Inothi elibalulekile lochwepheshe nokuphepha: Lokhu ukubuyekezwa kochwepheshe bengobo yomlando, hhayi umklamo, ukubala okumile, ukuhlolwa kwebhuloho elikhona, noma imiyalelo yokwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa noma ukuvuselelwa. Izigaba zokuqala, ububanzi, izilinganiso, izingcindezi, izinto zokwakha, imininingwane ehlanganyelwe kanye nezixazululo zesakhiwo kudluliselwe ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kochwepheshe futhi akumele kusetshenziswe njengokucaciswa kwesimanjemanje. Ukuklama nokusebenza kumabhuloho kudinga abaklami abagunyaziwe kanye nosonkontileka, imithethonqubo nezindinganiso zamanje, idatha ye-geotechnical kanye ne-hydrological, ukubalwa kwemiphumela ehlala njalo neguquguqukayo, ukukhathala, umoya, izinga lokushisa, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuzinza, izisekelo, izimo zomhlangano kanye nokuqina, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinto zokwakha, ukugqwala, amalunga kanye nesimo sangempela sesakhiwo. Ukufinyelela esakhiweni, ukusebenza ngobude, ithrafikhi, ukuphakamisa, ukushisela, ukusika nokuhlanganisa kuthwala izingozi ezibulalayo futhi kudinga uhlelo olukhethekile lokuvikela.
Ukudizayina, ukwakhiwa nokuvuselelwa kwamabhuloho ensimbi akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela e-timber-aluminium, amawindi angokwezifiso kanye neminyango. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhwothi.
Amabhuloho ama-Arch
Kunamabhuloho ekhothamo langempela anamakhothamo aqinile, angathola zonke izinhlobo zemithelela, namabhuloho ama-arch akhiwe ngezinduku, lapho isistimu eqinile itholwa ngokuba khona kwe-beam eqinisayo. I-arch eqinile (i-Langer beam) ibalwa ngaphansi kokucatshangwa kokuxhumana okunama-hinged, ngakho-ke i-arch ilayishwa kuphela ngamandla avamile. Izikhathi zokugoba zithathwa yi-beam eqinisayo, ephinda yenza indima yokungezwani uma i-arch itholakala ngaphezu kwe-beam.
I-Arches ne-Langer imishayo inomnotho kakhulu kunamabhuloho e-girder ama-spans amakhulu, ngoba umthwalo ogcwele osakazwa ngokulinganayo utholwa kuphela ngomugqa osekelayo we-arch. Ngaphandle kwamandla engeziwe, izikhathi zibangelwa ukulayisha ingxenye kuphela, ngakho-ke zincane kakhulu kuma-arches kunasemishayo.
Fig.1- Lattice Ports
Fig.2- Izimbobo zamathini
a) Ukwakhiwa kwe-Arch. Amachweba acishiwe awavamile ukwakhiwa ngenxa yobunzima bokubambelela ekusekeleni. Okuvame kakhulu amachweba emajoyini amabili. Amachweba anamahinge amathathu anenzuzo yokuthi ukunyakaza kwezisekelo kanye nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa akubangeli amandla kuzo. Asebenza ikakhulukazi esilinganisweni esiphansi f/l kanye nasendabeni yenhlabathi engathembeki. Amachweba aqinile enziwa njengamagridi (isib.1) noma njengezisekelo zethini (isib.2). Isakhiwo esinama-arched sitholakala ngenhla nangaphansi komgwaqo, umgwaqo oshonile ugwenywa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle. Izikhumulo ezingaphezulu komgwaqo zithola izinsimbi ukuze zikwazi ukuthola ichweba. Uma i-arch ixhunywe ngokuqinile emishayweni yezintuba eziseduze (isib.1c kanye no-e), amanani amile angathonywa phakathi kwemikhawulo ebanzi.
b) Imishayo yeLanger inamakhothamo aqinile, njengoba ubude bokugoba bulingana nebanga eliphakathi kwamanodi oxhumano olungaphezulu. Izixazululo ezine-arch ngaphansi kwendlela egandayiwe (fig. 3d) azivamile ukusetshenziswa kumabhuloho. I-boam ye-stiffeners ingaba insimbi yeshidi noma i-lattice. Ngazo zombili izixazululo, leyo nsimbi ingaqhutshekiselwa phambili ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, ukuze kudalwe amasistimu aqhubekayo noma ama-Gerber (fig. 3b). Emkhiwaneni. 4 ibonisa ingxenye ephambanayo yebhuloho elinebhande eliphakathi nendawo elilodwa. Isakhiwo esisekelayo siqukethe i-arch yama-rod, ama-hangers aqinile kanye nebhokisi elingenalutho elivalekile njengogodo oluqinisayo oluthola izikhathi zokugoba nokugoba.
*Fig.3- Imibala ekhanyayo *
Fig.4- Ingxenye yebhuloho elinebhande elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo
c) Amabhuloho ozimele. Uma kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphakama kwamahhala kwephrofayili phezu kobubanzi bonke bokuvula, amafreyimu asetshenziswa emalungeni amabili noma amathathu anokuphakama okuphansi kokusekela kunemishayo elula ngenxa yomphumela wohlaka (Fig.5).
e) Ukubala. Ama-arches ngokuvamile abalwa ngokucatshangwa ukuthi i-axis yawo ayiguquki. Kodwa-ke, ama-deformations elastic angaba mkhulu. Ezixazululweni zengcindezi emisiwe, amanani amile awashintshi kakhulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka, kuyilapho ukuwohloka kuma-arches aqondile kanye nemishayo yeLanger kungaba nomthelela omkhulu enanini elimile.
Fig.5- Amabhuloho ozimele
Amabhuloho amisiwe
Amabhuloho amiswe ngama-lattice, aqinile ngokwemvelo, awavamile ukwakhiwa. Amabhuloho alengayo esimanje anomugqa oqinisayo, okhawulela futhi olinganise ukugoba okuvela emandleni agxilile. Amabhuloho alengayo anama-span amakhulu ayibhuloho elingaphezu kweSango Legolide eduze kwaseSan Francisco (Fig.6a) ububanzi1280m, kanye neWashington Bridge eduze naseNew York (isib.6b) ububanzi1067m.
Imishayo eqinisayo iyishidi lensimbi noma i-lattice, enobude obungaguquki noma enobude obuncane ngaphezu kwezisekelo eziphakathi nendawo. Isilinganiso somcibisholo ne-span sikhethwa kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso1/9ku1/11. Izingozi ezihlukahlukene zibonise ukuthi ezindaweni eziphakeme, ukuqina kungase kube phansi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesisindo esincane kanye nobubanzi obuncane bebhuloho.
Fig.6- Amabhuloho amisiwe aseMelika: a) Ibhuloho phezu kweSango Legolide eSan Francisco (1937), b) Ibhuloho laseWashington eNew York (1931), c) iFlorianopolis Bridge eBrasilia (1926)
Sprocket
a) Amaketanga acacisiwe ezixhumanisi aneziphetho ezinwetshiwe, alele ngokukhululekile komunye nomunye futhi abhekane ngokuhlangana ngokugqagqana kwezixhumanisi ezivela emasimini aseduze, enziwa ngezindlela ezimbili - ngokuqiniswa okuhlanganisiwe okuvela kuma-lamellas ekugcineni noma ngeziphetho ezinwetshiwe ezitholakala ngokufoja (Fig.7). Iketango lebhuloho phezu kwe-Rhine lakhiwe ngensimbi ye-nickel enamandla5,5ku6,5t/cm2. Emabhuloho amancane aseMelika alengayo, iketango lenziwa ngensimbi evamile, futhi kwezinye izimo nge-alloy noma insimbi eqinile.
Fig.7- I-Florianopolis Bridge Chain
b) Izintambo zezintambo ezivunguzayo. Izintambo ezivaliwe zenziwe ngocingo olukhanyayo. Izendlalelo zangaphakathi zocingo zivikelwe ngembongolo ye-lead minium, kuyilapho izindawo ezingaphandle zezintambo ezingazodwana zimbozwe ngesendlalelo esivikelayo.
Izintambo eziyindilinga eziyindilinga kumabhuloho aseMelika iningi labo lihlanganisa izintambo ezifakwe emanzini ashisayo futhi ezisongwe kancane ngendlela efanayo.
Izintambo zebhuloho ezidonsayo ezibandayo zinamandla okuphuka ukusuka ku-12 ukuya ku-20 t/cm2. Amandla okukhathala angancishiswa kakhulu uma indawo engaphandle yezintambo ezidonswayo isesimweni esibi.
Ubude bentambo evunguzayo kuncike ezintweni zezintambo kanye nendlela yokwenza intambo. Ukunwetshwa okunwebekayo endaweni yokucindezelwa okujwayelekile okuvunyelwe kufinyelela ku-0,003 ukuya ku-0,004. Njengoba izintambo zihlala unomphela, zelulwe ngokwepulasitiki ngo-0,001 ngesikhathi somthwalo wokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa izintambo zilayishwa ngaphambili ngamandla amakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zelulwe. Inzuzo yalokhu kunwebeka ilinganiselwe, njengoba ingxenye enkulu “yokwelula okungapheli” iyalahleka ngemva kokuxegiswa kwentambo phakathi nokufaka okunye.
Amayunithi omlando, amagama ensimbi, okokuvikelayo, amandla, ukunwetshwa nezindlela zokwenza noma ukuthela amakhanda ekhebula akukona ukucaciswa kwesimanjemanje. Isimo samaketango akhona, izintambo, amahange, amakhanda ekhebula kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela kunqunywa ngokubhalwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa; akunakulinganiswa kulo mbhalo ojwayelekile.
I-Anchoring
Amaketanga enziwe ngama-athikili afakwe ihange kusetshenziswa amapulaki ezisekelo ezikhonkrithiwe ezisekelweni zokubambelela.
Izintambo ezivunguzayo zinamakhanda ahambisanayo ekugcineni (isib.8). lapho izintambo zingahlanganiswa ngesimo somshanelo, futhi ngemva kokuhlanza zigcwele insimbi emhlophe. Amakhanda acijile angochwepheshe anamandla afana nentambo.
Fig.8- Amakhanda ekhebula: a) ikhanda elilula, b) Ikhanda laseMelika, c) Ikhanda lebhuloho laseRhine
Izibopho zokumiswa kanye nekhebula
Iziphanyeko zenziwe ngensimbi eyindilinga, ikakhulukazi ngamapayipi noma izintambo zocingo (isib.9futhi11). Endabeni yezintambo ezivaliwe, izintambo zekhebula zimbozwe ngezibopho zekhebula (fig.10). Endabeni yezibopho zekhebula ezihlukene, ukumiswa kuklanywe ngendlela yokuthi izintambo zomuntu ngamunye zingashintshwa zibe ezintsha uma kunesidingo. Iziphanyeko ezenziwe ngezintambo ziboshwe ngamakhanda ekhebula, kanti umehluko omncane ngobude ulingana namashimu.
Fig.9- Ukumiswa, ibhuloho elidala phezu kweRhine
Fig.10- Izintambo zekhebula zebhuloho phezu kwe-Rhine: a) ibhuloho elisha, b) ibhuloho elidala
Fig.11- Uthayi wekhebula nezintambo zokuphanyeka
Imibhoshongo (imibhoshongo)
Imibhoshongo yamabhuloho amisiwe inamathekisthi ngezansi, noma ingaboshelwa, okuyinto eyenzeka kakhulu eMelika. Iketango linamathele ngokuqinile emibhoshongweni. Ukwesekwa okunyakazayo kuyadingeka kuphela lapho imibhoshongo ingenakuphathiswa amandla avundlile, angenzeka ngezisekelo ezinganyakazi.
Kumabhuloho amakhulu alengayo, imibhoshongo engaphansi enemiphetho iyakhethwa. Uma kunjalo, imibhoshongo ingafakwa kuqala, bese kuba ama-chainrings nama-hangers, futhi ekugcineni imishayo yokuqina. Kumabhuloho azimilele, kudingeka isikafula esibanzi njengoba isistimu emile iqala ukusebenza kuphela lapho i-beam eqinisayo ivaliwe.
Izisekelo zomgwaqo kanye nebhodi lomgwaqo
Mayelana nokuhamba kwezimoto nokugcinwa kahle, kufanele sizame ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela egandayiwe ebhulohweni ayihlukani, uma kungenzeka, endaweni egandaywe ezindaweni ezixhumanisa umgwaqo noma wesitimela. Njengoba i-pavement ngokwayo ingenabo ukuqina okwanele kwayo, kufanele incike ohlelweni olungaphezulu endaweni eqondile, kanye nesistimu ehlinzeka ngokusekela okuhlangene okuvundlile. Okubizwa ngokuthi ibhodi lomculo lincike ku-track girders, ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa amabhande angama-longitudinal naphambanayo.
Ukusekela okuphambene
Ama-cross girders adlulisela imithwalo ehambayo kumagida amakhulu. Futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlangana. Amabhuloho aguquguqukayo alala ngqo kumabhuloho ayinhloko futhi uma kwenzeka amabhuloho athambekele, ngakho-ke ubude bawo bulingana nokuhlukana kwamabhande amakhulu. Izisekelo eziguquguqukayo ngokuvamile ziyinsimbi yeshidi, ubude obufushane kanye nezisekelo ezigoqiwe ezijwayelekile. Kuyasiza ukuthi ukuphakama kwabo amanani1/6ku1/8I-span, nakuba esimweni samabhuloho amakhulu kanye nebanga elincane phakathi kwamagida aguquguqukayo (ikakhulukazi uma kwenzeka ibhodi elihamba ngezinyawo), lokhu kuphakama kungalingana.1/20ububanzi.
Njengomthetho, izisekelo eziguquguqukayo zibhekwa njengemishayo elula, exhunywe ngokuqinile ezisekelweni eziyinhloko, ukuze engxenyeni yebhuloho, amafreyimu avulekile noma avaliwe adalwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, izikhathi zokucindezela zenzeka, okufanele zicatshangelwe ikakhulukazi ngokuxhuma.
Fig.12- Ukuxhumana kwe-Crossbar
Esimweni lapho umgwaqo uphansi, ukuxhumana kwenziwa ngama-engeli alula wokuxhuma, noma amapuleti omgwaqo, afakwe esiphambanweni (isib.12), noma ekumeni kwesigaba se-I, nasendaweni yezimbambo zabo (isib.13). Isixazululo kufig.14iqinile ikakhulukazi, njengoba lapho ishidi le-cantilever lishumekwe kokubili ekusekeleni okuphambeneyo nakuma mpo, ukuze umzuzu osekhoneni wamukelwe ama-shear bolts. Ngezinye izixazululo, ngeke kugwenywe ukuthi izikulufu zidabuke kancane nokuthi ama-engeli okuxhumana agobile. Izixhumanisi ngokusho komkhiwane.12futhi13zikhubazekile kakhulu ngaphansi kwethonya lesikhashana kunalezo ngokusho komkhiwane.14. Izixazululo ezifanayo ziyavela kwezinye izindawo zokugandaywa kwezinyawo. Ukubekwa kwezisekelo eziphambanayo ezisekelweni eziyinhloko kungenzeka kuphela ngobude obanele besakhiwo. Khona-ke izisekelo eziyinhloko zeshidi lensimbi kufanele ziqiniswe ezindaweni lapho umthwalo usetshenziswa khona.
*Fig.13futhi14- Izinhlobonhlobo zokuxhuma kwe-crossbar *
Izisekelo ze-longitudinal
Izisekelo ze-longitudinal zingaba ngaphansi komgwaqo nangaphansi kweziphambano zabahamba ngezinyawo. Ibhande langaphandle, elivame ukuxhunywa ku-railing yebhuloho, libizwa ngokuthi i-edge longitudinal girder. Izisekelo ze-longitudinal zenziwe ngezisekelo ezigoqiwe nezinsimbi zeshidi. Ububanzi bawo buyafika12 m. Njengoba imishayo ye-longitudinal ivezwe ethonyeni eliqondile kakhulu lomthwalo onyakazayo, ukuqina kwawo ngokumelene nokugoba kubaluleke kakhulu. Endabeni yamabhuloho wesitimela, ukuphakama kwegirder kuhloswe1/8ku1/10ububanzi. Izisekelo ze-longitudinal ezenziwe ngensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu ngokuvamile azifaneleki ngenxa yokugoba okuphezulu. Emabhuloho amaningi amadala, ukuxhunyaniswa kwamabhande e-longitudinal kwenziwa ngokusho komkhiwane.15. I-engeli eyodwa yokuxhuma iphakathi kwemilenze yokwesekwa okugoqiwe, kanti enye incike kukho konke ukuphakama kokusekelwa kwesiphambano. Ngalezi zinhlobo zokuxhuma, ukucindezeleka kwesibili okuphawulekayo kwenzeka, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukuphumula kokukhathala kwenzeke nabo, kanye nokuqhekeka endaweni lapho umlenze unqunywa khona. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuxhumana okunjalo akuvunyelwe kumabhuloho wesitimela. Uma ukusika umlenze akunakugwenywa, lezi zicucu kufanele zenziwe ngokuzungeza okukhulu, ukuze kugwenywe ingozi yokuqhekeka.
*Fig.15- Ukuxhumana kokusekelwa kwe-Longitudinal *
Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi
Ukunakwa okukhulu kufanele kukhokhwe ku-drainage yamabhuloho. Ukugeleza kwamanzi okusheshayo nokuphelele kuyisidingo esibaluleke kakhulu sempilo ende yomgwaqo, kanye nebhuloho ngokwalo. Ngaphezu kokugqwala nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokulungisa, izindawo zokugcina amanzi nazo ziyingozi ngenxa yokulimala kwesithwathwa. Uma izinga lebhuloho likuvumela, amabhuloho omgwaqo kufanele abe nokwehla okuthile kobude (hhayi ngaphansi1%), obekuzoqinisekisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kusinki ngokwawo. Amanzi angcoliswe uwoyela nothuli akhishwa ngemibhobho. Lawa ma-gutters kufanele abe ne-longitudinal fall eyanele futhi kufanele afinyeleleke, ukuze akwazi ukuhlanzwa njalo.
Fig.16- Ukukhipha amanzi kanye nezingqimba zokuvikela zomgwaqo
Imigwaqo ye-asphalt ayinamanzi ngokuphelele. Ukufakwa okukhethekile ngaphansi kwetiyela kungakhishwa uma itiyela ilele ku-slab sikakhonkolo esinyakazisiwe, futhi lelo slab ngokwalo alingeneki. Uma i-pavement ingangeneli ngokwanele, ukuze ingxenye yamanzi esiphepho ibhodloze, kufanele kuhlinzekwe ukwahlukanisa. Ngamabhuloho ensimbi, ama-coatings e-asphalt bitumen noma i-terra njll., insulating layers yenqwaba ye-bituminous insulating enokufakwa okuqinile kwephepha elinoboya obuzwakalayo noma ukwelukwa kwe-jute, kanye nezingqimba zokuvikela zensimbi zethusi noma i-aluminium. Izendlalelo ze-insulation kumele zivikeleke ekulimaleni kwemishini ngezingqimba zokuzivikela.
Izincazelo zezimpophoma, imisele yamanzi, itiyela, izicwecwe zikakhonkolo, inqwaba yebituminous, imizwa, ijute nefoil yensimbi kungumlando. I-drainage yesimanje, ukuvimbela amanzi, ukuvikelwa kwensimbi, imininingwane yokungena kanye nokugcinwa kuklanyelwe njengendlela ehlelekile ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo yamanje, izimo zezulu, ukuhamba kwezimoto kanye nokwakhiwa kwangempela.
Fig.17- Imininingwane yokukhipha amanzi onqenqemeni lwebhuloho
Izihlanganisi
Amashidi ensimbi ensimbi anokuqina okuncane ekuqondeni kwe-perpendicular endizeni yamagida, amagridi anamajoyini okucatshangwayo kuma-node akwazi ukugudluzeka amaningi ngasendleleni ephambanayo. Ngakho-ke, izisekelo zomoya kanye namafreyimu anqamulayo ayadingeka ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezizinzile endaweni kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele bathole imithwalo esebenza ngokuphambene endizeni yezisekelo eziyinhloko, futhi ekugcineni baqinisekise ukwakhiwa ngokumelene ne-buckling nokugumbuqelwa.
Izihlahla zezihlahla ngokumelene nomoya
Lokhu kuhlanganisa kulinganiselwe ukuze zithole amandla avela emoyeni nakweminye imithwalo evundlile. Aqukethe amagridi noma izisekelo zefreyimu, eziqondile noma ezigobile ngokuya ngamabhande. Amabhande okuhlanganisa ngokumelene nomoya ngokuvamile nawo amabhande ezisekelo eziyinhloko. Ngokuvamile izisekelo eziphambanayo zibuye zibe mpo zokuhlangana ngokumelene nomoya.
Umthwalo womoya omncane uthathwa ebhulohweni elilayishiwe kunebhuloho elingalayishiwe. Uma i-cross-section ivumela, amabhuloho e-truss okungcono abe nezinsimbi ezimbili zomoya phakathi kwamabhande amabhande amakhulu. Bona imidwebo yesistimu kufig.18lapho ama-couplings akhuphukayo kanye nama-cross couplings amakwe ngemigqa edayishiwe.
Inombolo kanye nohlobo lokuhlangana okuphambene kufanele kube ngokwanele ukudala isistimu eqinile yendawo. Kuvamile ukuthi amagridi aqinisekise ukuzinza endabeni yamalunga ebhola futhi. Amachweba kanye nemishayo yeGerber, ngaphandle kwamabhuloho amancane, aqiniswe ngokuhlanganiswa okukhethekile ngokumelene nomoya kanye nokuphikisana. Ezingxenyeni zezisekelo eziyinhloko, ukuhlanganisa kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela yokuthi akuthinti isenzo samalungu, umkhiwane.18e.
Fig.18- Ukuhlelwa kokuhlangana ngokumelene nomoya
Amabhodi omgwaqo abanzi enziwe ngeshidi lensimbi noma ukhonkolo oqinisiwe aqinile kakhulu ezindizeni zawo. Uma i-spans ingenkulu kakhulu, ukuhlanganisa okukhethekile ngokumelene nomoya kungashiywa, ngoba indima efanelekile ingathathwa ibhodi lokuhamba ngezinyawo. Kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokudonsa amandla aguquguqukayo.
Uma ukhetha ukugcwaliswa, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngokuvamile amabutho ezintambo amancane futhi ubude bokugoba bezinduku bukhulu. Ngakho-ke ama-lattice anobude benduku emifushane (isb. i-K-system noma i-rhombic system) ayakhethwa. Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuhlangana okulwa nomoya kulengiswa ezisekelweni zomgwaqo ukuze kuncishiswe ubude bokugoba. Ukuze kuhlanganiswe ngaphezu kwendlela ehamba ngezinyawo, isistimu ye-rhombic ngaphandle kokuma ivame ukusetshenziswa.
Ukuma kokuhlangana komoya kunqunywa ikakhulukazi izimo zesakhiwo (isib.19). Uma kungenzeka, uxhumano lwe-eccentric luyagwenywa nalapha. ikakhulukazi ngamandla amakhulu, futhi ukuhlangana ngokumelene nomoya kusethwe ngendlela yokuthi imishayo yezinduku inqamule ezindizeni zezisekelo eziyinhloko (fig.20).
*Fig.19- Indawo yokuphakama ye-clutch ephikisana nomoya *
Fig.20– Windward Coupling Knot
Ozimele
Amabhuloho anendlela yekalishi ngenhla angaqiniswa ngamafreyimu amalathisi alula ngokuya ngefig.22. Ama-couplings aguquguqukayo ngendlela yohlaka angaxhunywa kuma-stiffeners ayinhloko emishayo yensimbi yeshidi. Emkhiwaneni.21imigqa eminingi yabekwa phezu kohlaka lwe-tension kumajoyinti amabili, okungukuthi phezu kwe-grill engaphansi kwelungu eliphambanayo, ukuze ifinyeleleke kusukela kuthrekhi yokuhlola ephakathi.
Fig.21- Uhlaka olunqamulayo kanye nesiqondiso sokufaka
Fig.22- I-Lattice cross-frame
Kumabhuloho anomgwaqo ongezansi, ukuma kwamafreyimu aphambene kunqunywa iphrofayela yamahhala yokudlula kwezimoto. Amabhuloho anamafreyimu aguquguqukayo e-lattice aboniswa kufig.23d. Ozimele abaphambanayo abasabalalisa umthwalo (isib.24) ziyadingeka ku-grill ukuze zibandakanye ukubambisana kwazo zonke izisekelo eziyinhloko ngisho nangomthwalo oyingxenye. Uma kuyibhuloho likaloliwe elinethrekhi egobile noma uma amagida amakhulu ejika, lokhu kufanele kubhekwe ngesikhathi kubalwa okumile kokuhlangana.
Fig.23- Izibonelo zokuhlangana okuphambene nezisekelo ezinkulu
Fig.24- Isiphambano kanye ne-cross-beam yokusabalalisa umthwalo ebhulohweni elingaphezu kwe-Ruhr eduze ne-Herdecke
Ukuhlanganiswa ngokumelene nemithelela eseceleni
Phakathi kwamabhuloho amalongitudinal (isib.23c) kuyadingeka ukuthi kuhlinzekwe ngokuhlanganisa okukhethekile ukuze kutholwe imithelela emibi yemoto. Amagida e-I-longitudinal aqinile ngokulinganayo endaweni ephambene, ngakho-ke kuyafiseleka ukuthi ukuhlangana ngokumelene nemithelela yasemaceleni kukhuphule ukuphepha kwawo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lateral buckling (Fig.25).
Fig. 25 — Ukuhlangana ngokumelene nemithelela emibi
Anti-braking clutch
Amagida ahambayo awakwazi ukwamukela amandla asebenza endaweni yobude bebhuloho futhi enzeka lapho ubhuleka noma uqala ukushayela imoto, futhi kufanele akhululeke ngokufaka ama-anti-braking couplings. Ziyizisekelo eziyisicaba ze-lattice (fig. 26) ezixhuma izisekelo zelongitudinal ngokuhlangana nomoya (fig. 27). Ngokuvamile kunomehluko wokuphakama phakathi kwesithwali kanye nesixhumi. Futhi ezimweni lapho ubude bezisekelo bungaxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile ne-anti-wind coupling, i-coupling ekhethekile ye-anti-braking iyadingeka, ngoba izinduku ezigcwalisa ukuhlangana kwe-anti-wind azikwazi ukuthola umthwalo obalulekile wokugoba. Kwezinye izimo, ingahlanganiswa ibe ukuhlangana komgwaqo owodwa ophikisana nomoya, ukuhlanganisa umthelela omelene nohlangothi kanye nokuhlanganisa okunqanda ukubhuleka.
Fig.26- I-anti-braking clutch system
Fig.27- I-Anti-braking clutch