Isexwayiso Esibalulekile Sokuphepha: Lona umbhalo wengobo yomlando, hhayi incwadi yesimanje yokusebenza kwensimbi noma imanuwali kagesi. Ukusebenza ngemishini, amathuluzi okugaya, insimbi eshisayo, ukufakwa kukagesi namathuluzi ezandla agugile kungabangela ukulimala okubi, umlilo noma ukushaqeka kukagesi. Ungasebenzisi ukuthuthukiswa okuchazwe njengenqubo yokusebenza; sebenzisa imithetho esebenzayo, amathuluzi alungile, okokuvikela kanye neziqondiso ezivela kochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe.
Lo mbhalo awuyona ingxenye yomnikelo wamanje we-Savo Kusić, ogxile kumawindi, iminyango nezisombululo ezihlobene.
Ubani ongazizwa eqinile ngokwanele emisebenzini yokuzenzela, ngokuvamile uzama ukuziqeqesha ngokusebenza ngokhuni. Yingakho sihlale isikhathi eside kangaka esahlukweni esandulele, esikhuluma ngomsebenzi wokhuni. Okungukuthi, ukhuni luyinto ethambile, efanelekile ukucutshungulwa. Njengoba sesijwayelene nezakhiwo eziyinhloko zokhuni nendlela ezicutshungulwa ngayo, ngeke sidinge indawo engaka ukuze sijwayelane nezinsimbi ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokucutshungulwa kwazo. Izakhiwo eziningi zokhuni azikwazi ukucatshangelwa ngaphandle kwezingxenye zensimbi, izipikili, ukufakwa, kodwa akukho nhlobo ukwakhiwa kwensimbi okuzodingeka kufakwe ngokhuni, ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa.
Ezinsimbi eziningi ezihlukene endaweni yokusebenzela yasekhaya, insimbi, insimbi, ithusi, ithusi, ithusi, i-zinc, ne-aluminium kuphela okuvame ukuhlangana nayo. Umthofu kanye nethini nakho kuyasetshenziswa njengezinto ezisizayo. Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa kwezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ake sifunde izici zazo eziyinhloko.
Izinsimbi
Insimbi ebaluleke kakhulu insimbi. Itholwa ngokuncibilikisa ama-ores ezithandweni eziqhumayo. Ngendlela yayo eluhlaza, insimbi iqukethe amaphesenti amaningana e-manganese, i-silicon, i-phosphorus, isulfure ne-graphite. Uma iphesenti le-graphite ensimbi likhulu kune1,7sikhuluma ngensimbi, futhi uma incane sikhuluma ngensimbi.
Ekuzijwayezeni kwethu, sihlangabezana nemikhiqizo ecishe iqedwe kuphela, okungukuthi izinsimbi esezidlule ezigabeni ezimbalwa zokucutshungulwa. Le migoqo yamaphrofayili ahlukahlukene (yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi insimbi yephrofayili noma insimbi yephrofayili), amashidi kanye ne-Iiv. Imikhiqizo yensimbi ecindezelwe njengezindlu zethusi njll. ibuye ithengiswe njengokufakwayo.
Kuhle ukwazi ukuthi i-cast iron i-brittle, ayikwazi ukugoba, futhi yenza buthuntu i-blade yethuluzi ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Izici zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, njengemigoqo namashidi, zingahluka kakhulu. Isici sabo esivamile ukuthi zenziwe ngensimbi.
Insimbi equkethe iphesenti elincane kakhulu lekhabhoni, lokho okubizwa ngensimbi ethambile noma insimbi efojiwe ingashiselwa, igotshwe, ifojiwe, kodwa ayikwazi ukwenziwa lukhuni. Insimbi eqinile (0,4-1,7% carbon) inamandla, kodwa ingenziwa kuphela ngokujika, ukugaya, njll.
Izici ezijwayelekile zensimbi nensimbi ukuthi ziyagqwala, ukuthi zikhangwa uzibuthe, futhi zingazibuthe ngokwazo. Amandla adonsela phansi athile athi 7,8 kg/dm3. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika lensimbi ngu-1700°C (insimbi 1400-1500°C). Into ethokozisayo ngalezi zinsimbi ukuthi ezingeni lokushisa elingu-750°C zilahlekelwa izici zazo kazibuthe.
Insimbi ingaqiniswa ngokushisisa, uma ngemva kokuyifudumeza iphola kancane kancane (uchwepheshe: ukucisha), amathuba okucutshungulwa kwayo aba ngcono, ukunwebeka nokushintsha kwamandla (ukuqina+ukucima=ukucwenga).
Uma insimbi ihlanganiswe ne-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten, nickel, njll. Ezinye izici zayo zizothuthuka, njengokuqina, ukumelana ne-asidi, ukumelana nokugqwala, njll. Lezi okuthiwa izinsimbi ezikhethekile ze-alloy.
Insimbi ye-Cast imakwe ngohlamvu Ч nenombolo enezinombolo ezimbili, nensimbi enohlamvu Ч nezinombolo ezimbili. Inombolo yokuqala ngemva kohlamvu ikhombisa amandla okudabula, okungukuthi amandla okuphuka kwawo okubalulekile kwesigaba esiphambene 1mm. Isibalo sesibili sinqunywa amazinga e-JUS . Ngakho-ke, inombolo ngemva kohlamvu ibalulekile. Uma inombolo iphezulu, insimbi “iqinile”. (Uma amandla okuqina engu-50 kg /mm2 isivele iyinsimbi enhle, 30 iyanelisa. Umkhawulo ongaphezulu walesi sibalo cishe u-90, futhi ezinsimbi zentwasahlobo ezikhethekile le nombolo ingaba 135). Izinsimbi ze-alloy zinezinye izinhlobo.
Ulwazi oluhle mayelana nekhwalithi yensimbi kanye nenani lekhabhoni linikezwa inhlansi. Uma insimbi ithinta itshe lokugaya, izinhlansi zizovela. Umumo nombala wezinhlansi kuzokhombisa ukuthi hlobo luni lwensimbi.
Lapho insimbi icishwa futhi iba namandla, izinga lokushisa lingahlala linqunywa umbala wensimbi.
Ithusi insimbi engalolongwa kalula. Iwumqhubi omuhle wokushisa nogesi. Lapho i-oxidize, i-patinas, ithola umbala omnyama oluhlaza. Ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya, ivame ukutholakala njenge-conductor kagesi kanye ne-thermal, bese isetshenziselwa i-alloying (isb. Ibhodwe lokushisa, i-transformer winding, i-soldering iron, njll.). Inamandla adonsela phansi aphakeme kakhulu 8,9 kg/dm3 kanye nendawo encibilikayo ecishe ibe ngu-1080°S.
Ithusi ingxubevange ye-zinc nethusi, lapho i-zinc ikhona ngamaphesenti aphezulu (50-70%). Iphesenti eliphezulu le-zinc linciphisa ukwakheka futhi lenza ingxubevange ibe brittle, ifaneleke kakhulu ukusakaza. Ingxubevange enombala obomvu enephesenti elincane le-zinc ibizwa ngokuthi i-tombak (igolide lokwenziwa), futhi ingxubevange enamaphesenti aphezulu kakhulu ezinc ibizwa ngokuthi i-white cast.
Uma, ngaphezu kwe-zinc, i-alloy iqukethe ne-nickel, ibizwa ngokuthi i-alpaca, kuyilapho isiliva elisha liqukethe inani elithile lesiliva ngaphezu kwezithako ezisohlwini. Uma inani elincane lethusi lengezwa ku-aluminium, kutholakala ingxubevange enamandla kune-aluminium - i-duraluminum.
Ithusi ingxubevange yethusi kanye 5-15% ithani. Uma, ngaphezu kwe-tin, iqukethe nephesenti elincane le-phosphorus, i-alloy ifaneleka ukuphonsa futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-phosphor bronze. I-aluminium bronze iyingxubevange eqinile. Ithusi lomthofu alikwazi ukungqubuzana, ngakho lisetshenziselwa ama-bearings. I-silicon yethusi imelana kakhulu namathonya ahlukahlukene, futhi ithusi le-manganese linzima kakhulu.
Zinc iyinsimbi elula kune-ayoni. Yake yasetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-gutters, kuyilapho namuhla isetshenziselwa ukuvikela insimbi evimbela ukubola, phezu kwayo yakha ungqimba oluncane olucwebezelayo olumbozwe izimbali zeqhwa.
Tin isetshenziselwa ukwenza ingxubevange. Ingagoqwa, ithululwe, futhi isivele incibilike ezingeni lokushisa elingu-232°S. Isici sale nsimbi ukuthi iphenduka kancane ibe impushana ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-+13°S.
Lead iyinsimbi ethambile, ebuthakathaka enamandla adonsela phansi aphakeme kakhulu (11,34 kg/dm3). Iyakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala futhi kulula ukuyisakaza.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekucwecweni kwensimbi yi-cadmium, nickel, ecwebezelayo, kanye ne-chrome.
Kuze kube manje sihlangabezane ne-ayoni nezinsimbi ezinzima kakhulu kunayo. Asihlangani nezinto eziyigugu (igolide, isiliva, iplatinamu) nezinsimbi ezikhethekile (i-iridium, i-radium, i-titanium, i-beryllium, i-magnesium) i-rp isebenza endlini, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.
Ekugcineni, masithole ukwazi izinsimbi ezikhanyayo ezifana nesib. i-aluminium. Inesisindo esiphindwe kathathu kunensimbi futhi inephuzu lokuncibilika eliphansi kakhulu (660°C).
I-Aluminium itholakala emvelweni ngendlela yezinhlanganisela. Ukuze uthole ikhilogremu eyodwa yensimbi ye-aluminium, kuyadingeka ukucubungula cishe 4-6 kg ye-bauxite. Ukuhlanzeka kwe-aluminium kufanele kusho inani le-aluminium ehlanzekile ngamakhemikhali.
Ukungcola nokungcola kuthinta izakhiwo ze-aluminium kanye nokwenzeka kokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukusebenza kukagesi kuncishiswa ukungcola nokungcola. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwe-aluminium emsulwa kuhle. Izinga lokushisa lokuqala lokwakhiwa kwe-aluminium lithi 500°C kanye nokugcina 300°C.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, i-aluminium izinze kakhulu. Ungqimba oluncane lwe-aluminium oxide engaphezulu luvikela i-aluminum ekujuleni kwe-oxidation.
Ngesikhathi sethonya lezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ku-aluminium, usawoti uyakhiwa, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya lamakhemikhali, i-aluminium igqwala ngokushesha okukhulu. Lapho i-aluminium noma i-aluminium alloys ihlangana nezinsimbi ezinzima (isb. Insimbi, ithusi, ithusi, ithusi, i-nickel), uma iphuzu lokuxhumana lingaphansi kwethonya lomswakama noma ama-acids (i-electrolyte), ukugqwala kwe-electrolytic kwenzeka. Umoya onomswakama nawo usebenza njenge-electrolyte.
Ukuze ugweme ukugqwala kokuxhumana, i-aluminium ehlanzekile ingahlanganiswa ne-aluminium, ama-alloys ayo (ngaphandle kwethusi), i-cadmium ne-zinc.
Enye yezindlela zokuvikela indawo ye-aluminium ekugqwaleni ukumboza indawo engaphezulu ngopende kawoyela, ukuvanisha kwe-nitrocellulose noma ukuvanisha koqweqwe lwawo. Indlela engcono futhi esabalele namuhla ukumbozwa nge-aluminium oxide yokwenziwa ungqimba ngamakhemikhali noma i-electrolysis. Le nqubo yokuvikela ibizwa nge-anodizing.
Namuhla kunenani lamaalloyi e-aluminium anezingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Ihlanganiswe kakhulu ne-manganese, ithusi ne-silicon, futhi namuhla amandla aqinile afinyelela inani elingu-40 kg /mm2.
I-Aluminium icutshungulwa kalula ngokukhuhla nokugaya, kuyilapho ukushisela, ukudweba nokunamathisela kunzima kakhulu. Ikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ukusuka kumabhulokhi kuye kumafoil.
Imikhiqizo eqedwe kancane
Okudume kakhulu kwemikhiqizo eqedwe kancane insimbi enephrofayili, isb. umumo webha eyindilinga, iphrofayili engu-angular L, T, I, U, Z njll. Umkhiqizo osuphelile onesiphambano esingunxande ubizwa ngokuthi insimbi eyisicaba (ngaphandle uma wenziwe ngethusi, ithusi, njll.), okuthi ngendlela enciphile ibizwa ngokuthi ishidi, i-strip, i-foil. Ukuma kwe-cross-section kuthinta kakhulu isisindo ngemitha yomugqa kanye namandla. Njengoba intengo incike ngokuqondile esisindweni, kuyasiza ukukhetha iphrofayela efanelekile (isithombe 1). Amagama amaphrofayili ngamanye yilawa: a) insimbi eyindilinga b) insimbi eyindilinga; c) insimbi enezimbambo; d) insimbi kakhonkolo; e) ingxenye yesikwele; f) ingxenye engunxande; d) insimbi eyisicaba; h) itheyiphu; i) i-engeli yensimbi; j) insimbi ye-engeli eyindilinga; k) T - iphrofayili; l) Z - iphrofayili; m) I - iphrofayili; n)
ujantshi; o) U - iphrofayili; p) iphrofayili ye-U eyisicaba.
SLIKA 1
Ithuluzi
Kunamathuluzi ambalwa ayisisekelo lapho umuntu engakwazi ukusebenza ngezinsimbi. Ngokungeziwe kumathuluzi okulinganisa achazwe ngaphambilini, asetshenziswa kakhulu amapliers (isithombe 2).
SLIKA 2
Iphinifa elilula kunawo wonke amapulangwe ayisicaba (a). Akhiqizwa ngobude125-200 mm. Amapulangwe akhethekile ezintambo zokusika ama-cutters (b). Akhiqizwa ngobude obufanayo nephinifa lekhala eliyisicaba. Emsebenzini wokubaza, izidladla zemihlathi (c) nazo ziyadingeka, ezinobude obufanayo nozipho lwangaphambilini. Ukuze usebenze ngocingo, udinga amapulangwe ayindilinga (d) lapho “amehlo” angakhiwa khona. Uhlelo lokusebenza olukhulu kakhulu endlini luthole inhlanganisela yamapulangwe (e), akhiqizwa ngobude, ukusuka150ku200 mm. Uma izibambo zifakwe insulated, lezi pliers nazo zifanelekile emsebenzini kagesi. Ukusika ama-conductor aminyene, izinduku, amapulangwe akhethekile ama-cutters anamalunga (f) afanelekile. Ukuze usebenze ngamapayipi, izinduku, amapayipi amapayipi (g) ayadingeka. Isici esihle salezi pliers ukuthi kungenzeka ukulungiswa okubanzi kuye ngobubanzi bento (imigoqo, amapayipi, njll.)
Okhiye bayadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe imihlangano yensimbi egoqekayo (Fig3). Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuvuleka kokhiye abasemaceleni aphindwe kabili kuyalinganiswa (ngisho namabanga onqenqema lwesikwele namakhanda angama-hexagonal screw) kuzilinganiso ezilandelayo:6-7,8-9,10-11,12-14,17-19,22-24,27-32,36-41, 46-50,55-60,65-70futhi75-80. Vula okhiye be6 ku50faka amakhanda ezikulufu zemethrikhi ezilandelayo:3, 3,5,4,5,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,22,27,30. Amapheya ezinombolo ezimakwe ngaphambili akhombisa ukuvuleka kwama-wrenches avulekile futhi avulekile, atholakala ezitolo.
SLIKA 3
Inzuzo yama-wrenches avulekile ukuthi angaphinde ashelele kumantongomane noma amakhanda e-screw kusuka ohlangothini, ngakho-ke, isibonelo, angasetshenziswa ukuqinisa nokukhulula izikrini kumapayipi amade. Isikrufu sesokhethi simboza isikulufu sekhanda noma inati kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi sibambe isikulufu sekhanda siqine, kodwa singadonselwa phezu kwentongomane ukusuka ohlangothini olungaphezulu.
Ethuluzini lasekhaya sidinga ukuba nokhiye abalandelayo: 9-11,14-17,17-19futhi22-24(akuvamile ukuthi kuboniswe isidingo sokhiye27-32).
Izipanela ezinde zihlinzeka ngokudluliswa kwamandla amakhulu, kodwa zinzima kakhulu ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki futhi, uma ziphathwa ngokunganaki, kulula ukudabula intambo esikulukweni. Imihlathi yama-wrenches avulekile yenza i-angle ethile ngesibambo, ukuze kube nokwenzeka ukuguqula ikhanda le-wrench kanye ne-nut nasezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, kukhona nezikrufu zesokhethi zokuqinisa izikulufu ezijulile. Uma kwenzeka nje, kuhle futhi ukuba ne-wrench elungisekayo lapho noma yimaphi amantongomane angabanjwa. Kunconywa isikrufu esilungisekayo sobude250 mm.
Izikrufu nezikulufi zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo kuphela uma zingagqokile kakhulu. Uma igebe phakathi kwe-nati nesihluthulelo likhulu ngenxa yokugqoka, khona-ke enye yazo izobhujiswa lapho iqinisa. Uma i-nati noma ukhiye ugqokwe, khona-ke ipuleti yensimbi ifakwa esikhaleni phakathi kwabo futhi ngemva kwalokho iqinisiwe noma ikhululiwe.
Ngokumaka insimbi, i-punch (kirner) yokuqina iyadingeka6kanye nobude125 mm. Kufanele futhi uthole i-punch yokubhoboza amashidi amancane, okungcono ukusuka3 mm.
Isando siyithuluzi lomhlaba wonke. Yenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ubukhulu besando bunqunywa isisindo sekhanda. Usayizi omncane kakhulu 50, futhi enkulu kunazo zonke2000Gr. Ubude bekhanda obufanele ngokuya ngesisindo sesando50gr -75 mm., bese100/82,200/95, 30/105,50/118,80/130(izilinganiso ezinkulu zomsebenzi onzima) 1000/135,1600/148,2000/155.
Isibambo sesando senziwa ngokhuni futhi siphawulwe:400/25x14, leyo40 cmubude,2,5cm ububanzi (phakathi) kanye1,4 cm of ukujiya oluhambisana nekhanda800Gr.
Ezikhathini zamuva, izando ezimise okukhethekile ezinesibambo sensimbi, isibambo senjoloba, njll. zingatholakala, kodwa ngamanani aphezulu impela.
Uma kukhulunywa ngesando, ake sijwayelane nomsiki oyisicaba osika ngosizo lwesando. Ubukhulu balaba basiki busukela ku125h15ku400h36mm. Inombolo yokuqala ikhombisa ubude kanti eyesibili ikhombisa ububanzi beblade yokusika. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu i-cutter200x15.
SLIKA 4
I-Mengele nayo iyithuluzi elisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ububanzi bemihlathi yama-mangal amancane buyi:40,50,60 m, kanye nama-hangels ahambisanayo75-200 mm. Ekugcineni, kuningi kakhulu ukuthi kuphinde kukhiqizwe izenzo ezimbi ezihambisanayo ezijikelezayo, ngakho-ke uma usesimweni, kungaba kuhle ukuthola eyodwa enemihlathi. 100 mm(isithombe4). Kungcono ukukhweza i-vise ngakwesokudla ngaphambili kwebhentshi lokusebenzela, kanye ne-anvil ngakwesobunxele (Fig.5).
SLIKA 5
Okwesicelo sesimanjemanje, amazinga avumelekile, imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe yamathuluzi nabakhiqizi bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuhlola ubungozi kubalulekile. Izimpawu zomlando, ubukhulu nezincomo ezivela kulo mbhalo akuzona izicaciso zamanje noma imiyalelo yokuphepha.