ma hope o ka leka. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu, ʻo ka “ikaika” ke kila. (Inā ka ikaika o ka waimaka50 kg/ mm2 he kila maikaʻi ia,30ʻoluʻolu. ʻO ka palena kiʻekiʻe o kēia kiʻi ma kahi o90, a me nā kila puna kūikawā hiki ke helu135). Loaʻa nā inoa ʻē aʻe i nā kila Alloy.
ʻO kaʻike maikaʻi e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kila a me ka nui o ke kalapona i hāʻawiʻia e ka lapalapa. Inā pili ke kila i ka pōhaku wili, e ʻike ʻia nā ʻōlinolino. ʻO ke ʻano a me ke kala o nā ʻulaʻula e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ke kila.
Ke hoʻopauʻia ke kila a hoʻonāukiʻia, hiki ke hoʻoholo mauʻia ka mahana e ke kala o ke kila.
He metala hiki ke hana maʻalahi ke keleawe. He mea lawe maikaʻi i ka wela a me ka uila. Ke oxidize ia, he patinas, loaʻa ia i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he conductor uila a me ka wela, a laila hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohui ʻana (e like me ka ipu hao, ka wili transformer, ka hao hao, etc.). Loaʻa iā ia ka umekaumaha kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe loa 8,9 kg/dm3 a me kahi helu heheʻe ma kahi o 1080°S.
Brass kahi huila o ka zinc a me ke keleawe, kahi i loaʻa ai ka zinc ma kahi pākēneka kiʻekiʻe (50-70%). ʻO ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o ka zinc e hōʻemi i ka formability a hoʻolilo i ka alloy i ʻoi aku ka palupalu, kūpono no ka hoʻolei ʻana. Ua kapa ʻia kahi huila ʻulaʻula me kahi pākēneka liʻiliʻi o ka zinc he tombak (gula hana ʻia), a ʻo ka hui pū me ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe loa o ka zinc ua kapa ʻia ʻo keokeo.
Inā, ma waho aʻe o ka zinc, aia nō ka nickel i loko o ka alloy, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he alpaca, aʻo ke kālā hou i loaʻa kekahi nui kālā ma waho o nā mea i helu ʻia. Inā hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻāpana keleawe liʻiliʻi i ka alumini, loaʻa kahi huila ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka alumini - duraluminum.
Bronze kahi hui keleawe a me 5-15% tin. Inā, ma waho aʻe o ka tin, loaʻa pū kekahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka phosphorus, kūpono ka alloy no ka hoʻolei ʻana a kapa ʻia ʻo phosphor bronze. ʻO ke keleawe alumini ka hui paʻakikī. Kū’ē ke keleawe keleawe i ka friction, no laila hoʻohana ʻia no nā bearings. Paʻa loa ke keleawe silikoni i nā mana like ʻole, a paʻakikī loa ke keleawe manganese.
Zinc he mea ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka hao. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā auwai, ʻoiai i kēia lā ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia no ka pale ʻana i ka metala anti-corrosion, ma ka ʻili o ia mea he ʻāpana ʻālohilohi lahilahi i uhi ʻia me nā pua hau.
Tin no ka hoʻohuihui. Hiki ke ʻōwili ʻia, ninini ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi mahana o 232°S. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o kēia metala, ʻo ia ka huli ʻana i ka pauka ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa ma mua o +13°S.
ʻO ke kēpau he metala palupalu a nāwaliwali me ka umekaumaha kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe loa (11,34 kg/dm3). ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻino a maʻalahi ke hoʻolei ʻia.
ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metala he cadmium, nickel, ʻālohilohi, a me ka chrome.
I kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou i ka hao a me nā metala ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ia. ʻAʻole mākou e launa pū me nā mea waiwai (gula, kālā, platinum) a me nā metala kūikawā (iridium, radium, titanium, beryllium, magnesium) rp hana i loko o ka hale, no laila e ʻōlelo ai.
I ka hopena, e ʻike kākou i nā metala māmā e like me ka laʻa. aluminika. ʻEkolu manawa emi kona kaumaha ma mua o ke kila a he haʻahaʻa loa kona helu heheʻe (660°C).
Aluminum ma ke ʻano ma ke ʻano o nā pūhui. No ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi kilokani o ka metala alumini, pono e hana ma kahi o 4-6 kg o ka bauxite. ʻO ka maʻemaʻe o ka alumini ka manaʻo o ka nui o ka alumini maʻemaʻe.
ʻO nā haumia a me nā haumia e pili ana i nā waiwai o ka alumini a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana. Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻoili uila e nā haumia a me nā haumia. Maikaʻi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela o ka alumini maʻemaʻe. ʻO 500°C ka mahana mua o ka aluminika a me ka 300°C.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, paʻa loa ka alumini. Mālama ka ʻāpana lahilahi o ka alumini oxide i ka alumini mai ka hoʻoheheʻe hohonu ʻana.
I ka wā o ka mana o nā pūhui like ʻole ma luna o ka alumini, ua hana ʻia nā paʻakai, a ma lalo o ka mana kemika, hikiwawe loa ka alumini. Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā alumini alumini a me nā metala koʻikoʻi (e like me ka hao, ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ka nickel), inā ma lalo o ka mana o ka moisture a i ʻole nā waikawa (electrolyte) ke kumu o ka pilina. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka ea pulu ma ke ʻano he electrolyte.
I mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka alumini maʻemaʻe me ka aluminika, kona mau ala (me ke keleawe ʻole), cadmium a me ka zinc.
ʻO kekahi o nā ala e pale ai i ka ʻili o ka alumini mai ka ʻino ʻana, ʻo ia ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili me ka pena aila, nitrocellulose varnish a i ʻole enamel varnish. ʻO kahi ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a i kēia lā ʻoi aku ka laha ʻana o ka uhi ʻana me kahi layer alumini oxide artificial e nā mea kemika a i ʻole electrolysis. Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hoʻomalu.
I kēia mau lā, aia kekahi mau alumini alumini me nā mea ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha. Hoʻohui nui ʻia me ka manganese, ke keleawe a me ke silika, a i kēia lā hiki i ka ikaika tensile i ka waiwai o 40 kg /mm2.
Maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o ka alumini ma ka huli ʻana a me ka wili ʻana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka wili, pena a me ke kūʻai ʻana. Hana ʻia ia ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā poloka a i nā foil.
Nā huahana hapa-hope
Ma waena o nā huahana semi-finished, profiled iron ka mea kaulana loa, e.g. ʻO ke ʻano o ka pahu pōʻai, ka ʻaoʻao angular L, T, I, U, Z etc. ʻO kahi huahana semi-hoʻopau ʻia me ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻehā i kapa ʻia he hao palahalaha (koe naʻe i hana ʻia me ke keleawe, keleawe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), i kapa ʻia ma kona ʻano lahilahi he pepa, strip, foil. Hoʻopili nui ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana keʻa i ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia mika laina a me ka ikaika. No ka mea e pili pono ana ke kumukūʻai i ke kaumaha, pono ke koho i kahi profile kūpono (Fig1). ʻO nā inoa o kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao: a) hao poepoe b) hao semi-poe; c) hao hao; d) hao hao; e) pauku huinaha; f) ka pauku huinaha; d) hao palahalaha; h) lipine; i) hao kihi; j) ka hao kihi poepoe; k) T - hōʻike; l) Z - hōʻike; m) I - profile; n)
kaʻaahi; o) U - profile; p) palahalaha U kiaha.
SLIKA 1
Paahana
Aia kekahi mau mea hana maʻamau ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me nā metala me ka ʻole. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea ana i hōʻike mua ʻia, ʻo ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he pliers (Fig2).
SLIKA 2
ʻO nā pli maʻalahi loa, ʻo ia ka pā palahalaha (a). Hana ʻia lākou ma ka lōʻihi125-200 mm. ʻO nā wili kūikawā no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā uwea he mau mea ʻoki (b). Hana ʻia lākou i ka lōʻihi like me nā wili ihu palahalaha. No ka hana kamana, pono no hoi na pli auwae (c), me ka loa like me na pli mua. No ka hana ʻana me ka uea, pono ʻoe i nā wili poepoe (d) kahi e hana ʻia ai nā “maka”. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻoi loa i ka hale ua loaʻa nā wili hui (e), i hana ʻia ma ka lōʻihi, mai150i200 mm. Inā hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lima, kūpono kēia mau pliers no ka hana uila. No ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hoʻokele mānoanoa, nā koʻokoʻo, nā paʻi kūikawā no nā mea ʻoki me nā hui (f) kūpono. No ka hanaʻana me nā paipu, nā koʻokoʻo, nā paipu (g) pono. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o kēia mau pliers ka hiki ke hoʻololi ākea ma muli o ke anawaena o nā mea (pa, paipu, etc.)
Pono nā kī no ka hui ʻana i nā hui metala hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia (Fig3). Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā puka o nā kī ʻaoʻao ʻelua (ʻo nā mamao o nā ʻaoʻao o nā poʻo hexagonal square a me hexagonal) i kēia mau ana:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70a75-80. Wehe i na ki o6 i50kūpono i nā poʻo o nā metric screws penei:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. ʻO nā pālua o nā helu i hōʻailona ʻia ma ke alo e hōʻike ana i ka wehe ʻana o nā wrenches open-end a open-end, i loaʻa i nā hale kūʻai.
SLIKA 3
ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā wrenches open-end, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā nati a i ʻole nā poʻo wili mai ka ʻaoʻao, no laila, no ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻokuʻu i nā wili ma nā paipu lōʻihi. Uhi ka wīwī kumu i ke poʻo wili a i ʻole nati ma nā ʻaoʻao a pau a paʻa paʻa i ke poʻo wili, akā hiki ke huki wale ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao mai luna.
I loko o ka mea hana home pono mākou e loaʻa i kēia mau kī: 9-11,14-17,17-19a22-24(ʻaʻole loa i hōʻike ʻia ka pono no ke kī27-32).
ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā kīʻaha lōʻihi, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke komo ʻana i nā wahi hiki ʻole ke hele a, inā mālama pono ʻole ʻia, ua maʻalahi ke haehae i ke kaula ma ka wili. ʻO nā ʻāwae o nā wrenches open-end e hana i kekahi kihi me ka paʻa, no ka hiki ke hoʻohuli i ke poʻo o ke kī me ka nut a ma nā wahi paʻakikī. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea i luna aʻe, aia kekahi mau wrenches no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā wili hohonu. I ka hihia wale nō, maikaʻi nō hoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wīwī hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hua. Manaʻo ʻia kahi wīwī lōʻihi hiki ke hoʻololi250 mm.
Hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia nā wrenches a me nā screws inā ʻaʻole lākou e luhi. Inā nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nati a me ke kī ma muli o ka ʻaʻahu, a laila e luku ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka wā e paʻa ai. Inā ʻaʻahu ʻia ka nut a i ʻole ke kī, a laila kau ʻia kahi pā kila ma ka hakahaka ma waena o lākou a ma hope wale nō e hoʻopaʻa ʻia a wehe ʻia paha.
No ka hōʻailona metala, pono kahi punch (kirner) o ka mānoanoa6a me ka lōʻihi125 mm. Pono ʻoe e kiʻi i kahi kuʻi no ke kuʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana lahilahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi mai3 mm.
He mea hana maʻamau ka hāmare. Hana ʻia ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka hāmare e ke kaumaha o ke poʻo. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi loa 50, a me ka nui loa2000ʻO Gr. ʻO nā lōʻihi o ke poʻo kūpono e like me ke kaumaha o ka hāmare50gr -75 mm., alaila100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(ʻoi aku ka nui no ka hana koʻikoʻi) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Ua hana ʻia ka lāʻau o ka hāmare a ua kaha ʻia:400/25x14, ʻo ia40 cmlōʻihi,2,5knm laula (i ka waena) a1,4 cm o ka manoanoa e pili ana i ke poo o800ʻO Gr.
I kēia mau manawa i hala iho nei, hiki ke loaʻa nā hāmare kūikawā me ka lima kila, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ma nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
I ka wā e pili ana i ka hāmare, e kamaʻāina kākou i ka ʻoki palahalaha e ʻoki ana me ke kōkua o ka hāmare. ʻO nā ana o kēia mau ʻokiʻoki mai125h15i400h36mm. Hōʻike ka helu mua i ka lōʻihi a ʻo ka lua ka laula o ka maka ʻoki. ʻO ka mea ʻoki loa200x15.
SLIKA 4
ʻO Mengele kekahi mea hana nui. ʻO ka laulā o nā ʻāwae o nā mangels liʻiliʻi:40,50,60 m, a me nā mengels like75-200 mm. I ka hopena, he nui wale nō ka hana ʻana i nā hewa like ʻole, no laila inā aia ʻoe i kahi kūlana, maikaʻi ke kiʻi i kahi me nā ʻāwae mai 100 mm(kiʻi4). ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kau ʻana i ka vise ma ka ʻaoʻao mua ʻākau o ka papa hana, a me ka anvil ma ka hema (Fig5).
SLIKA 5
No ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia manawa, pili nā kūlana kūpono, nā palapala ʻenehana o nā mea hana a me nā mea hana a me ka loiloi pilikia. ʻAʻole nā hōʻailona mōʻaukala, nā ana a me nā ʻōlelo paipai mai kēia kikokikona i nā kikoʻī o kēia manawa a i ʻole nā kuhikuhi palekana.