** Ceeb Toom Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb Tseem Ceeb:** Qhov no yog cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, tsis yog kev siv hlau niaj hnub lossis phau ntawv hluav taws xob. Ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuab, cov cuab yeej sib tsoo, cov hlau kub, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov cuab yeej siv tes yuav ua rau raug mob loj, hluav taws kub lossis hluav taws xob poob. Tsis txhob siv cov kev piav qhia improvisations ua cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm; siv cov kev cai, cov cuab yeej raug, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv thiab cov lus qhia los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
Cov ntawv no tsis yog ib feem ntawm qhov kev thov tam sim no ntawm Savo Kusić, uas yog tsom rau lub qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab cov kev daws teeb meem.
Leej twg tsis muaj zog txaus hauv kev ua-nws-koj tus kheej txoj haujlwm, feem ntau sim qhia nws tus kheej los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog ntoo. Tias yog vim li cas peb nyob ntev li ntawm tshooj dhau los, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntoo. Namely, ntoo yog cov khoom muag muag heev, haum rau kev ua haujlwm. Txij li thaum peb tau paub txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntoo thiab txoj kev ua tiav, peb yuav tsis xav tau ntau qhov chaw kom paub txog cov hlau siv thiab lawv cov txheej txheem thiab. Feem ntau cov kev tsim ntoo tsis tuaj yeem xav txog yam tsis muaj cov hlau, cov ntsia hlau, fittings, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev tsim kho hlau uas yuav tsum tau muab ntxiv nrog ntoo, kom muaj zog, ntxiv dag zog.
Ntawm ntau cov hlau sib txawv hauv tsev rhiav, tsuas yog hlau, hlau, tooj liab, tooj dag, tooj liab, zinc, thiab txhuas feem ntau ntsib. Lead thiab tin kuj tseem siv los ua cov khoom pab. Ua ntej yuav mus rau kev ua cov hlau siv feem ntau, cia peb kawm lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb.
Metals
Cov hlau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog hlau. Nws yog tau los ntawm smelting ores nyob rau hauv blast furnaces. Hauv nws daim ntawv nyoos, hlau muaj ntau feem pua ntawm manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur thiab graphite. Yog tias feem pua ntawm graphite hauv hlau yog ntau dua1,7peb tab tom tham txog hlau, thiab yog tias nws me me ces peb tham txog hlau.
Hauv peb qhov kev coj ua, peb tsuas yog cov khoom tiav ib nrab, piv txwv li cov hlau uas twb dhau los ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov no yog cov tuav ntawm ntau yam profiles (uas yog vim li cas lawv tseem hu ua profile hlau lossis profile steel), nplooj ntawv thiab Iiv. Cov khoom siv hlau nias xws li tooj dag vaj tse thiab lwm yam kuj raug muag ua fittings.
Nws yog qhov zoo kom paub tias cov hlau cam yog nkig, nws tsis tuaj yeem khoov, thiab nws dulls cov hniav ntawm lub cuab yeej thaum ua haujlwm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau, xws li cov tuav thiab cov ntawv, tuaj yeem sib txawv heev. Lawv lub ntsiab feature yog tias lawv yog ua los ntawm steel.
Steel uas muaj feem pua ntawm cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev, lub npe hu ua mos steel lossis forged steel tuaj yeem welded, khoov, forged, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem hardened. Cov hlau tawv (0,4-1,7% carbon) muaj zog dua, tab sis tsuas yog tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev tig, milling, thiab lwm yam.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau yog tias lawv xeb, uas lawv nyiam los ntawm cov hlau nplaum, thiab lawv tuaj yeem sib nqus lawv tus kheej. Lawv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog 7,8 kg/dm3. Lub melting point ntawm steel yog 1700°C (hlau 1400-1500°C). Ib qho tshwm sim nthuav nrog cov hlau no yog qhov kub ntawm 750°C lawv poob lawv cov khoom sib nqus.
Steel tuaj yeem ua kom tawv tawv los ntawm cua sov, yog tias tom qab cua sov nws txias maj mam (tus kws tshaj lij: quenching), qhov ua tau zoo ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho, elasticity thiab lub zog hloov (hardening + quenching = refining).
Yog cov hlau yog alloyed nrog chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, thiab lwm yam., qee qhov ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv yuav txhim kho, xws li hardness, acid kuj, corrosion kuj, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog hu ua high-alloy tshwj xeeb steels.
Cast steel yog cim nrog tsab ntawv Ч thiab tus lej ob, thiab hlau nrog tsab ntawv Ч thiab ob tus lej. Thawj tus lej tom qab tsab ntawv qhia txog lub zog tsim kua muag, piv txwv li lub zog ntawm cov khoom ntawm ntu ntu 1mm tawg. Daim duab thib ob yog txiav txim los ntawm JUS tus qauv. Yog li ntawd, tus lej tom qab tsab ntawv tseem ceeb heev. Tus naj npawb siab dua, “muaj zog” cov hlau. (Yog hais tias lub zog tensile yog 50 kg /mm2 nws twb yog cov hlau zoo, 30 txaus siab. Qhov siab tshaj ntawm daim duab no yog hais txog 90, thiab rau cov hlau tshwj xeeb lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav no tuaj yeem yog 135). Alloy steels muaj lwm cov npe.
Cov ntaub ntawv zoo txog cov hlau zoo thiab cov pa roj carbon ntau yog muab los ntawm lub txim. Yog tias cov hlau kov lub pob zeb sib tsoo, cov pob zeb yuav tshwm sim. Cov duab thiab xim ntawm cov nplaim taws yuav qhia tias nws yog cov hlau zoo li cas.
Thaum hlau yog quenched thiab tempered, qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm cov xim hlau.
Copper yog cov hlau uas tuaj yeem tsim tau yooj yim. Nws yog ib tug zoo conductor ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob. Thaum nws oxidizes, nws patinas, nws tau txais xim ntsuab tsaus. Hauv kev siv hauv tsev, nws feem ntau pom tias yog hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductor, ces nws yog siv rau alloying (xws li lub lauj kaub cua sov, transformer winding, soldering hlau, thiab lwm yam). Nws muaj lub ntiajteb txawj nqus siab heev 8,9 kg/dm3 thiab lub melting point ntawm txog 1080°S.
Brass yog ib qho alloy ntawm zinc thiab tooj liab, nyob rau hauv uas zinc muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua feem pua (50-70%). Qhov feem pua siab dua ntawm zinc txo cov formability thiab ua rau cov hlau nplaum ntau dua, tsim nyog rau casting. Cov xim liab liab nrog ib feem me me ntawm zinc hu ua tombak (kub dag), thiab cov hlau uas muaj feem pua ntawm zinc yog hu ua dawb cam khwb cia.
Yog tias, ntxiv rau zinc, cov hlau tseem muaj cov npib tsib xee, nws yog hu ua alpaca, thaum cov nyiaj tshiab muaj qee qhov nyiaj ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw. Yog hais tias ib qho me me ntawm tooj liab ntxiv rau txhuas, cov hlau alloy muaj zog dua li txhuas tau txais - duraluminum.
Bronze yog ib qho alloy ntawm tooj liab thiab 5-15% tin. Yog hais tias, ntxiv rau tin, nws kuj muaj ib feem me me ntawm phosphorus, lub alloy yog haum rau casting thiab hu ua phosphor bronze. Aluminium bronze yog ib qho nyuaj alloy. Lead bronze yog resistant rau kev sib txhuam, yog li nws yog siv rau bearings. Silicon bronze tiv taus ntau yam cuam tshuam, thiab manganese bronze nyuaj heev.
Zinc yog hlau sib dua li hlau. Nws yog ib zaug siv los ua gutters, thaum niaj hnub no nws yog tsuas yog siv los tiv thaiv corrosion hlau tiv thaiv, nyob rau saum npoo ntawm uas nws ua ib tug nyias ci iab txheej npog nrog dej khov paj.
Tin kuj siv rau kev sib tsoo. Nws tuaj yeem dov, nchuav, thiab twb yaj ntawm qhov kub ntawm 232°S. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau no yog tias nws hloov maj mam ua hmoov ntawm qhov kub qis dua +13°S.
Lead yog cov hlau mos, tsis muaj zog nrog lub ntiajteb txawj nqus siab (11,34 kg/dm3). Nws yog corrosion resistant thiab yooj yim rau cam khwb cia.
Cov ntaub ntawv siv feem ntau rau cov hlau plating yog cadmium, npib tsib xee, uas yog ci, zoo li chrome.
Txog tam sim no peb tau ntsib hlau thiab hlau hnyav dua li nws. Peb tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig (kub, nyiaj, platinum) thiab cov hlau tshwj xeeb (iridium, radium, titanium, beryllium, magnesium) rp ua haujlwm hauv tsev, yog li hais.
Thaum kawg, cia peb paub txog lub teeb hlau xws li piv txwv li. aluminium. Nws hnyav peb zaug tsawg dua cov hlau thiab muaj qhov qis qis dua (660°C).
Txhuas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tebchaw. Yuav kom tau txais ib kilogram ntawm txhuas hlau, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua li ntawm 4-6 kg ntawm bauxite. Purity ntawm txhuas yuav tsum txhais tau tias tus nqi ntawm chemically ntshiab txhuas.
Impurities thiab impurities cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm txhuas thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Hluav taws xob conductivity yog txo los ntawm impurities thiab impurities. Kev kho cua sov ntawm cov ntshiab aluminium yog qhov zoo. Thawj qhov kub ntawm aluminium forming yog 500°C thiab qhov kawg 300°C.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, aluminium ruaj khov heev. Ib txheej nyias ntawm aluminium oxide tiv thaiv cov txhuas los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus oxidation.
Thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub tebchaw ntawm txhuas, ntsev yog tsim, thiab nyob rau hauv tshuaj muaj zog, txhuas corrodes sai heev. Thaum cov txhuas los yog txhuas alloys tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov hlau hnyav (xws li hlau, tooj liab, tooj liab, tooj dag, npib tsib xee), yog tias qhov taw tes ntawm kev sib cuag yog nyob rau hauv cov dej noo los yog acids (electrolyte), electrolytic corrosion tshwm sim. Cov huab cua noo kuj ua raws li electrolyte.
txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv corrosion, ntshiab txhuas tuaj yeem koom nrog txhuas, nws cov alloys (tsis muaj tooj liab), cadmium thiab zinc.
Ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tiv thaiv saum npoo ntawm txhuas los ntawm corrosion yog txheej txheej nrog roj pleev xim, nitrocellulose kua roj vanish lossis enamel varnish. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo dua thiab niaj hnub no ntau dua yog txheej txheej txheej txheej aluminium oxide los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg lossis electrolysis. Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv no hu ua anodizing.
Niaj hnub no muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txhuas alloys nrog ob los yog ntau tshaj Cheebtsam. Nws yog feem ntau alloyed nrog manganese, tooj liab thiab silicon, thiab hnub no lub zog tensile ncav cuag tus nqi ntawm 40 kg /mm2.
Aluminium yog yooj yim ua tiav los ntawm scraping thiab milling, thaum vuam, painting thiab soldering yog nyuaj dua. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau hom, los ntawm blocks mus rau foils.
** Semi-finished khoom**
Cov khoom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tiav yog cov hlau profiled, xws li. round bar puab, angular profile L, T, I, U, Z thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom semi-tiav uas muaj cov duab plaub ntu yog hu ua cov hlau tiaj tus (tshwj tsis yog nws yog ua los ntawm tooj liab, tooj dag, thiab lwm yam), uas nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv thinned hu ua ntawv, sawb, ntawv ci. Cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig-section zoo heev cuam tshuam qhov hnyav ntawm ib kab meter thiab lub zog. Txij li tus nqi ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov hnyav, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xaiv qhov tsim nyog profile (daim duab 1). Cov npe ntawm tus kheej profile yog: a) round hlau b) semi-round iron; c) ribbed hlau; d) qhob hlau; e) square seem; f) daim duab plaub; d) tiaj tus hlau; h) daim kab xev; i) kaum hlau; j) round lub kaum hlau; k) T - profile; l) Z - profile; m) Kuv - profile; n)
rail; o) U - profile; p) tiaj tus U profile.
SLIKA 1
Tool
Muaj ntau yam cuab yeej yooj yim uas tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog hlau. Ntxiv rau cov cuab yeej ntsuas tau piav qhia yav dhau los, feem ntau siv yog pliers (daim duab 2).
SLIKA 2
Cov pliers yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov pliers tiaj tus (a). Lawv yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntev125-200 mm. Cov pliers tshwj xeeb rau kev txiav cov xov hlau yog cov cutters (b). Lawv raug tsim nyob rau hauv tib qhov ntev raws li lub qhov ntswg tiaj tus pliers. Rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntoo, lub puab tsaig pliers (c) kuj tsim nyog, nrog rau qhov ntev zoo sib xws rau cov pliers yav dhau los. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog hlau, koj xav tau cov pliers puag ncig (d) uas “qhov muag” tuaj yeem tsim. Daim ntawv thov loj tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg pom ua ke nrog pliers (e), uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntev, los ntawm150rau200 mm. Yog tias cov tes tuav tau insulated, cov pliers no kuj tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob. Rau kev txiav thicker conductors, rods, tshwj xeeb pliers rau cutters nrog pob qij txha (f) yog haum. Txhawm rau ua haujlwm nrog cov kav dej, cov pas nrig, cov yeeb nkab pliers (g) yog qhov tsim nyog. Ib qho zoo ntawm cov pliers no yog qhov ua tau ntawm kev hloov kho dav nyob ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov khoom (bars, kav, thiab lwm yam)
Cov yuam sij yog xav tau rau kev sib dhos foldable hlau sib dhos (Fig3). Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov qhib ntawm ob sab ntawm cov yuam sij yog tus qauv (txawm tias qhov deb ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov square thiab hexagonal ntsia hlau taub hau) rau cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70thiab75-80. Qhib cov yuam sij ntawm6 rau50haum lub taub hau ntawm cov nram qab no metric screws:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Cov khub ntawm cov lej cim rau pem hauv ntej qhia qhov qhib ntawm qhov qhib-kawg thiab qhib-kawg wrenches, uas muaj nyob rau hauv khw muag khoom.
SLIKA 3
Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm qhib-kawg wrenches yog tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov txiv ntseej lossis cov taub hau ntsia hlau los ntawm sab, yog li, piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem siv los zawm thiab loosen cov kav dej ntev dua. Lub qhov (socket wrench) npog cov ntsia hlau taub hau los yog txiv ntseej ntawm txhua sab thiab tuav lub taub hau ntsia hlau nruj dua, tab sis nws tsuas yog rub mus rau cov txiv ntoo los ntawm sab saum toj.
Hauv cov cuab yeej hauv tsev peb yuav tsum muaj cov yuam sij hauv qab no: 9-11,14-17,17-19thiab22-24(tsis tshua muaj qhov xav tau rau tus yuam sij kuj tau qhia27-32).
Cov spanners ntev dua muab kev sib kis ntau dua, tab sis lawv nyuaj dua mus txog qhov chaw nkag tsis tau thiab, yog tias ua haujlwm tsis zoo, nws yooj yim los rhuav cov xov ntawm cov ntsia hlau. Lub puab tsaig ntawm qhov qhib-kawg wrenches ua ib lub kaum ntse ntse nrog tus kov, rau qhov muaj peev xwm tig lub taub hau ntawm tus ciaj ntswj ua ke nrog cov txiv ntseej thiab hauv qhov chaw nyuaj-mus txog. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, kuj tseem muaj lub qhov (socket wrenches) rau zawm sib sib zog nqus teeb screws. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub, nws kuj yog qhov zoo uas yuav tsum muaj qhov hloov pauv tau uas cov txiv ntoo tuaj yeem tuav tau. Yog pom zoo siv lub qhov ntev adjustable250 mm.
Wrenches thiab screws tsuas yog siv tau zoo yog tias lawv tsis hnav dhau lawm. Yog tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiv ntoo thiab tus yuam sij loj vim yog hnav, ces ib qho ntawm lawv yuav raug puas tsuaj thaum zawm. Yog hais tias lub txiv ntoo los yog tus yuam sij yog hnav, ces ib lub phaj hlau yog muab tso rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tau nruj los yog loosened.
Rau kev kos hlau, yuav tsum muaj punch (kirner) ntawm tuab6thiab ntev125 mm. Koj yuav tsum tau txais ib lub punch rau xuas nrig ntaus cov ntawv nyias, nyiam dua los ntawm3 mm.
Ib tug rauj yog ib tug universal cuab yeej. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ntau hom. Qhov loj ntawm lub rauj yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub taub hau. Qhov loj tshaj plaws yog 50, thiab loj tshaj plaws2000Gr. Tsim nyog lub taub hau ntev raws li qhov hnyav rauj yog50gr -75 mm., ces100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(Qhov loj dua rau kev ua haujlwm ntxhib) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Lub kov ntawm lub rauj yog ua los ntawm ntoo thiab yog cim:400/25x14, yog40 cmntev,2,5cm dav (hauv nruab nrab) thiab1,4 cm ntawm thickness sib xws rau lub taub hau ntawm800Gr.
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tsis ntev los no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo li tus hammers nrog steel kov, roj hmab kov, thiab lwm yam yuav tau, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqi heev.
Thaum nws los txog rau rauj, cia peb paub nrog lub tiaj tus cutter uas txiav nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug rauj. Qhov ntev ntawm cov cutters no txawv ntawm125h15rau400h36mm. Thawj tus lej qhia qhov ntev thiab qhov thib ob qhov dav ntawm lub tshuab txiav. Feem ntau siv yog cutter200x15.
SLIKA 4
Mengele kuj yog ib qho cuab yeej siv dav. Qhov dav ntawm lub puab tsaig ntawm me mangels yog:40,50,60 m, thiab nrog kev sib luag ntawm cov menyuam yaus75-200 mm. Thaum kawg, tsuas muaj ntau qhov uas tig mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov vices kuj raug tsim, yog li yog tias koj nyob hauv txoj haujlwm, nws yuav zoo kom tau txais ib lub puab tsaig los ntawm 100 mm(daim duab4). Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau mount lub vise ntawm sab xis pem hauv ntej ntawm lub workbench, thiab lub qhov quav ntawm sab laug (Daim duab5).
SLIKA 5
Rau daim ntawv thov niaj hnub no, cov qauv siv tau, cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom lag luam thiab kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo yog cuam tshuam. Cov cim keeb kwm, qhov ntev thiab cov lus pom zoo los ntawm cov ntawv no tsis yog cov lus qhia tam sim no lossis cov lus qhia txog kev nyab xeeb.