Yambiro Yakakosha Yekuchengetedza: Ichi chinyorwa chenhoroondo, kwete chemazuva ano chekugadzira simbi kana magetsi. Kushanda nemichina, maturusi ekukuya, simbi inopisa, kuiswa kwemagetsi uye maturusi emaoko anopfekwa zvinogona kukonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya, moto kana kuvhunduka kwemagetsi. Usashandise kuvandudzwa kwakatsanangurwa senzira yekushanda; shandisa mirau inoshanda, maturusi chaiwo, midziyo yekudzivirira nemirayiridzo kubva kune nyanzvi dzinokwanisa.
Ichi chinyorwa hachisi chechikamu chezvino cheSavo Kusić, icho chakatarisana nemahwindo, magonhi nemhinduro dzine hukama.
Ndiani asinganzwi akasimba zvakakwana mumabasa ekuzviitira iwe pachako, kazhinji anoedza kuzvidzidzisa nekushanda nehuni. Ndosaka takagara kwenguva yakareba pachitsauko chakapfuura, icho chinobata basa rehuni. Kureva, huni chinhu chakapfava, chakakodzera kugadzirwa. Sezvo isu tave tajairana nehukuru huni hwehuni uye nzira iyo inogadziriswa, isu hatizodi nzvimbo yakawanda kudaro kuti tizive masimbi anoshandiswa uye magadzirirwo awo zvakare. Zvivakwa zvakawanda zvemapuranga hazvigoni kufungidzirwa pasina zvikamu zvesimbi, zvipikiri, zvigadziro, asi pane zvishoma zvivakwa zvesimbi zvingafanirwa kuwedzerwa nehuni, kusimbisa, kusimbisa.
Pamasimbi akawanda akasiyana mumusangano wepamba, simbi, simbi, mhangura, ndarira, bhuronzi, zingi, nealuminium chete ndizvo zvinowanzosangana nazvo. Mutobvu nemarata zvinoshandiswawo sezvinhu zvebetsero. Tisati taenderera mberi nekugadzirisa simbi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya, ngationgororei zvimiro zvadzo zvikuru.
Masimbi
Simbi inonyanya kukosha isimbi. Inowanikwa nekunyungudutsa zvicherwa mumoto unoputika. Mune chimiro chayo mbishi, iron ine akati wandei muzana emanganese, nesilicon, phosphorus, sarufa uye graphite. Kana iyo muzana ye graphite musimbi yakakura kupfuura1,7tiri kutaura nezvesimbi, uye kana iri diki saka tiri kutaura nezvesimbi.
Mukuita kwedu, tinongosangana nezvigadzirwa zvehafu-zvakapera, kureva simbi dzakatopfuura nematanho akati wandei ekugadzirisa. Aya mabhawa eakasiyana maprofile (ndosaka anonziwo profile iron kana profile simbi), mashiti uye Iiv. Zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakatsikirirwa sedzimba dzendarira nezvimwewo zvinotengeswa semafittings.
Zvakanaka kuziva kuti simbi yakakandwa ine brittle, haigone kukotama, uye inoburitsa blade yechishandiso panguva yekugadziriswa. Hunhu hwezvinhu zvinowanzoshandiswa, zvakadai semabhawa nemashizha, zvinogona kusiyana zvikuru. Chinhu chavo chakajairika ndechekuti ivo vakagadzirwa nesimbi.
Simbi ine chikamu chidiki kwazvo chekabhoni, inonzi simbi yakapfava kana simbi yefodya inogona kugadzirwa, kugonja, kuumbwa, asi haigone kuomeswa. Simbi yakaomarara (0,4-1,7% carbon) yakasimba, asi inogona kugadzirwa chete nekutenderedza, kugaya, nezvimwewo.
Mamiriro akajairwa esimbi nesimbi ndeokuti anoita ngura, anokwezvwa nemagineti, uye anogona kuita magineti pachawo. Kugwinya kwavo chaiko ndeku 7,8 kg/dm3. Panonyungudika simbi ndeiyi 1700°C (iron 1400-1500°C). Chinhu chinonakidza nesimbi idzi ndechekuti pakupisa kwe 750°C vanorasikirwa nemagineti yavo.
Simbi inogona kuomeswa nekupisa, kana mushure mekupisa ichitonhora zvishoma nezvishoma (nyanzvi: kudzima), mukana wekugadzirisa kwayo unovandudza, elasticity uye kuchinja kwesimba (kuoma + quenching = kunatsa).
Kana simbi yakasanganiswa nechromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, zvichingodaro. zvimwe zvezvinhu zvayo zvichavandudzika, zvakaita sekuoma, acid resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. Aya anonzi masimbi akakosha.
Simbi yakakandwa inoratidzwa netsamba Ч uye nhamba-maviri nhamba, uye simbi ine tsamba Ч uye nhamba mbiri. Nhamba yekutanga mushure metsamba inoratidza simba rekubvarura, i.e. simba iro zvinhu zvepamuchinjikwa-chikamu 1mm chinoputsika. Nhamba yechipiri inotsanangurwa neJUS zviyero. Nokudaro, nhamba mushure metsamba inokosha. Iyo yakakwirira nhamba, iyo “yakasimba” iyo simbi. (Kana simba rekusimba riri 50 kg /mm2 inenge yatova simbi yakanaka, 30 inogutsa. Muganho wepamusoro weiyi nhamba inenge 90, uye kune masimbi anokosha echitubu nhamba iyi inogona kuva 135). Alloy steels ane mamwe mazita.
Ruzivo rwakanaka pamusoro pemhando yesimbi uye huwandu hwekabhoni hunopiwa nemoto. Kana simbi inobata dombo rekukuya, mazhenje anobuda. Chimiro neruvara rwepfarivari zvicharatidza kuti isimbi yakaita sei.
Kana simbi yakadzimwa uye ichidziya, tembiricha inogona kugara yakatemwa nemuvara wesimbi.
Copper isimbi inogona kuumbwa zviri nyore. Iyo yakanaka conductor yekupisa uye magetsi. Kana iine oxidize, iyo patinas, inowana rima rakasvibira ruvara. Mukushandiswa kwemumba, inowanzowanikwa seyemagetsi uye inopisa conductor, zvino inoshandiswa kune alloying (semuenzaniso kupisa poto, transformer winding, soldering iron, etc.). Iine giravhiti yakakwira zvikuru 8,9 kg/dm3 uye nzvimbo yakanyauka ingangoita 1080°S.
Brass ialloy ye zinc nemhangura, umo zinc iripo muchikamu chepamusoro (50-70%). Chikamu chepamusoro chezinc chinoderedza kuumbwa uye chinoita kuti alloy iwedzere brittle, yakakodzera kukanda. Alloy ine ruvara rutsvuku ine chikamu chidiki chezinc inonzi tombak (artificial gold), uye alloy ine zinc yakakwira zvikuru inonzi white cast.
Kana, mukuwedzera kune zinc, iyo alloy zvakare ine nickel, inodaidzwa kuti alpaca, nepo sirivheri itsva ine imwe chiyero chesirivheri kuwedzera kune zvakanyorwa zvinongedzo. Kana mhangura shoma yakawedzerwa kualuminium, alloy yakasimba kudarika aruminiyamu inowanikwa - duraluminum.
Bronze ialloy yemhangura uye 5-15% tin. Kana, kuwedzera kune tini, inewo chikamu chiduku che phosphorus, iyo alloy yakakodzera kukanda uye inonzi phosphor bronze. Aluminium bronze isimbi yakaoma. Bronze yemutobvu inoshingirira kukweshana, saka inoshandiswa pamabearings. Silicon bronze inopokana zvakanyanya neakasiyana pesvedzero, uye manganese bronze yakaoma kwazvo.
Zinc isimbi yakareruka kupfuura iron. Yaimboshandiswa kugadzira marata, nepo nhasi ichinyanya kushandiswa kudzivirira simbi yekudzivirira, pamusoro payo painoumba nhete inopenya yakavharwa nemaruva echando.
Tin inoshandiswawo kuita alloying. Inogona kukungurutswa, kudirwa, uye kutonyungudika patembiricha ye 232°S. Hunhu hwesimbi iyi ndeyekuti inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuita upfu patembiricha yakaderera pane +13°S.
Lead isimbi yakapfava, isina simba ine simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi (11,34 kg/dm3). Inoshingirira mukuora uye iri nyore kuisa.
Zvishandiso zvinonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira simbi ndeye cadmium, nickel, inopenya, pamwe nechrome.
Kusvika parizvino tasangana nesimbi nesimbi zvinorema kupfuura iyo. Isu hatisangani neakakosha (goridhe, sirivheri, platinamu) uye yakakosha simbi (iridium, radium, titanium, beryllium, magnesium) rp inoshanda mumba, sekutaura.
Pakupedzisira, ngatisvike pakuziva simbi dzakareruka senge e.g. aluminium. Inorema katatu pasi pesimbi uye ine nzvimbo yakaderera yekunyunguduka (660°C).
Aluminium inowanikwa mune zvisikwa nenzira yemakomponi. Kuti uwane kirogiramu imwe chete yesimbi yealuminium, zvinodikanwa kugadzirisa inenge 4-6 kg ye bauxite. Kuchena kwealuminium kunofanira kureva huwandu hwemakemikari akachena aluminium.
Kusvibiswa uye kusvibiswa kunokanganisa maitiro ealuminium uye mukana wekushandiswa kwayo. Kufambiswa kwemagetsi kunoderedzwa ne tsvina netsvina. Kupisa kwealuminum yakachena kwakanaka. Tembiricha yekutanga yealuminium kugadzira ndeye 500°C uye yekupedzisira 300°C.
Pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, aluminium yakagadzikana zvakanyanya. Mutsetse wakatetepa wearuminiyamu oxide inodzivirira aruminiyamu kubva mukudzika kweoxidation.
Pakati pesimba reakasiyana makomisheni paaluminium, munyu unogadzirwa, uye pasi pesimba remakemikari, aluminium inoora nekukurumidza. Apo aruminiyamu kana aruminiyamu alloys akasangana nesimbi inorema (e.g. simbi, mhangura, ndarira, ndarira, nickel), kana poindi yekubata iri pasi pesimba remwando kana acids (electrolyte), ngura ye electrolytic inoitika. Mhepo yakanyorova inoitawo se electrolyte.
Kuitira kudzivirira kubata ngura, aruminiyamu yakachena inogona kubatanidzwa nealuminium, alloys ayo (isina mhangura), cadmium uye zinc.
Imwe yenzira dzekudzivirira pamusoro pealuminium kubva mukuora ndeyekufukidza pamusoro nependi yemafuta, nitrocellulose varnish kana enamel varnish. Nzira iri nani uye yanhasi yakapararira ndeye kupfekedza neyakagadzirwa aluminium oxide layer nemakemikari nzira kana electrolysis. Iyi nzira yekudzivirira inonzi anodizing.
Nhasi kune nhamba yearuminiyamu alloys ane maviri kana kupfuura zvikamu. Iyo inonyanya kusanganiswa ne manganese, mhangura nesilicon, uye nhasi simba rekusimba rinosvika pakukosha kwe 40 kg /mm2.
Aluminium inogadziriswa nyore nyore nekukwesha uye kugaya, nepo welding, kupenda uye soldering zvakanyanya kuoma. Inogadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumabhuroko kusvika kumafoiri.
Semi-finished products
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yezvigadzirwa zvehafu-yakapera ndeye profiled iron, semuenzaniso. round bar shape, angular profile L, T, I, U, Z etc. A semi-finished product ine rectangular cross-section inonzi flat iron (kunze kwekunge yakagadzirwa nemhangura, ndarira, nezvimwewo), iyo muchimiro chayo yakatetepa inonzi sheet, strip, foil. Chimiro chemuchinjikwa-chikamu chinokanganisa zvakanyanya huremu pamamita ane mutsara pamwe chete nesimba. Sezvo mutengo wakananga zvichienderana nehuremu, zvinobatsira kusarudza yakakodzera chimiro (mufananidzo 1). Mazita emaprofile ega ega ndeaya: a) simbi yakatenderera b) semi-round iron; c) ribbed iron; d) kongiri simbi; e) chikamu chikamu; f) rectangular chikamu; d) simbi yakatsetseka; h) tepi; i) angle iron; j) rounded angle iron; k) T - chimiro; l) Z - chimiro; m) Ini - chimiro; n)
rail; o) U - chimiro; p) flat U profile.
SLIKA 1
Tool
Kune maturusi akati wandei asina iwo asingakwanise kushanda nesimbi. Pamusoro pezviridzwa zvekuyeresa zvakambotsanangurwa, zvinonyanya kushandiswa mapikisi (pikicha 2).
SLIKA 2
Mipiringi yakapfava ipiritsi (a). Zvinogadzirwa muhurefu125-200 mm. Mapiritsi akakosha ekucheka waya makucheka (b). Iyo inogadzirwa muhurefu hwakafanana neye flat mhino pliers. Pabasa rekuveza, mapikisi eshaya (c) anodiwawo, ane hurefu hwakafanana kune pliers yapfuura. Kuti ushande newaya, unoda mapuranga akatenderera (d) pane “maziso” anogona kuumbwa. Chishandiso chikuru mumba chakawana maplier ekubatanidza (e), anogadzirwa akareba, kubva150ku200 mm. Kana zvibato zvakavharwa, mapikisi aya akakodzerawo basa remagetsi. Nekucheka makonduru akakora, tsvimbo, mapikisi akakosha ekucheka ane majoini (f) akakodzera. Kushanda nemapombi, tsvimbo, pombi pliers (g) zvinodiwa. Chinhu chakanaka cheiyi pliers mukana wekugadziriswa kwakafara zvichienderana nedhayamita yechinhu (mabhawa, pombi, nezvimwewo)
Makiyi anodiwa pakuunganidza anopengeka simbi maassemblies (Fig3) Izvo zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti kuvhurwa kwemakiyi ane mativi maviri akamisikidzwa (kunyangwe madaro emapendero eskweya uye hexagonal screw misoro) kune anotevera zviyero:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70uye75-80. Vhura makiyi e6 ku50kukwana misoro yeanotevera metric screws:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Mapeya enhamba akaiswa kumberi anoratidza kuvhurika kweakavhurika uye akavhurika magumo, ayo anowanikwa muzvitoro.
SLIKA 3
Kubatsira kwekuvhura-kumagumo wrenches ndeyekuti ivo vanogona zvakare kutsvedza pamatehwe kana screw misoro kubva parutivi, saka, semuenzaniso, vanogona kushandiswa kuomesa uye kusunungura screws pamapombi akareba. Iyo socket wrench inovhara screw musoro kana nati pamativi ese uye inobata screw musoro zvakasimba, asi inogona chete kudhonzwa pane nati kubva kumusoro.
Mumudziyo wepamba tinoda kuva nemakiyi anotevera: 9-11,14-17,17-19uye22-24(kazhinji kashoma kudiwa kwekiyi kunoratidzwa27-32)
Marefu ma spanners anopa simba guru rekutapurirana, asi anonyanya kunetsa kusvika kunzvimbo dzisingasvikike uye, kana akabatwa zvisina hanya, zviri nyore kubvarura shinda pascuru. Mashaya emagetsi akazaruka anoita imwe kona nemubato, kuitira mukana wekushandura musoro we wrench pamwe chete ne nut uye munzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika. Pamusoro pezviri pamusoro, kune zvakare socket wrenches yekusimbisa yakadzika set screws. Zvingoitika, zvakanaka zvakare kuve nechipanera chinogadziriswa icho chero nzungu dzinogona kubatwa. Chipanera cheurefu chinogadziriswa chinokurudzirwa250 mm.
Wrenches uye screws zvinogona kushandiswa zvinobudirira kana zvisina kunyanya kupfekwa. Kana mukaha pakati pe nut uye kiyi yakakura nekuda kwekupfeka, ipapo imwe yadzo ichaparadzwa painoomesa. Kana iyo nut kana kiyi yakasakara, ipapo ndiro yesimbi inoiswa mugomba pakati pavo uye chete mushure mokunge yakasimbiswa kana kusunungurwa.
Pakumaka simbi, punch (kirner) yehukobvu inodiwa6uye kureba125 mm. Iwe unofanirwawo kuwana punch yekubaya mapepa matete, zviri nani kubva3 mm.
Sando mudziyo wepasi rose. Inogadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kukura kwesando kunotarirwa nekurema kwemusoro. Iyo diki saizi ndeye 50, uye chikurusa2000Gr. Hurefu hwemusoro hunoenderana nehuremu hwesando50gr -75 mm., zvino100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(zviyero zvakakura zvebasa rakaoma) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Mubato wesando wakagadzirwa nemuti uye wakanyorwa:400/25x14, kureva40 cmkureba,2,5masendimita upamhi (pakati) uye1,4 cm yehukobvu hunoenderana nemusoro we800Gr.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, sando dzakagadzirwa nesimbi, mubato werabha, nezvimwewo zvinogona kuwanikwa, asi nemitengo yakakwira.
Kana zvasvika pasando, ngatijairanei nemucheki wakatsetseka unocheka nerubatsiro rwesando. Zviyero zvevacheki izvi zvinotangira kubva125h15ku400h36mm. Nhamba yekutanga inotaridza hurefu uye yechipiri inotaridza hupamhi hweblade yekucheka. Inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye inocheka200x15.
SLIKA 4
Mengele zvakare chishandiso chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Hupamhi hweshaya dzemangels madiki ndeidzi:40,50,60 m, uye nemamengels anoenderana75-200 mm. Pakupedzisira, pane zvakawanda chete zvekuti kutenderera kwakafanana kunogadzirwa zvakare, saka kana iwe uri pachinzvimbo, zvingave zvakanaka kuwana imwe ine shaya kubva. 100 mm(mufananidzo4) Zvakanakisa kukwidza vise kurudyi kumberi kwebhenji rebasa, uye anvil kuruboshwe (Fig.5)
SLIKA 5
Pakushandisa kwazvino, zviyero zvinoshanda, zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvematurusi uye vanogadzira zvinhu uye kuongororwa kwenjodzi kwakakodzera. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, zvimiro uye kurudziro kubva murugwaro urwu hazvisi izvo zvazvino kana mirairo yekuchengetedza.