Muhimmiyar Gargaɗi na Tsaro: Wannan rubutun tarihi ne, ba kayan aikin ƙarfe na zamani ko na lantarki ba. Yin aiki tare da injuna, kayan aikin niƙa, ƙarfe mai zafi, kayan aikin lantarki da sawa kayan aikin hannu na iya haifar da mummunan rauni, wuta ko girgiza wutar lantarki. Kada ku yi amfani da abubuwan haɓaka da aka kwatanta azaman hanyar aiki; yi amfani da ƙa’idodin da suka dace, kayan aiki daidai, kayan kariya da umarni daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun
Wannan rubutu baya cikin tayin Savo Kusić na yanzu, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tagogi, kofofin da mafita masu alaƙa.
Waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi sosai a ayyukan DIY galibi suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka ƙwarewarsu ta yin aiki da itace. Shi ya sa muka daɗe a babin da ya gabata, wanda ya yi magana game da aikin katako. Wato, itace abu ne mai laushi, wanda ya dace da sarrafawa. Tun da mun saba da manyan kayan itace da kuma yadda ake sarrafa shi, ba za mu buƙaci sarari da yawa don sanin karafa da ake amfani da su da sarrafa su ma. Yawancin gine-ginen katako ba za a iya tunanin ba tare da sassa na karfe, ƙusoshi, kayan aiki ba, amma da wuya akwai wani ginin ƙarfe wanda dole ne a ƙara shi da itace, don ƙarfafawa, ƙarfafawa.
Daga cikin nau’o’in karafa daban-daban da aka samu a cikin bitar gida, baƙin ƙarfe, ƙarfe, jan karfe, tagulla, tagulla, zinc da aluminium yawanci ana haɗuwa da su. Hakanan ana amfani da gubar da gwangwani azaman kayan taimako. Kafin mu ci gaba da sarrafa karafa da aka fi amfani da su, bari mu yi nazarin manyan kaddarorinsu.
karfe
Mafi mahimmancin ƙarfe shine ƙarfe. Ana samun ta ta hanyar narkewar ma’adanai a cikin tanderun fashewa. A cikin ɗanyen sigarsa, baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙunshi kashi da yawa na manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur da graphite. Idan adadin graphite a cikin ƙarfe ya fi girma1,7muna magana ne akan ƙarfe, kuma idan ya kasance ƙarami to muna magana ne akan karfe.
A cikin aikinmu muna cin karo da samfuran da ba a kammala ba kawai watau. karafa da suka riga sun wuce matakai da yawa na sarrafawa. Waɗannan sanduna ne na bayanan martaba daban-daban (wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake kiran su profile iron ko profile karfe), zanen gado da Iiv. Ana siyar da samfuran ƙarfe da aka matse kamar gidaje na tagulla da sauransu.
Yana da kyau a san cewa simintin ƙarfe yana da karye, ba za a iya lanƙwasa ba, kuma yana dusar da ruwan kayan aiki lokacin aiki. Halayen kayan da aka fi amfani da su, kamar sanduna da zanen gado, na iya bambanta sosai. Siffar su ta gama gari ita ce an yi su da ƙarfe.
Karfe mai ƙunshe da ɗan ƙaramin kaso na carbon, abin da ake kira ƙarfe mai laushi ko ƙarfe mai ƙirƙira, ana iya haɗa shi, lankwasa, ƙirƙira, amma ba za a iya taurare ba. Karfe mai kauri (0,4-1,7% carbon) ya fi wahala amma ana iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar juyawa, niƙa da sauransu.
Halayen baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe na gama gari shine tsatsa, cewa maganadisu yana jan su, kuma ana iya haɗa su da kansu. Takamammen nauyinsu shine7,8 kg/dm3. Wurin narkewar karfe shine1700°C(irin1400-1500°C). Wani abu mai ban sha’awa tare da waɗannan karafa shine cewa a zazzabi na750°Csuna rasa kayansu na maganadisu.
Ƙarfe ana iya taurare ta hanyar dumama, idan bayan dumama ya huce sannu a hankali (gwani: quenching), yiwuwar sarrafa shi yana inganta, elasticity da canjin ƙarfi (hardening+quenching=refining).
Idan aka hada karfen da chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, da dai sauransu wasu daga cikin sifofinsa za su inganta, kamar taurin, juriya na acid, juriya na lalata, da dai sauransu. Waɗannan su ne ake kira high-alloy special steels.
Cast karfe an yi masa alama da harafin Ч da lamba biyu, da karfe mai harafin Ч da lambobi biyu. Lamba na farko bayan harafin yana nuna ƙarfin hawaye, watau ƙarfin da abin da ke cikin sashin giciye 1mm ya karye. An ƙayyade adadi na biyu ta ma’auni na JUS. Saboda haka, lambar bayan harafin yana da mahimmanci. Mafi girman lambar, “ƙarfi” karfe. (Idan ƙarfin ƙarfi ya kasance 50 kg / mm2 ya riga ya zama ƙarfe mai kyau, 30 yana da gamsarwa. Babban iyaka na wannan adadi yana kusan 90, kuma na musamman na bazara wannan lambar na iya zama 135). Alloy steels suna da wasu alamu.
Kyakkyawan bayani game da ingancin karfe da adadin carbon da walƙiya ke bayarwa. Idan karfe ya taɓa dutsen niƙa, tartsatsi zai bayyana. Siffai da launi na tartsatsin za su nuna ko wane irin karfe ne.
Lokacin da aka kashe karfe kuma ya huce, ana iya tantance yawan zafin jiki da kalar karfe.
Copper karfe ne wanda ake iya siffata shi cikin sauki. Yana da kyakkyawan jagorar zafi da wutar lantarki. Lokacin da oxidizes, shi patinas, yana samun duhu kore launi. A cikin gida, ana samun shi a matsayin mai sarrafa wutar lantarki da thermal, sannan ana amfani da shi don haɗawa (misali tukunyar dumama, iska mai canzawa, ƙarfe, ƙarfe, da sauransu). Yana da babban nauyi na musamman 8,9 kg/dm3, kuma wurin narkewa shine ca1080°S.
Brass shine alloy na zinc da jan karfe, wanda zinc ke kasancewa a cikin kashi mafi girma (50-70%). Kashi mafi girma na zinc yana rage tsari kuma yana sa gami ya fi karye, ya fi dacewa da yin siminti. Gari mai launin ja mai ɗan ƙaramin kaso na zinc ana kiransa tombak (gold ɗin wucin gadi), kuma abin da ke da babban kaso na zinc ana kiransa farin siminti.
Idan, ban da zinc, gami kuma ya ƙunshi nickel, ana kiransa alpaca, yayin da sabon azurfa ya ƙunshi adadin adadin azurfa baya ga abubuwan da aka lissafa. Idan an ƙara ƙaramin tagulla zuwa aluminum, ana samun alloy mai ƙarfi fiye da aluminum - duraluminum.
Bronze shine gami da jan karfe da5-15%tin. Idan, ban da tin, ya ƙunshi ƙaramin adadin phosphorus, gami da ya dace da simintin gyare-gyare kuma ana kiransa tagulla phosphor. Aluminum tagulla shine gami mai tauri. Tagullar gubar tana da juriya ga gogayya, don haka ana amfani da ita don ɗaukar kaya. Silicon Bronze yana da matukar juriya ga tasiri daban-daban, kuma tagulla na manganese yana da wuyar gaske.
Zinc ya fi ƙarfe wuta. An taba yin amfani da shi wajen kera magudanar ruwa, yayin da a yau ake amfani da shi wajen kariya daga karafa, wanda a samansa ya yi wani siriri mai sheki wanda aka lullube shi da furannin kankara.
Ana kuma amfani da tin don hadawa. Ana iya mirgina da kuma zuba na musamman, kuma riga a zazzabi na 232°S yana narkewa. Yana da halayyar wannan ƙarfe wanda a yanayin zafi ƙasa da +13°S yana juya a hankali ya zama foda.
Lead karfe ne mai laushi, mai rauni tare da takamaiman girman nauyi (11,34 kg/dm3). Yana da juriyar lalata kuma yana da sauƙin jefawa.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su musamman don platin ƙarfe sune cadmium, nickel, mai sheki, da kuma chrome.
Ya zuwa yanzu mun hadu da ƙarfe da karafa fiye da shi. Ba mu haɗu da daraja (zinariya, azurfa, platinum) da ƙarfe na musamman (iridium, radium, titanium, beryllium, magnesium) rp yana aiki a cikin gida, don yin magana.
A ƙarshe, bari mu san ƙananan ƙarfe kamar, misali. aluminum. Ya yi ƙasa da ƙarfe sau uku nauyi kuma yana da wurin narkewa sosai (660°C).
Aluminum yana samuwa a cikin yanayi a cikin nau’i na mahadi. Don samun kilogram ɗaya na ƙarfe na aluminum, wajibi ne don aiwatar da kusan4-6 kgbauxite. Ya kamata a fahimci tsarkin aluminium a matsayin adadin tsantsar aluminium na sinadarai.
Rashin ƙazanta da ƙazanta suna shafar kaddarorin aluminum da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa. Ana rage ƙarfin wutar lantarki ta hanyar ƙazanta da ƙazanta. Maganin zafi na aluminium tsantsa yana da kyau. Yanayin zafin farko na aluminum shine 500°Ckuma na karshe300°C.
A ƙarƙashin yanayin al’ada, aluminum yana da ƙarfi sosai. Wani bakin ciki na saman aluminum oxide yana kare aluminum daga zurfin oxidation.
Gishiri yana samuwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar mahaɗan daban-daban akan aluminum, kuma aluminum yana lalata da sauri a ƙarƙashin tasirin sinadarai. Lokacin da alluran aluminium ko aluminum suka haɗu da ƙarfe masu nauyi (misali baƙin ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, tagulla, tagulla, nickel), idan wurin hulɗar yana ƙarƙashin tasirin danshi ko acid (electrolyte), lalatawar electrolytic yana faruwa. Danshi iska kuma yana aiki azaman electrolyte.
Don hana lalata lamba, ana iya haɗa aluminum mai tsafta tare da aluminum, gami da allurai (ba tare da jan ƙarfe ba), cadmium da zinc.
Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kariya na aluminum daga lalata shine rufin saman tare da fenti mai, nitrocellulose varnish ko enamel varnish. Hanya mafi kyau kuma a yau mafi yaɗuwar hanya ita ce shafi tare da Layer aluminum oxide Layer ta hanyar sinadarai ko lantarki. Ana kiran wannan tsarin kariya anodizing.
A yau akwai adadi na aluminum gami da abubuwa biyu ko fiye. Mafi yawa an haɗa shi da manganese, jan ƙarfe da siliki, kuma ƙarfin hawaye yana samun ƙima a yau 40 kg/ mm2.
Aluminum ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ta hanyar juyawa da niƙa, yayin da walda, zane da siyarwa sun fi wahala. Ana samar da shi ta nau’i daban-daban, daga tubalan zuwa foils.
Kayayyakin da aka gama da su
Daga cikin samfuran da aka gama da su, baƙin ƙarfe profiled shine mafi shahara, misali. Siffar mashaya zagaye, bayanin angular L, T, I, U, Z da dai sauransu. Samfurin da aka gama da shi yana da sashin giciye na rectangular ana kiransa lebur baƙin ƙarfe (sai dai idan an yi shi da jan karfe, tagulla, da sauransu), wanda a cikin sigarsa ta bakin ciki ana kiransa takarda, tsiri, foil. Siffar ɓangaren giciye yana tasiri sosai ga nauyi a kowace mita na layi da kuma ƙarfi. Tun da farashin kai tsaye ya dogara da nauyi, yana da amfani don zaɓar bayanin martaba mai dacewa (Fig1). Sunayen bayanan mutum ɗaya sune: a) ƙarfe mai zagaye b) ƙarfe mai zagaye-zagaye; c) baƙin ƙarfe ribbed; d) ƙarfe na kankare; e) sashin murabba’i; f) sashen rectangular; d) ƙarfe mai lebur; h) tafe; i) karfen kwana; j) baƙin ƙarfe mai zagaye; k) T - bayanin martaba; l) Z - bayanin martaba; m) I - bayanin martaba; n)
dogo; o) U - bayanin martaba; p) Flat U profile.
SLIKA 1
_Kayan aiki
Akwai ƴan kayan aiki na asali waɗanda ba za ku iya aiki da ƙarfe ba tare da su ba. Baya ga na’urorin aunawa da aka kwatanta a baya, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su sune filaye (Fig2).
SLIKA 2
Mafi sauƙaƙan filaye su ne lebur (a). Ana samar da su a tsayi125-200 mm. Fila na musamman don yankan wayoyi sune masu yankan (b). Ana samar da su daidai da tsayin daka da lebur na hanci. Don aikin kafinta, maƙallan muƙamuƙi (c) suma sun zama dole, tare da tsayi iri ɗaya zuwa na baya. Don yin aiki da waya, kuna buƙatar madaukai masu zagaye (d) waɗanda za a iya samar da “idon” akan su. Mafi girman aikace-aikace a cikin gidan an sami haɗin pliers (e), waɗanda aka samar cikin tsayi, daga150ku200 mm. Idan hannaye an rufe su, waɗannan filaye kuma sun dace da aikin lantarki. Don yankan ƙwanƙwasa masu kauri, sanduna, filaye na musamman don masu yankewa tare da haɗin gwiwa (f) sun dace. Don yin aiki tare da bututu, sanduna, bututun bututu (g) wajibi ne. Kyakkyawan fasalin waɗannan filaye shine yuwuwar daidaitawa mai faɗi dangane da diamita na kayan (sanduna, bututu, da sauransu).
Ana buƙatar maɓallai don haɗa manyan taro na ƙarfe masu ninkawa (Fig3). Ya kamata a tuna cewa an daidaita maɓuɓɓukan maɓallai masu gefe biyu (har ma da nisan gefuna na murabba’i da shugabannin dunƙule hexagonal) zuwa ma’auni masu zuwa:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70kuma75-80. Bude makullin6 ku50dace da kawunan ma’aunin mitoci masu zuwa:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Lambobin nau’i-nau’i da aka yi alama a gaba suna nuna alamun budewa na budewa da budewa, waɗanda suke samuwa a cikin shaguna.
SLIKA 3
Amfanin maƙallan buɗewa shine cewa ana iya zame su a kan goro ko dunƙule kawunansu daga gefe, don haka, alal misali, ana iya amfani da su don ƙarfafawa da sassauta sukurori akan bututu masu tsayi. Wutar soket ɗin yana rufe kan dunƙule ko goro a kowane bangare kuma yana riƙe da dunƙule kan damtse, amma ana iya ja shi a kan goro daga saman gefen.
A cikin kayan aikin gida muna buƙatar samun maɓallai masu zuwa: 9-11,14-17,17-19kuma22-24(da wuya kuma ana nuna buƙatar maɓalli27-32).
Dogayen na’urori suna ba da ƙarfin watsa ƙarfi, amma sun fi wahalar isa wuraren da ba za a iya isa ba kuma, idan an kula da su ba tare da kulawa ba, yana da sauƙi a yaga zaren akan dunƙule. Ƙunƙarar ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwar buɗewa suna yin wani kusurwa tare da rikewa, don yiwuwar juya kan kullun tare da goro kuma a wurare masu wuyar isa. Baya ga abin da ke sama, akwai kuma magudanar soket don ƙarfafa zurfafa saiti. Kawai idan, yana da kyau a sami madaidaicin maƙallan da za a iya kama kowane goro da shi. Ana ba da shawarar maƙarƙashiya mai daidaitacce250 mm.
Za’a iya amfani da wuƙa da sukurori da inganci kawai idan ba a sawa sosai ba. Idan tazarar da ke tsakanin goro da maɓalli ya yi yawa saboda sawa, to ɗaya daga cikinsu zai lalace lokacin da ake ƙarawa. Idan an sanya goro ko maɓalli, to sai a sanya farantin karfe a cikin tazarar da ke tsakaninsu sai bayan haka sai a daure ko a kwance.
Don alamar ƙarfe, ana buƙatar naushi (kirner) na kauri6da tsayi125 mm. Hakanan ya kamata ku sami naushi don buga fitattun zanen gado, zai fi dacewa daga3 mm.
Guduma kayan aiki ne na duniya. Ana yin shi ta nau’i daban-daban. Girman guduma yana ƙaddara ta nauyin kai. Mafi girman girman shine 50, kuma mafi girma2000Gr. Madaidaicin tsayin kai bisa ga nauyin guduma50gr -75 mm., sannan100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(mafi girma girma ga m aiki) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Hannun guduma an yi shi da itace kuma an yi masa alama:400/25x14, wato40 cmtsawo,2,5cm nisa (a tsakiya) da1,4 cm na kauri daidai da shugaban800Gr.
A cikin ’yan lokutan, ana iya samun hamma masu siffa na musamman tare da hannun karfe, hannun roba, da sauransu, amma a farashi mai yawa.
Idan ya zo ga guduma, bari mu saba da lebur mai yankan da ke yanke da guduma. Girman waɗannan masu yankan sun fito daga125h15ku400h36mm. Lambar farko tana nuna tsayin da na biyun faɗin tsinken ruwan. Mafi yawan amfani shine mai yanke200x15.
SLIKA 4
Mengele kuma kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su sosai. Fadin muƙamuƙi na ƙanana mangels shine:40,50,60 m, kuma tare da mazaje masu kama da juna75-200 mm. A ƙarshe, akwai kawai da yawa cewa ana haifar da munanan dabi’u masu juyayi, don haka idan kuna cikin matsayi, zai yi kyau a sami wanda yake da jaws daga. 100 mm(hoto4). Zai fi dacewa don hawan vise a gefen dama na gaba na workbench, da anvil a hagu (Figure)5).
SLIKA 5
Ma’auni masu inganci, takaddun fasaha na kayan aiki da masana’antun kayan aiki da ƙididdigar haɗari sun dace don aikace-aikacen zamani. Alamar tarihi, girma da shawarwari a cikin wannan rubutu ba ƙayyadaddun bayanai bane na yanzu ko umarnin aminci.