Isilumkiso esiBalulekileyo ngoKhuseleko: Esi sisicatshulwa soovimba bembali, asiyoncwadana yemigaqo yokusebenza yesinyithi okanye yombane. Ukusebenza ngoomatshini, izixhobo zokusila, intsimbi eshushu, ukufakelwa kombane kunye nezixhobo ezigugileyo zezandla kunokubangela ukwenzakala okukhulu, umlilo okanye umothuko wombane. Musa ukusebenzisa ukuphuculwa okuchazwe njengenkqubo yokusebenza; sebenzisa imimiselo esebenzayo, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, izixhobo zokukhusela kunye nemiyalelo evela kwiingcali ezifanelekileyo.
Lo mbhalo awuyona inxalenye yokunikezelwa kwangoku kwe-Savo Kusić, egxile kwiifestile, iingcango kunye nezisombululo ezinxulumene nazo.
Ngubani ongaziva omelele ngokwaneleyo kwimisebenzi yokuzenzela, udla ngokuzama ukuziqeqesha ngokusebenza ngamaplanga. Yiyo loo nto sihleli ixesha elide kwisahluko esingaphambili, esithetha ngomsebenzi womthi. Oko kukuthi, iinkuni zizinto ezithambileyo, ezifanelekileyo ukusetyenzwa. Ekubeni siye saqhelana neempawu eziphambili zokhuni kunye nendlela ecutshungulwa ngayo, asiyi kufuna indawo eninzi ukuze siqhelane neentsimbi ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokucubungula kwazo. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zokhuni azinakucingelwa ngaphandle kweengxenye zetsimbi, izikhonkwane, izixhobo, kodwa akukho nto inqabileyo yokwakha isinyithi eya kufuneka idityaniswe ngomthi, ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa.
Kwiintsimbi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwindawo yokusebenzela yasekhaya, kuphela intsimbi, intsimbi, ubhedu, ubhedu, ubhedu, i-zinc, kunye ne-aluminiyam eziqhelekileyo kudibana nazo. Ilothe netoti nazo zikwasetyenziswa njengezinto ezincedisayo. Phambi kokuba siqhubele phambili ekusetyenzweni kwezona ntsimbi zisetyenziswa kakhulu, masifunde iimpawu zazo eziphambili.
Iintsimbi
Eyona ntsimbi ibalulekileyo yintsimbi. Ifunyanwa ngokunyibilikisa ore kwi blast furnaces. Kwimo ekrwada, intsimbi iqulethe iipesenti ezininzi zemanganese, isilicon, iphosphorus, isulfure kunye negraphite. Ukuba ipesenti yegraphite kwintsimbi inkulu kuno1,7sithetha ngentsimbi, kwaye ukuba incinci ngoko sithetha ngentsimbi.
Kwinkqubo yethu sidibana neemveliso ezigqityiweyo kuphela, oko kukuthi. iintsimbi esele zidlule kwizigaba ezininzi zokusetyenzwa. Le mivalo yeeprofayili ezahlukeneyo (yingakho zibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi yeprofayili okanye intsimbi yeprofayili), amaphepha kunye ne-Iiv. Iimveliso zetsimbi ezicinezelweyo ezifana nezindlu zobhedu njl njl zithengiswa njengezinto zokufakelwa.
Kuhle ukwazi ukuba intsimbi etyhidiweyo intekenteke, ayinakugotywa, kwaye iyenza ibe buthuntu incakuba yesixhobo xa isetyenzwa. Iimpawu zezona zinto zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, njengemivalo kunye namaphepha, zinokuhluka kakhulu. Isici sabo esiqhelekileyo kukuba zenziwe ngentsimbi.
Intsimbi equkethe ipesenti encinci kakhulu yekhabhoni, ebizwa ngokuba yintsimbi ethambileyo okanye insimbi yokubumba, inokudityaniswa, igobe, yenziwe, kodwa ayikwazi ukuqina. Intsimbi eqinile (0,4-1,7% ikhabhoni) inzima kodwa inokwenziwa kuphela ngokujika, ukugila njl.njl.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zentsimbi kunye nentsimbi kukuba ziyarusa, zitsalwa yimagnethi, kwaye ziyakwazi ukwenza imagnethi ngokwazo. Ubunzima bawo obukhethekileyo7,8 kg/dm3. Indawo yokunyibilika yentsimbi1700°C(intsimbi1400-1500°C). Into enomdla ngezi zinyithi kukuba kubushushu be750°Cbaphulukana neempawu zabo zemagnethi.
Insimbi inokuqiniswa ngokufudumeza, ukuba emva kokufudumeza ipholisa ngokukhawuleza (ingcali: i-temperature), inokwenzeka yokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo, u-elasticity kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla (i-tempering + tempering = ukulungiswa).
Ukuba intsimbi idityaniswe nechromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, njl.njl. ezinye zeempawu zayo ziya kuphucuka, ezifana nobulukhuni, ukunganyangeki kweasidi, ukumelana nokugqwala, njl. Ezi zezo zibizwa ngokuba zii-high-alloy special steels.
Insimbi yensimbi iphawulwe ngeleta Ч kunye nenombolo yedijithi ezimbini, kunye nentsimbi enobumba Ч kunye neenombolo ezimbini. Inombolo yokuqala emva kweleta ibonisa amandla okukrazula, oko kukuthi amandla apho i-cross-sectional material ikrazula.1mm. Inani lesibini limiselwa ngokwemigangatho ye-JUS. Ngoko ke, inani elisemva kweleta libalulekile. Iphezulu inani, “yomelele” intsimbi. (Ukuba amandla enyembezi50 kg/ mm2 sele ilungile intsimbi,30eyanelisayo. Umda ongaphezulu kweli nani uqikelelwa90, kunye neentsimbi ezikhethekileyo zasentwasahlobo loo nombolo ingaba135). Iintsimbi ze-alloy zinezinye izibizo.
Ulwazi olulungileyo malunga nomgangatho wentsimbi kunye nomlinganiselo wekhabhoni unikezwa yi-spark. Ukuba intsimbi ichukumisa ilitye lokugaya, iintlantsi ziya kubonakala. Ubume kunye nombala weentlantsi ziya kubonisa ukuba luhlobo luni lwentsimbi.
Xa intsimbi icinywa kwaye iyancipha, ubushushu buhlala bunqunywe ngumbala wentsimbi.
Ubhedu yintsimbi enokwakheka ngokulula. Ingumqhubi olungileyo wobushushu kunye nombane. Xa i-oxidize, i-patinas, ifumana umbala omnyama oluhlaza. Ekusetyenzisweni kwasekhaya, ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka njengomqhubi wombane kunye ne-thermal, emva koko isetyenziselwa i-alloying (umzekelo, imbiza yokufudumeza, i-transformer winding, i-soldering iron, njl.). Inomxhuzulane ongaphezulu kakhulu othe ngqo 8,9 kg/dm3 kunye nendawo yokunyibilika malunga 1080°S.
I-Brass i-alloy ye-zinc kunye nobhedu, apho i-zinc ikhona kwipesenti ephezulu (50-70%). Ipesenti ephezulu ye-zinc inciphisa ukubunjwa kwaye yenza i-alloy ibe brittle, ifaneleke ngakumbi ukuphosa. I-alloy enombala obomvu enepesenti encinci ye-zinc ibizwa ngokuba yi-tombak (igolide yokwenziwa), kwaye ialloyi enepesenti ephezulu kakhulu ye-zinc ibizwa ngokuba yi-white cast.
Ukuba, ngaphezu kwe-zinc, i-alloy nayo iqulethe i-nickel, ibizwa ngokuba yi-alpaca, ngelixa isilivere entsha iqulethe ixabiso elithile lesilivere ngaphezu kwezithako ezidweliswe. Ukuba ubhedu oluncinci lufakwe kwi-aluminiyam, i-alloy enamandla kune-aluminiyam ifunyenwe - i-duraluminum.
I-Bronze yi-alloy yobhedu kunye 5-15% inkonkxa. Ukuba, ngaphezu kwe-tin, iqulethe ipesenti encinci ye-phosphorus, i-alloy ifanelekile ukuphosa kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-phosphor bronze. Ubhedu lwe-aluminiyam yi-alloy eyomeleleyo. Ubhedu olulothe luyakwazi ukumelana nokukhuhlana, ngoko ke lusetyenziselwa iibheringi. Ubhedu lwe-silicon luxhathisa kakhulu kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ubhedu lwe-manganese lunzima kakhulu.
Zinc yintsimbi elula kunentsimbi. Yayikade isetyenziselwa ukwenza iigatha, ngelixa namhlanje isetyenziselwa ukhuseleko lwesinyithi olunqanda ukubola, phezu kwayo yenza umaleko obhityileyo omenyezelayo ogqunywe ziintyatyambo zomkhenkce.
Tin ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza ingxubevange. Inokuqengqeleka, igalelwe, kwaye sele inyibilika kwiqondo lobushushu le-232°S. Uphawu lwale ntsimbi kukuba ijika kancinane ibe ngumgubo kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kwe +13°S.
Lead yintsimbi ethambileyo, ebuthathaka kunye nomxhuzulane othe ngqo ophezulu (11,34 kg/dm3). Ayinyangeki kumhlwa kwaye kulula ukuyiphosa.
Imathiriyeli esetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukucakwa kwesinyithi yicadmium, nickel, ecwebezelayo, kunye nechrome.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sidibene nentsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezinzima kunayo. Asidibani nezinto ezixabisekileyo (igolide, isilivere, iplatinam) kunye neentsimbi ezikhethekileyo (iridium, radium, titanium, beryllium, magnesium) rp isebenza endlwini, ngoko kuthetha.
Ekugqibeleni, makhe sizazi iintsimbi ezilula ezifana umz. aluminiyam. Inobunzima obuphindwe kathathu ngaphantsi kwentsimbi kwaye inomlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu wokunyibilika (660°C).
Aluminiyam ifumaneka kwindalo ngendlela yeengqungquthela. Ukufumana ikhilogram enye ye-aluminium yensimbi, kuyimfuneko ukucubungula malunga ne-4-6 kg ye-bauxite. Ukucoceka kwe-aluminiyam kufuneka kuthetha ubungakanani be-aluminiyam ecocekileyo yekhemikhali.
Ukungcola kunye nokungcola kuchaphazela iipropati ze-aluminium kunye nokwenzeka kokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ukuhanjiswa kombane kucuthwa bubumdaka nobumdaka. Unyango lobushushu lwe-aluminiyam esulungekileyo lulungile. Ubushushu bokuqala bokwenza ialuminiyam yi 500°C kunye neyokugqibela 300°C.
Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, i-aluminium izinzile kakhulu. Umaleko obhityileyo womphezulu we-aluminiyam oxide ukhusela i-aluminiyam kwi-oxidation enzulu.
Ngexesha leempembelelo zeengxube ezahlukeneyo kwi-aluminium, iityuwa zenziwe, kwaye phantsi kweempembelelo zekhemikhali, i-aluminium i-corrodes ngokukhawuleza. Xa i-aluminium okanye i-aluminium alloys idibana nesinyithi esinzima (umzekelo, isinyithi, ubhedu, ubhedu, ubhedu, i-nickel), ukuba indawo yokudibanisa iphantsi kwefuthe lokufuma okanye i-acids (i-electrolyte), ukubola kwe-electrolytic kwenzeka. Umoya ofumileyo usebenza njenge electrolyte.
Ukuze uthintele ukubola, i-aluminium ecocekileyo inokudibanisa ne-aluminium, i-alloys yayo (ngaphandle kobhedu), i-cadmium kunye ne-zinc.
Enye yeendlela zokukhusela umphezulu we-aluminium kwi-corrosion kukugquma umphezulu ngepeyinti yeoli, i-nitrocellulose ivanishi okanye i-enamel varnish. Eyona ndlela ingcono kwaye namhlanje ixhaphake ngakumbi kukugquma ngomaleko we-aluminiyam oxide eyenziweyo ngeendlela zekhemikhali okanye i-electrolysis. Le nkqubo yokhuseleko ibizwa ngokuba yi-anodizing.
Namhlanje kukho inani le-aluminium alloys enamalungu amabini okanye ngaphezulu. Ikakhulu ixutywe nemanganese, ubhedu kunye nesilicon, kwaye namhlanje amandla okuqina afikelela kwixabiso le-40 kg /mm2.
I-Aluminium icutshungulwa ngokulula ngokukhuhla kunye nokugaya, ngelixa i-welding, ipeyinti kunye ne-soldering kunzima kakhulu. Iveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiibhloko ukuya kwiifoil.
Iimveliso ezigqityiweyo
Ezona zidumileyo kwiimveliso ze-semi-finished yintsimbi yeprofayili, umz. imilo yebha engqukuva, iprofayili ye-angular L, T, I, U, Z njl. njl Ubume becandelo lomnqamlezo buchaphazela kakhulu ubunzima ngemitha yomgca kunye namandla. Ekubeni ixabiso lixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kubunzima, luncedo ukukhetha iphrofayili efanelekileyo (umfanekiso 1). Amagama eprofayili nganye ngala: a) intsimbi engqukuva b) intsimbi engqukuva; c) intsimbi enembambo; d) intsimbi yekhonkrithi; e) icandelo lesikwere; f) icandelo loxande; d) intsimbi ecaba; h) iteyiphu; i) intsimbi engile; j) intsimbi engqukuva; k) T - iprofayili; l) Z - iprofayile; m) I-profayile; n)
isiporo; o) U-iprofayili; p) iflethi yeprofayile ye-U.
SLIKA 1
Isixhobo
Zininzi izixhobo ezisisiseko apho umntu akanakusebenza ngeentsimbi. Ukongeza kwizixhobo zokulinganisa ezichazwe ngaphambili, ezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zizipliers (umfanekiso 2).
SLIKA 2
Ezona pliers zilula (a). Ziveliswa ngobude125-200 mm. Iipliers ezikhethekileyo zokusika iingcingo ngabasiki (b). Ziveliswa kubude obufanayo kunye neempumlo ezisicaba. Kumsebenzi wokuchwela, iipliers zemihlathi (c) nazo ziyimfuneko, ezinobude obufanayo kwiipliers zangaphambili. Ukuze usebenze ngocingo, udinga iipliers ezijikelezayo (d) apho “amehlo” anokwakheka khona. Iipliers ezidityanisiweyo (e), ezenziwe ngobude ukusuka150ukuya200 mm. Ukuba izibambo zifakwe i-insulated, ezi pliers nazo zifanelekile kumsebenzi wombane. Ukusika ii-conductor ezityebileyo, iintonga, iipliers ezikhethekileyo ze-cutters ezine-joints (f) zifanelekile. Ukusebenza ngemibhobho, iintonga, iipliers zepayipi (g) ziyimfuneko. Isici esihle sezi pliers sinokwenzeka uhlengahlengiso olubanzi ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi bezinto (imivalo, imibhobho, njl.)
Izitshixo ziyafuneka ekuhlanganiseni iindibano zentsimbi ezisongekayo (Fig3). Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuvuleka kwezitshixo ezinamacala aphindwe kabini kusemgangathweni (kwanemigama yecala lesikwere kunye ne-hexagonal screw heads) kule milinganiselo ilandelayo:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70kwaye75-80. Vula izitshixo ze6 ukuya50faka iintloko zezikrufu zemetric zilandelayo:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Izibini zamanani eziphawulwe ngaphambili zibonisa ukuvuleka kwee-open-end kunye ne-open-end wrenches, ezifumaneka kwiivenkile.
SLIKA 3
Inzuzo yee-wrenches ezivulekileyo kukuba ziyakwazi ukutshitshiswa kumantongomane okanye iintloko ze-screw ukusuka kwicala, ngoko ke, umzekelo, zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisa kunye nokukhulula i-screws kwimibhobho emide. Isikrufu sosokethi sigquma i-screw head okanye i-nut macala onke kwaye sibambe isikrufu sentloko siqiniswe, kodwa sinokutsalwa kuphela kwi nut ukusuka kwicala eliphezulu.
Kwisixhobo sasekhaya kufuneka sibe nezi zitshixo zilandelayo: 9-11,14-17,17-19kwaye22-24(kunqabile kakhulu imfuneko yesitshixo nayo ibonisiwe27-32).
Izipaneli ezinde zibonelela ngokuhanjiswa kwamandla amakhulu, kodwa kunzima ukufikelela kwiindawo ezingafikelelekiyo kwaye, ukuba ziphathwa ngokungakhathali, kulula ukukrazula intambo kwisikrufu. Imihlathi yokuvula i-open-end wrenches yenza i-angle ethile ngesibambo, ukwenzela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuguqula intloko ye-wrench kunye ne-nut kunye neendawo ezinzima ukufikelela kuzo. Ukongeza koku kungasentla, kukwakho nezikrufu zesokethi zokuqinisa izikrufu ezinzulu. Kanye xa kunjalo, kukwalungile ukuba ube ne-wrench ehlengahlengiswayo apho nawaphi na amandongomane anokubanjwa. Isitshixo sobude esilungisekayo siyacetyiswa250 mm.
Izikrufu kunye nezikrufu zingasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kuphela ukuba azinxitywanga kakhulu. Ukuba i-gap phakathi kwe-nut kunye nesitshixo sikhulu ngenxa yokugqoka, ngoko enye yazo iya kutshatyalaliswa xa iqinisa. Ukuba i-nati okanye isitshixo sigugile, ke i-plate yensimbi ifakwe kwi-gap phakathi kwabo kwaye emva koko iqiniswe okanye ikhululwe.
Ukumakisha isinyithi, i-punch (kirner) yobunzima iyadingeka6kunye nobude125 mm. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona ufumane i-punch yokubethelela amacwecwe amancinci, ngokukhethekileyo ukusuka3 mm.
Ihamile sisixhobo sendalo yonke. Yenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ubungakanani behamile bumiselwa ubunzima bentloko. Obona bukhulu buncinci bu 50, kwaye inkulu2000Gr. Ubude obufanelekileyo bentloko ngokobunzima behamile50gr -75 mm., ngoko100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(imilinganiselo emikhulu yomsebenzi onzima) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Umqheba wehamile wenziwe ngomthi kwaye uphawulwe:400/25x14, yiyo i40 cmubude,2,5cm ububanzi (phakathi) kunye1,4 cm yobunzima obuhambelana nentloko ye800Gr.
Kutshanje, iihamile ezenziwe ngokukhethekileyo ezinesibambo sentsimbi, isiphatho serabha, njl. njl. zinokufumaneka, kodwa ngamaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu.
Xa kuziwa kwihamile, masiqhelane nomsiki osicaba osika ngoncedo lwehamile. Imilinganiselo yaba basiki bahluka ukusuka125h15ukuya400h36mm. Inani lokuqala libonisa ubude kunye nelesibini ububanzi beblade yokusika. Esona sisetyenziswa kakhulu sisisiki200x15.
SLIKA 4
I-Mengele ikwasisixhobo esisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ububanzi bemihlathi yeemangal ezincinci zezi:40,50,60 m, kunye neengweel ezihambelanayo75-200 mm. Ekugqibeleni, kuninzi kuphela ukuba izenzo ezijikelezayo ezihambelanayo nazo ziveliswa, ngoko ke ukuba ukwindawo, kuya kuba kuhle ukufumana enye enemihlathi evela. 100 mm(umfanekiso4). Kungcono ukunyusa i-vise kwicala lasekunene lebhentshi yokusebenzela, kunye ne-anvil ngasekhohlo (Fig5).
SLIKA 5
Imigangatho esebenzayo, amaxwebhu obugcisa besixhobo kunye nabavelisi bezinto eziphathekayo kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko lufanelekile kwisicelo samanje. Iimpawu zembali, imilinganiselo kunye nezindululo kwesi sicatshulwa ayizizo iinkcukacha zangoku okanye imiyalelo yokhuseleko.