Chenjezo Lofunika Pachitetezo: Ili ndi zolemba zakale, osati buku lamakono lazitsulo kapena lamagetsi. Kugwira ntchito ndi makina, zida zopera, zitsulo zotentha, kuyika magetsi ndi zida zamanja zomwe zawonongeka zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri, moto kapena kugwedezeka kwamagetsi. Osagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwazo ngati njira yogwirira ntchito; gwiritsani ntchito malamulo oyenerera, zida zolondola, zida zodzitetezera komanso malangizo ochokera kwa akatswiri odziwa ntchito.
Mawu awa si gawo la zomwe Savo Kusić akutsatsa pano, zomwe zimayang’ana kwambiri mazenera, zitseko ndi njira zina.
Yemwe samadzimva kukhala wamphamvu mokwanira pantchito yodzipangira yekha, nthawi zambiri amayesetsa kudziphunzitsa pogwira ntchito ndi matabwa. Ndicho chifukwa chake tidakhala nthawi yayitali pamutu wapitawo, womwe ukunena za matabwa. Mwakutero, matabwa ndi chinthu chofewa, choyenera kukonzedwa. Popeza takhala tikuzoloŵerana ndi zinthu zazikulu za matabwa ndi mmene zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, sitidzafunikira malo ochuluka kuti tidziŵe zitsulo zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mmene zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Zomangamanga zambiri zamatabwa sizingaganizidwe popanda zitsulo, misomali, zopangira, koma palibe zitsulo zomangamanga zomwe zimayenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi matabwa, kulimbikitsa, kulimbikitsa.
Mwa zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito kunyumba, chitsulo, chitsulo, mkuwa, mkuwa, mkuwa, zinki, ndi aluminiyamu ndizomwe zimangopezeka. Mtovu ndi malata amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zothandizira. Tisanayambe kukonza zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, tiyeni tiphunzire zazinthu zake zazikulu.
Zitsulo
Chitsulo chofunika kwambiri ndi chitsulo. Amapezeka posungunula ores mu ng’anjo zophulika. Mu mawonekedwe ake aiwisi, chitsulo chili ndi magawo angapo a manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sulfure ndi graphite. Ngati chiwerengero cha graphite mu chitsulo ndi chachikulu kuposa1,7tikukamba za chitsulo, ndipo ngati chiri chaching’ono ndiye kuti tikukamba za chitsulo.
M’zochita zathu, timakumana ndi zinthu zomwe zatha pang’ono, mwachitsanzo, zitsulo zomwe zadutsa kale magawo angapo akukonzedwa. Izi ndi mipiringidzo ya mbiri zosiyanasiyana (ndicho chifukwa chake amatchedwanso chitsulo chambiri kapena chitsulo chambiri), mapepala ndi Iiv. Zida zachitsulo zopanikizidwa monga nyumba zamkuwa ndi zina zimagulitsidwanso ngati zomangira.
Ndi bwino kudziwa kuti chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala chophwanyika, sichikhoza kupindika, ndipo chimasokoneza tsamba la chida panthawi yokonza. Makhalidwe a zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, monga mipiringidzo ndi mapepala, zimatha kusiyana kwambiri. Chodziwika bwino chawo ndi chakuti amapangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Chitsulo chokhala ndi gawo laling’ono kwambiri la kaboni, chomwe chimatchedwa chitsulo chofewa kapena chitsulo chonyezimira chimatha kuwotcherera, kupindika, panga, koma sichingawumitsidwe. Chitsulo cholimba (0,4-1,7% carbon) ndi champhamvu, koma chimatha kupangidwa potembenuza, mphero, ndi zina zotero.
Makhalidwe odziwika bwino achitsulo ndi chitsulo ndikuti dzimbiri, amakopeka ndi maginito, ndipo amatha kudzipangira okha. Kukoka kwawo kwenikweni ndi 7,8 kg/dm3. Posungunuka chitsulo ndi 1700°C (chitsulo 1400-1500°C). Chochititsa chidwi ndi zitsulo izi ndikuti kutentha kwa 750°C amataya mphamvu zawo zamaginito.
Chitsulo chikhoza kuumitsidwa ndi kutentha, ngati chikatenthedwa chimazizira pang’onopang’ono (katswiri: kuzimitsa), kuthekera kwa kukonza kwake kumapita patsogolo, kusungunuka ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu (kuuma+kuzimitsa=kuyenga).
Ngati chitsulocho chaphatikizidwa ndi chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, ndi zina zotero. Zina mwazinthu zake zidzayenda bwino, monga kulimba, kusamva asidi, kusachita dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero. Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zitsulo zapadera za aloyi wapamwamba kwambiri.
Chitsulo chotaya chimalembedwa ndi chilembo Ч ndi nambala ya manambala awiri, ndi chitsulo ndi chilembo Ч ndi manambala awiri. Nambala yoyamba pambuyo pa chilembocho imasonyeza mphamvu yong’ambika, i.e. mphamvu yomwe zida zodutsa 1mm zimasweka. Chiwerengero chachiwiri chimatsimikiziridwa ndi muyezo wa JUS. Choncho, nambala pambuyo pa kalatayo ndi yofunika. Chiwerengero chapamwamba, “champhamvu” chitsulo. (Ngati mphamvu yachitsulo ndi 50 kg /mm2 ili kale chitsulo chabwino, 30 ndi yokhutiritsa. Malire apamwamba a chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi 90, ndipo pazitsulo zapadera za masika nambala iyi ikhoza kukhala 135). Zitsulo za aloyi zili ndi mayina ena.
Zidziwitso zabwino zamtundu wachitsulo komanso kuchuluka kwa kaboni zimaperekedwa ndi spark. Chitsulocho chikakhudza mwala woperayo, ntchentche zimawonekera. Maonekedwe ndi mtundu wa zowala zimasonyeza mtundu wa chitsulo.
Chitsulo chikazimitsidwa ndi kutenthedwa, kutentha kumatha kutsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wachitsulo.
Copper ndichitsulo chomwe chimatha kupangidwa mosavuta. Ndi kondakitala wabwino wa kutentha ndi magetsi. Pamene oxidizes, izo patinas, amapeza mdima wobiriwira mtundu. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyumba, nthawi zambiri amapezeka ngati magetsi ndi magetsi, ndiye amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga alloying (mwachitsanzo, mphika wotentha, thiransifoma, chitsulo cha soldering, etc.). Ili ndi mphamvu yokoka yapamwamba kwambiri 8,9 kg/dm3 komanso yosungunuka pafupifupi 1080°S.
Brass ndi aloyi ya zinki ndi mkuwa, momwe zinc imakhalapo kwambiri (50-70%). Kuchuluka kwa zinc kumachepetsa mawonekedwe ake ndikupanga aloyi kukhala yolimba kwambiri, yoyenera kuponyera. Aloyi wamtundu wofiyira wokhala ndi zinki pang’ono amatchedwa tombak (golide wopangira), ndipo alloy yokhala ndi zinc yochuluka kwambiri imatchedwa white cast.
Ngati, kuwonjezera pa zinki, alloy ilinso ndi nickel, imatchedwa alpaca, pamene siliva watsopano ali ndi ndalama zina za siliva kuwonjezera pa zosakaniza zomwe zalembedwa. Ngati mkuwa wochepa wawonjezeredwa ku aluminiyamu, aloyi yamphamvu kuposa aluminiyumu imapezeka - duraluminium.
Mkuwa ndi aloyi yamkuwa ndi 5-15% malata. Ngati, kuwonjezera pa malata, ilinso ndi phosphorous pang’ono, alloy ndi oyenera kuponyera ndipo amatchedwa phosphor bronze. Mkuwa wa aluminiyamu ndi chingwe cholimba. Bronze wamtovu amalimbana ndi kukangana, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma bearings. Mkuwa wa silicon umalimbana kwambiri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mkuwa wa manganese ndi wovuta kwambiri.
Zinc ndi chitsulo chopepuka kuposa chitsulo. Poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ngalande, pamene masiku ano amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poteteza zitsulo zolimbana ndi dzimbiri, pamwamba pake pamapanga kansalu kakang’ono konyezimira komwe kakutidwa ndi maluwa oundana.
Tin imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati alloying. Itha kukulungidwa, kutsanulidwa, ndi kusungunuka kale pa kutentha kwa 232°S. Makhalidwe achitsulochi ndi chakuti amasanduka pang’onopang’ono kukhala ufa pa kutentha kochepa kuposa +13°S.
Lead ndi chitsulo chofewa, chofooka chokhala ndi mphamvu yokoka kwambiri (11,34 kg/dm3). Sichita dzimbiri ndipo yosavuta kuyiyika.
Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo ndi cadmium, nickel, chonyezimira, komanso chrome.
Pakadali pano tapeza chitsulo ndi zitsulo zolemera kuposa izo. Sitikumana ndi zamtengo wapatali (golide, siliva, platinamu) ndi zitsulo zapadera (iridium, radium, titaniyamu, beryllium, magnesium) rp imagwira ntchito m’nyumba, titero kunena kwake.
Pomaliza, tiyeni tidziwe zitsulo zopepuka monga mwachitsanzo. aluminiyamu. Imalemera kuwirikiza katatu kuposa chitsulo ndipo imakhala ndi malo otsika kwambiri osungunuka (660°C).
Aluminiyamu imapezeka m’chilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala. Kuti mupeze kilogalamu imodzi yazitsulo za aluminiyamu, m’pofunika kukonza pafupifupi 4-6 kg ya bauxite. Kuyera kwa aluminiyamu kuyenera kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa aluminiyumu yoyera.
Zoyipa ndi zonyansa zimakhudza momwe aluminiyamu imagwirira ntchito komanso kuthekera kwakugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Mayendedwe amagetsi amachepetsedwa ndi zonyansa. Kutentha kwa aluminiyamu yoyera ndikwabwino. Kutentha koyamba kwa aluminiyumu kupanga ndi 500°C ndipo komaliza 300°C.
M’malo abwinobwino, aluminiyamu imakhala yokhazikika. Chigawo chopyapyala cha aluminiyamu okusayidi chimateteza aluminiyamu kuti isalowe kwambiri.
Panthawi yamphamvu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana pa aluminiyamu, mchere umapangidwa, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala, aluminiyumu amawononga mwachangu kwambiri. Pamene zitsulo zotayidwa kapena zitsulo zotayidwa zimakumana ndi zitsulo zolemera (monga chitsulo, mkuwa, mkuwa, mkuwa, faifi tambala), ngati mfundo yokhudzana ndi chikoka cha chinyezi kapena zidulo (electrolyte), electrolytic dzimbiri zimachitika. Mpweya wonyowa umagwiranso ntchito ngati electrolyte.
Pofuna kupewa dzimbiri, aluminiyamu yoyera imatha kulumikizidwa ndi aluminiyamu, ma aloyi ake (wopanda mkuwa), cadmium ndi zinki.
Imodzi mwa njira zotetezera pamwamba pa aluminiyamu ku dzimbiri ndikuphimba pamwamba ndi utoto wamafuta, varnish ya nitrocellulose kapena varnish ya enamel. Njira yabwinoko komanso yofala masiku ano ndikuphimba ndi wosanjikiza wa aluminium oxide pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kapena electrolysis. Chitetezo chimenechi chimatchedwa anodizing.
Lero pali ma aluminiyamu angapo okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo. Nthawi zambiri amathiridwa ndi manganese, mkuwa ndi silicon, ndipo masiku ano mphamvu yamphamvu imafika pamtengo wa 40 kg /mm2.
Aluminiyamu imakonzedwa mosavuta ndi kukwapula ndi mphero, pamene kuwotcherera, kujambula ndi soldering ndizovuta kwambiri. Amapangidwa m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku midadada kupita ku zojambulazo.
Zinthu zomaliza pang’ono
Zogulitsa zodziwika bwino zomwe zatha pang’onopang’ono ndi chitsulo chambiri, mwachitsanzo. kuzungulira kapamwamba mawonekedwe, angular mbiri L, T, I, U, Z etc. Theka-anamaliza mankhwala ndi amakona anayi mtanda gawo amatchedwa lathyathyathya chitsulo (pokhapokha opangidwa ndi mkuwa, mkuwa, etc.), amene mu mawonekedwe ake thinned amatchedwa pepala, Mzere, zojambulazo. Maonekedwe a gawo la mtanda amakhudza kwambiri kulemera kwa mita imodzi yokha komanso mphamvu. Popeza mtengowo umadalira kulemera kwake, ndizothandiza kusankha mbiri yabwino (chithunzi 1). Mayina a mbiri yake ndi: a) chitsulo chozungulira b) chitsulo chozungulira; c) nthiti zachitsulo; d) chitsulo cha konkire; e) gawo lalikulu; f) gawo lamakona anayi; d) chitsulo chathyathyathya; h) tepi; i) ngodya chitsulo; j) chitsulo chozungulira; k) T - mbiri; l) Z - mbiri; m) ine - mbiri; n)
njanji; o) U - mbiri; p) mbiri ya U.
SLIKA 1
Chida
Pali zida zingapo zofunika popanda zomwe munthu sangathe kugwira ntchito ndi zitsulo. Kuphatikiza pa zida zoyezera zomwe zafotokozedwa kale, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi pliers (chithunzi 2).
SLIKA 2
Zotsogola zosavuta kwambiri ndi pliers (a). Amapangidwa motalika125-200 mm. Ma pliers apadera odulira mawaya ndi odula (b). Amapangidwa muutali wofanana ndi pliers mphuno lathyathyathya. Pa ntchito ya ukalipentala, pliers za nsagwada (c) ndizofunikanso, zokhala ndi kutalika kofanana ndi pliers zam’mbuyo. Kuti mugwire ntchito ndi waya, muyenera pliers yozungulira (d) yomwe “maso” angapangidwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri m’nyumba kumakhala ndi ma pliers (e), omwe amapangidwa motalika, kuchokera150ku200 mm. Ngati zogwirira ntchito zili ndi insulated, pliers izi ndizoyeneranso ntchito zamagetsi. Podula ma conductor okhuthala, ndodo, mapulasi apadera odulira okhala ndi zolumikizira (f) ndi oyenera. Kuti mugwire ntchito ndi mapaipi, ndodo, pliers (g) ndizofunikira. Mbali yabwino ya pliers izi ndi kuthekera kwa kusintha kwakukulu malinga ndi kukula kwa zinthu (mipiringidzo, mapaipi, etc.)
Makiyi amafunikira pakusonkhanitsa zitsulo zopindika (mkuyu3). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mafungulo a makiyi a mbali ziwiri amakhazikika (ngakhale mtunda wa m’mphepete mwa masikweya ndi mitu ya hexagonal) ku miyeso iyi:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70ndi75-80. Tsegulani makiyi a6 ku50konzani mitu ya zomata za metric zotsatirazi:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Mawiri awiri a manambala olembedwa kutsogolo amasonyeza kutseguka kwa ma wrenches otseguka ndi otseguka, omwe amapezeka m’masitolo.
SLIKA 3
Ubwino wa ma wrenches otseguka ndikuti amathanso kuthamangitsidwa pa mtedza kapena nsonga zamutu kuchokera kumbali, kotero, mwachitsanzo, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbitsa ndi kumasula zomangira pamapaipi aatali. Socket wrench imaphimba mutu kapena nati kumbali zonse ndikumangirira mutu wa screw, koma ukhoza kukokedwa pa mtedza kuchokera pamwamba.
Pachida chakunyumba tiyenera kukhala ndi makiyi awa: 9-11,14-17,17-19ndi22-24(kawirikawiri kufunikira kwa kiyi kumawonetsedwanso27-32).
Zipatala zazitali zimapereka mphamvu zambiri zotumizira, koma zimakhala zovuta kufika kumalo osafikirika ndipo, ngati zitagwiridwa mosasamala, n’zosavuta kung’amba ulusi pa screw. Nsagwada za ma wrenches otseguka zimapanga ngodya inayake ndi chogwirira, kuti athe kutembenuza mutu wa wrench pamodzi ndi nati komanso m’malo ovuta kufikako. Kuphatikiza pazomwe tafotokozazi, palinso ma wrenches omangirira zomangira zakuya. Zikatero, ndi bwinonso kukhala ndi wrench yosinthika yomwe mtedza uliwonse umatha kugwira. Wrench youtali yosinthika ndiyofunika250 mm.
Ma wrenches ndi zomangira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati sizikuvala kwambiri. Ngati kusiyana pakati pa mtedza ndi fungulo ndi lalikulu chifukwa cha kuvala, ndiye kuti mmodzi wa iwo adzawonongedwa pamene kumangitsa. Ngati nati kapena fungulo lavala, ndiye kuti mbale yachitsulo imayikidwa mumpata pakati pawo ndipo pokhapokha itakhazikika kapena kumasulidwa.
Polemba zitsulo, nkhonya (kirner) ya makulidwe imafunika6ndi kutalika125 mm. Muyeneranso kupeza nkhonya yokhomerera mapepala owonda kwambiri, makamaka kuchokera3 mm.
Nyundo ndi chida chapadziko lonse lapansi. Zimapangidwa m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwa nyundo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kulemera kwa mutu. Kukula kochepa kwambiri ndi 50, ndi chachikulu kwambiri2000Gr. Utali woyenerera wamutu molingana ndi kulemera kwa nyundo50gr -75 mm.,ndiye100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(miyeso yayikulu ya ntchito yovuta) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Chigwiriro cha nyundocho chimapangidwa ndi matabwa ndipo chalembedwa:400/25x14,ndiyo40 cmkutalika,2,5cm mulifupi (pakati) ndi1,4 cm wa makulidwe olingana ndi mutu wa800Gr.
Posachedwapa, nyundo zopangidwa mwapadera zokhala ndi chogwirira chachitsulo, chogwirira cha mphira, ndi zina zambiri, zitha kupezeka, koma pamtengo wokwera kwambiri.
Pankhani ya nyundo, tiyeni tidziŵe munthu woduladula amene amadula mothandizidwa ndi nyundo. Miyeso ya ocheka awa imachokera ku125h15ku400h36mm. Nambala yoyamba imasonyeza utali ndipo yachiwiri imasonyeza m’lifupi mwa tsamba lodulira. Chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi chodulira200x15.
SLIKA 4
Mengele ndi chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. M’lifupi mwa nsagwada za mangels ang’onoang’ono ndi awa:40,50,60 m, ndi ma ngael ofananira75-200 mm. Pamapeto pake, pamakhala zochulukirapo kuti zoyipa zozungulira zozungulira zimapangidwanso, ndiye ngati muli pamalo, zingakhale bwino kutenga imodzi yokhala ndi nsagwada. 100 mm(chithunzi4). Ndi bwino kuyika vise kumbali yakumanja ya benchi, ndi anvil kumanzere (Mkuyu.5).
SLIKA 5
Pogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano, miyezo yovomerezeka, zolemba zaukadaulo za zida ndi opanga zinthu komanso kuwunika kwachiwopsezo ndikofunikira. Zizindikiro zakale, miyeso ndi malingaliro ochokera palembali sizomwe zili pano kapena malangizo achitetezo.