Chidziwitso chofunikira chaukatswiri ndi chitetezo: Uwu ndi kuunikanso kwakatswiri wazosungira zakale, osati mamangidwe, mawerengedwe osasunthika, kuwunika kwa mlatho womwe ulipo, kapena malangizo omanga, kuunika kapena kukonzanso. Magawo oyambilira, ma spans, ma ratios, kupsinjika, zida, mfundo zolumikizirana ndi njira zamapangidwe zasamutsidwa popanda kutsimikizira akatswiri ndipo siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe amakono. Kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito pa milatho kumafuna okonza ovomerezeka ndi makontrakitala, malamulo ndi miyezo yamakono, deta ya geotechnical ndi hydrological, kuwerengera zotsatira zokhazikika komanso zosinthika, kutopa, mphepo, kutentha, zivomezi, kukhazikika, maziko, mikhalidwe ya msonkhano ndi kulimba, komanso kuyesa zipangizo, dzimbiri, ziwalo ndi momwe zimakhalira. Kufikira pamapangidwe, kugwira ntchito pamtunda, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kukweza, kuwotcherera, kudula ndi kuyanjanitsa kumakhala ndi zoopsa zakupha ndipo zimafunikira dongosolo lachitetezo lapadera.

Kupanga, kumanga ndi kukonzanso milatho yachitsulo si gawo la zopereka zatsopano za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndi mazenera a matabwa, mazenera a matabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo ndi zitseko. Pazenera kapena pakhomo, mutha kutumiza pempho la mtengo.

Milatho ya Arch

Pali milatho yeniyeni yokhala ndi zipilala zolimba, zomwe zimatha kulandira mitundu yonse ya zovuta, ndi milatho yopangidwa ndi ndodo, pomwe dongosolo lolimba limapezedwa ndi kukhalapo kwa mtengo woumitsa. Chipilala chowumitsidwa (Langer mtengo) chimawerengedwa poganizira zolumikizira zokhotakhota, kotero kuti chipilalacho chimangodzazidwa ndi mphamvu zamba. Nthawi zopindika zimatengedwa ndi mtengo wowumitsa, womwe umagwiranso ntchito ngati chipilalacho chili pamwamba pa mtengowo.

Mitengo ya Arches ndi Langer imakhala yotsika mtengo kuposa milatho yotchinga pazitali zazikulu, chifukwa katundu wathunthu wogawidwa mofanana amalandiridwa ndi mzere wothandizira wa chipilalacho. Kupatula mphamvu zowonjezera, mphindi zimayambitsidwa ndi kutsitsa pang’ono chabe, kotero ndizochepa kwambiri m’mabwalo kusiyana ndi matabwa.

Zithunzi zisanu za mbiri yakale za milatho ya truss arch yotalikirana ndi malo amisewu

Chith. 1 - Madoko a Lattice

Zithunzi zitatu zamakedzana zamamilatho a malata okhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana amisewu

*Chith.2- Madoko *

a) Zomangamanga. Madoko otchingidwa samamangidwa kawirikawiri chifukwa cha zovuta zomangirira. Ambiri ndi madoko pa mfundo ziwiri. Madoko okhala ndi mahinji atatu ali ndi mwayi woti kusuntha kwa zothandizira ndi kusintha kwa kutentha sikumayambitsa mphamvu mwa iwo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa chiyerekezo chochepa f/l ndi nthaka yosadalirika. Madoko olimba amapangidwa ngati ma gridi (mkuyu.1) kapena monga zochirikizira malata (mkuyu.2). Mapangidwe a arched ali pamwamba ndi pansi pa msewu, msewu wosunthika umapewa chifukwa chokongola. Madoko omwe ali pamwamba pa msewu amalandira zingwe kuti alandire mayendedwe a doko. Ngati chiwombankhangacho chikugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi mizati ya mipata yoyandikana nayo (mkuyu.1c ndi e), kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kumatha kukhudzidwa mkati mwa malire.

b) Miyendo ya malanger imakhala ndi zitunda zolimba, popeza kutalika kopindika ndi kofanana ndi mtunda wapakati pa mfundo zolumikizira kumtunda. Mayankho okhala ndi arch pansi pa msewu (mkuyu 3d) sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m’milatho. Mtengo wa stiffeners ukhoza kukhala chitsulo chachitsulo kapena lattice. Ndi mayankho onse awiri, mtengowo ukhoza kupitilizidwa mosalekeza kumadera oyandikana nawo, kotero kuti machitidwe opitilira kapena Gerber amapangidwa (mkuyu 3b). Mu mkuyu. 4 ikuwonetsa gawo la mlatho wokhala ndi chotchingira chimodzi chapakati. Chomangiracho chimakhala ndi ndodo, zopachika zolimba ndi bokosi lotsekeka lotsekeka ngati mtengo woumitsa womwe umalandira kuzunzika ndi kupindika.

Zithunzi zisanu zamakedzana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Langer ndi mayankho

*Chith.3- Miyendo yayitali *

Historical Cross-Section of Single Girder Box Section Bridge

*Chith.4- Gawo lodutsa mlatho wokhala ndi chotchingira chimodzi chapakati *

c) Mafelemu milatho. Pamene kuli kofunikira kuonetsetsa kutalika kwaufulu kwa mbiriyo pamtunda wonse wa kutsegula, mafelemu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu awiri kapena atatu omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa chithandizo chochepa kusiyana ndi matabwa ophweka chifukwa cha zotsatira za chimango (Mkuyu.5).

e) Kuwerengera. Arches nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa poganiza kuti olamulira awo sasintha. Komabe, ma deformations elastic akhoza kukhala ochuluka. M’mayankho oyimitsidwa, kuchuluka kwachulukidwe sikumasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kupindika, pomwe kupindika m’mizere yowongoka ndi matabwa a Langer kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma static.

Gawo la mbiriyakale ndi masanjidwe a mlatho wa chimango wokhala ndi cholembera chojambulidwa

*Chith.5- Milatho yamafelemu *

Milatho yoyimitsidwa

Milatho yoyimitsidwa ya lattice, yomwe mwachibadwa imakhala yolimba, simamangidwa kawirikawiri. Milatho yamakono yoyimitsidwa imakhala ndi mtengo woumitsa, womwe umalepheretsa ndikufanana ndi kupindika kuchokera ku mphamvu zokhazikika. Milatho yoyimitsidwa yokhala ndi zipata zazikulu ndi mlatho wodutsa pa Chipata cha Golden pafupi ndi San Francisco (Chith.6a) gulu1280m, ndi Washington Bridge pafupi ndi New York (mkuyu.6b) mtundu1067m.

Miyendo yowumitsa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo kapena lattice, kutalika kosalekeza kapena ndi kuwonjezereka pang’ono kwa msinkhu pamwamba pa zothandizira zapakati. Chiŵerengero cha muvi ndi danga chimasankhidwa makamaka mu chiŵerengero1/9ku1/11. Ngozi zosiyanasiyana zasonyeza kuti pamtunda wotsika, kuuma kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, makamaka ndi kulemera kwake komweko komanso m’lifupi mwake mlatho.

Zojambula Zitatu Zam’mbuyomu za American Suspension Bridges of Various Spans

Chith.6- Milatho yoyimitsidwa yaku America: a) Mlatho pamwamba pa Chipata Chagolide ku San Francisco (1937), b) Washington Bridge ku New York (1931), c) Florianopolis Bridge ku Brasilia (1926)

Sprocket

a) Maunyolo omveka a maulalo okhala ndi malekezero okulirapo, omwe amafanana momasuka kwa wina ndi mnzake ndikuyang’anizana wina ndi mnzake pamalumikizidwe omwe amalumikizana ndi maulalo oyandikana nawo, amapangidwa m’njira ziwiri - ndi ma reinforcements opangidwa ndi lamellas kumapeto kapena ndi malekezero okulitsidwa omwe amapezeka popanga (mkuyu.7). Unyolo wa mlatho wodutsa pa Rhine unamangidwa ndi chitsulo cha nickel champhamvu5,5ku6,5t/cm2. M’milatho yaying’ono yaku America, unyolowo umapangidwa kuchokera kuchitsulo chokhazikika, ndipo nthawi zina ndi aloyi kapena chitsulo cholimba.

Historical Engineering Drawing of Florianopolis Bridge Chain Articulated Link with Elevations and Section

*Chith.7- Florianopolis Bridge Chain *

b) Zingwe zozungulira. Zingwe zotsekedwa zimapangidwa ndi waya wowala. Zigawo zamkati za waya zimatetezedwa ndi zokutira za lead minium, pomwe mbali zakunja za mawaya amodzi zimakutidwa ndi chitetezo.

Zingwe zozungulira zozungulira m’milatho ya ku America nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawaya omwe amakhala ndi malata otentha komanso okulungidwa pang’ono mofanana.

Mawaya a mlatho wozizira amakhala ndi mphamvu yothyoka kuchoka pa 12 mpaka 20 t/cm2. Kutopa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ngati kunja kwa mawaya omwe amakokedwa kuzizira sikuli bwino.

Kutalika kwa chingwe chozungulira kumadalira zinthu za mawaya komanso njira yopangira chingwe. Kukula kosasunthika m’dera la kupsinjika kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kumakhala 0,003 mpaka 0,004. Popeza zingwezo zimakhala zokhazikika, zotambasulidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi 0,001 panthawi ya katundu woyamba, nthawi zina musanagwiritse ntchito zingwe zimanyamulidwa kale ndi mphamvu yaikulu ndipo motero zimatambasulidwa. Phindu la kutambasula kumeneku ndi lochepa, chifukwa gawo lalikulu la “kutambasula kosatha” limatayika pambuyo pomasula chingwe panthawi yowonjezera.

Mayunitsi akale, mayina achitsulo, zokutira zoteteza, mphamvu, zowonjezera ndi njira zopangira kapena kuthira mitu ya chingwe sizinthu zamakono. Mkhalidwe wa maunyolo omwe alipo, zingwe, nangula, mitu ya chingwe ndi zokutira zotetezera zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zolemba, kufufuza ndi kuyesa; sizingadziwike kuchokera ku mawu onsewa.

Anchoring

Maunyolo opangidwa ndi nkhani amamangika pogwiritsa ntchito mapulagi muzothandizira zomwe zimayikidwa pamaziko okhazikika.

Zingwe zozungulira zimakhala ndi mitu yofananira kumapeto (mkuyu.8). momwe mawaya amasanjidwa ngati tsache, ndipo atatha kuyeretsa amadzazidwa ndi zitsulo zoyera. Mitu yoponyedwa mwaukadaulo imakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi chingwe.

Zojambula zakale zamitundu itatu ya mitu ya chingwe ndi zigawo zake

*Chith.8- Mitu yama chingwe: a) mutu wosavuta, b) mutu waku America, c) mutu wa mlatho wa Rhine *

Kuyimitsidwa ndi zomangira chingwe

Zopachika zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zozungulira, makamaka za mapaipi kapena zingwe za waya (mkuyu.9ndi11). Pankhani ya zingwe zotsekedwa, zingwe za chingwezo zimakutidwa ndi zomangira zingwe (mkuyu.10). Pankhani ya mitolo yosiyana ya chingwe, zoyimitsidwa zimapangidwira m’njira yoti zingwe zapayekha zitha kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano ngati kuli kofunikira. Zopachika zingwe zimamangidwa ndi mitu ya chingwe, ndipo kusiyana kwakung’ono kwautali kumafanana ndi shims.

Zojambula zakale zaukadaulo za kuyimitsidwa kwa mlatho wakale pa Rhine

*Chith.9- Kuyimitsidwa, mlatho wakale pamwamba pa Rhine *

Chizoloŵezi cha mbiri yakale cha ma chingwe a mlatho watsopano ndi wakale wa pa Rhine

*Chith.10- Zingwe za mlatho wodutsa pa Rhine: a) mlatho watsopano, b) mlatho wakale *

Chizoloŵezi cha mbiri yakale cha tayi ya chingwe chomwe chimakhala ndi mtolo wa zingwe ndi zomangira ziwiri

*Chith.11- Taye ndi zingwe za hanger *

Towers (mipilo)

Zinsanja za milatho yoyimitsidwa zimapachikidwa pansi, kapena zimatha kutsekedwa, zomwe zimakhala choncho ku America. Unyolo umangirizidwa mwamphamvu ku nsanja. Thandizo losunthika limafunikira pokhapokha ngati nsanja sizingapatsidwe mphamvu zopingasa, zomwe zingachitike ndi zothandizira zosasuntha.

Kwa milatho yayikulu yoyimitsidwa, nsanja zocheperako zocheperako ndizokonda. Zikatero, nsanjazo zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa poyamba, kenako maunyolo ndi zopachika, ndipo pamapeto pake matabwa owumitsa. M’milatho yoyimitsidwa yokha, scaffolding yaikulu imafunika chifukwa static system imayamba kugwira ntchito pamene mtengo wowumitsa watsekedwa.

Zothandizira misewu ndi board board

Pankhani ya magalimoto ndi kukonza zinthu, tiyenera kuyesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe a mlathowo sasiyane, ngati n’kotheka, ndi khwalala lomwe lili pa mbali zolumikiza msewu kapena njanji. Popeza kuti njira yokhayokhayo ilibe kuuma kwake kokwanira, iyenera kudalira dongosolo lapamwamba pamtunda wowongoka, komanso dongosolo lomwe limapereka chithandizo chopingasa. Zomwe zimatchedwa track board zimakhala pa track girders, zomwe makamaka zimakhala zotalika komanso zodutsa.

Zothandizira Transverse

Ma cross girders amasamutsa katundu wosuntha kupita kumagulu akuluakulu. Iwonso ndi gawo lofunikira la kugwirizana. Transverse girders kugona mwachindunji girders waukulu ndi nkhani ya milatho wokhotakhota, kotero danga lawo ndi wofanana ndi katayanitsidwe wa girders waukulu. Zothandizira zopingasa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachitsulo, zazitali zazifupi komanso zopindika wamba. Ndizothandiza kuti kutalika kwawo kumachuluka1/6ku1/8kutalika, ngakhale pamilatho ikuluikulu komanso mtunda waung’ono pakati pa zotchingira zopingasa (makamaka ngati pabwalo loyenda), kutalika uku kumatha kukhala kofanana.1/20osiyanasiyana.

Monga lamulo, zothandizira zodutsa zimatengedwa ngati mizati yosavuta, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa mwamphamvu ndi zothandizira zazikulu, kotero kuti pamphepete mwa mlatho, mafelemu otseguka kapena otsekedwa amapangidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, nthawi yothina imachitika, yomwe iyenera kuganiziridwa makamaka ndi kulumikizana.

Zambiri za membala wopindika ndi woyimirira

*Chith.12- Kulumikizana ndi Crossbar *

Ngati njirayo ili pansi, kulumikizako kumapangidwa ndi ngodya zosavuta zolumikizira, kapena mbale zamsewu, zomwe zimayikidwa pamtanda (mkuyu.12), kapena m’magawo a I-gawo, ndi m’malo mwa nthiti zawo (mkuyu.13). Yankho mu mkuyu.14imakhala yolimba kwambiri, popeza kuti pepala la cantilever limayikidwa ponseponse mu chithandizo chopingasa komanso chowongoka, kotero kuti mphindi yomwe ili pakona imalandiridwa ndi mabawuti ometa ubweya. Ndi njira zina, sizingapewedwe kuti zomangira zimang’ambika pang’ono komanso kuti ma angles olumikizira amapindika. Zolumikizana molingana ndi mkuyu.12ndi13ali opunduka kwambiri chifukwa cha nthawiyo kuposa omwe malinga ndi mkuyu.14. Mayankho ofananirako amabukanso malo ena apampanda. Kuyika zothandizira zopingasa pazithandizo zazikulu ndizotheka kokha ndi kutalika kokwanira kwamapangidwe. Kenako zomangira zachitsulo zachitsulo ziyenera kuumitsidwa pamalo omwe katunduyo amayikidwa.

Tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yakale wazothandizira zopindika, zoyimirira ndi ma sheet a cantilever

Chith. 13 ndi 14 - Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizira mipiringidzo

Thandizo longitudinal

Zothandizira zazitali zimatha kukhala pansi panjira komanso pansi pamadutsa oyenda pansi. Mzere wakunja, womwe nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi njanji ya mlatho, umatchedwa m’mphepete mwa longitudinal girder. Zothandizira zazitali zimapangidwa ndi zitsulo zopindidwa ndi mapepala. Kusiyanasiyana kwawo kumafikira 12 m. Popeza kuti zitsulo zautali zimayang’aniridwa ndi chikoka chachindunji cha katundu wosuntha, kulimba kwawo motsutsana ndi kupindika ndikofunikira kwambiri. Pankhani ya milatho ya njanji, kutalika kwapakati kwa 1/8 mpaka 1/10 kumapangidwira. Zothandizira zazitali zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zapamwamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosayenera chifukwa chopindika kwambiri. M’milatho yambiri yakale, kugwirizana kwa ma longitudinal girders kunkachitika molingana ndi mkuyu. 15. Ngodya imodzi yolumikizira ili pakati pa miyendo ya chothandizira chopiringizika, pomwe ina imakhazikika pamtunda wonse wa chithandizo chamtanda. Ndi mitundu iyi yolumikizira, zovuta zazikulu zachiwiri zimachitika, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kupuma kwa kutopa kwachitika nawo, komanso ming’alu pomwe mwendo wadulidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, kugwirizana koteroko sikuloledwa pa milatho ya njanji. Ngati kudula mwendo sikungapewedwe, mabala awa ayenera kupangidwa ndi kuzungulira kwakukulu, kuti apewe ngozi ya ming’alu.

Tsatanetsatane wa mbiri yakale ya kulumikizana kwa mtengo wautali wokhala ndi ngodya ndi zomangira

Chith. 15 - Kulumikizana kothandizira kwautali

Ngalande

Chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa ku ngalande za milatho. Kutulutsa madzi mwachangu komanso kokwanira ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa moyo wautali wamsewu, komanso mlatho wokha. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezereka kwa dzimbiri ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zosamalira, malo osungira madzi ndi owopsa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chisanu. Ngati mulingo wa mlatho umalola, milatho yamisewu iyenera kukhala ndi dontho lakutali (osachepera1%), zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda okha m’sinki. Madzi okhala ndi mafuta ndi fumbi amachotsedwa kudzera mu ngalande. Ngalandezi ziyenera kukhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yotsika ndipo ziyenera kupezeka, kuti athe kutsukidwa nthawi zonse.

Zambiri zamagawo opingasa a mlathowo, kuthira phula, konkire yoteteza ndi kutchinjiriza kwa mlatho

*Chith.16- Ngalande ndi zigawo zoteteza zamsewu *

Mipando ya phula sangalowe m’thupi. Kusungunula kwapadera pansi pa asphalt kungathe kuperekedwa ngati phula ili pa slab ya konkire yomwe yagwedezeka, ndipo slab yokhayo imakhala yosasunthika. Ngati msewuwo sungathe kulowa mkati, kotero kuti mbali ina ya mvula yamkuntho ithyole, kutsekereza kuyenera kuperekedwa. Kwa milatho yachitsulo, zopaka za phula phula kapena terra etc., insulating layers ya bituminous insulating misa yokhala ndi mapepala olimba okhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira kapena jute, komanso zotchingira zigawo zazitsulo zachitsulo zamkuwa kapena aluminiyamu zimaganiziridwa. Zigawo za insulation ziyenera kutetezedwa ku kuwonongeka kwamakina ndi zigawo zoteteza.

Mafotokozedwe a mathithi, ngalande, phula, masilabu a konkire, misala ya phula, zonyezimira, za jute ndi zitsulo ndi mbiri yakale. Ngalande zamakono, kutsekereza madzi, chitetezo chachitsulo, tsatanetsatane wolowera ndi kukonza zimapangidwira ngati dongosolo logwirizana malinga ndi malamulo amakono, nyengo, magalimoto ndi zomangamanga zenizeni.

Chigawo cha mbiri yakale cha m’mphepete mwa mlatho wokhala ndi phula, konkire yolimbidwa, kalavati ndi chitoliro cha kukhetsa

*Chith.17- Tsatanetsatane wa ngalande m’mphepete mwa mlatho *

Zolumikizana

Mapepala zitsulo girders ndi pang’ono rigidity mu malangizo perpendicular ndege ya girders, magidi ndi ankaganiza mfundo mu mfundo ngakhale angapo zosunthika mu njira yopingasa. Chifukwa chake, zingwe zamphepo ndi mafelemu odutsa ndizofunikira kuti apange zokhazikika zokhazikika poyamba. Kuphatikiza apo, amayenera kulandira zonyamula zomwe zimagwira ntchito mozungulira ndege yazithandizo zazikulu, ndipo pamapeto pake ziwonetsetse kuti zimamangidwa motsutsana ndi kugwetsa ndi kugubuduza.

Zomera motsutsana ndi mphepo

Kulumikizana uku kumakulitsidwa kuti alandire mphamvu kuchokera ku mphepo ndi katundu wina wopingasa. Amakhala ndi ma gridi kapena zomangira, zowongoka kapena zopindika molingana ndi malamba. Malamba olumikizirana ndi mphepo nthawi zambiri amakhalanso malamba a zothandizira zazikulu. Nthawi zambiri zolumikizira zopingasa zimakhalanso zowongoka za kulumikizana ndi mphepo.

Kuchuluka kwa mphepo kumaganiziridwa pa mlatho wodzaza kuposa mlatho wotsitsidwa. Ngati mtandawo umalola, milatho ya truss makamaka imakhala ndi zingwe ziwiri zamphepo pakati pa ma girders akuluakulu. Onani zojambula zadongosolo mumkuyu.18momwe zolumikizira zam’mwamba ndi zophatikizira zopatsirana zimalembedwa ndi mizere yodutsa.

Chiwerengero ndi mtundu wa zolumikizira zopingasa ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kupanga dongosolo lokhazikika. Ndizofala kuti ma grids atsimikizire kukhazikika pankhani yamagulu a mpira. Madoko ndi matabwa a Gerber, kupatula milatho ing’onoing’ono, amawumitsidwa ndi maulumikizidwe apadera polimbana ndi mphepo komanso kulimbana ndi kutsekeka. Pamagulu azitsulo zazikuluzikulu, zogwirizanitsa ziyenera kupangidwa m’njira yakuti zisakhudze zochita zamagulu, mkuyu.18e.

Zithunzi zamakina zamakonzedwe osiyanasiyana a kulumikizana kolimbana ndi mphepo pa milatho

*Chith.18- Kukonzekera kolumikizana ndi mphepo *

Mapulaneti akuluakulu opangidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo kapena konkire yolimba ndi olimba kwambiri mu ndege zawo. Ngati zipata sizili zazikulu kwambiri, zolumikizana zapadera zotsutsana ndi mphepo zimatha kuchotsedwa, popeza gawo loyenera limatha kutengedwa ndi bolodi loyenda. Pokhapokha pa msonkhano m’pofunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti atenge mphamvu zodutsa.

Posankha kudzazidwa, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nthawi zambiri mphamvu zomwe zili mu ndodo zimakhala zazing’ono ndipo kutalika kopindika kwa ndodozo ndi kwakukulu. Choncho ma lattice okhala ndi ndodo zazifupi (monga K-system kapena rhombic system) amakondedwa. Nthawi zina, cholumikizira chotsutsana ndi mphepo chimapachikidwa pazithandizo zamsewu kuti muchepetse kutalika kopindika. Pazolumikizana pamwamba pa msewu, njira ya rhombic yopanda zoyimirira imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Kutalika kwa malo olumikizirana ndi mphepo kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi momwe zimakhalira (mkuyu.19). Ngati n’kotheka, kulumikizana kwachinsinsi kumapewedwanso pano. makamaka ndi mphamvu zazikulu, ndipo kugwirizana ndi mphepo kumayikidwa m’njira yoti mitsinje ya ndodo imadutsa mu ndege za zothandizira zazikulu (mkuyu.20).

Zambiri zamakedzana za kulumikizana kopingasa ndi mbiri ya I ndi mbale zolumikizira

*Chith.19- Malo okwera a anti-wind clutch *

Mawonedwe a mbiriyakale ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a zomangira zomangirira ndi kuthandizira koyimirira

Chith.20- Windward Coupling Knot

Mafelemu odutsa

Milatho yokhala ndi njira yonyamulira pamwambayi imatha kuumitsidwa ndi mafelemu a lattice wopepuka malinga ndi mkuyu.22. Zolumikizana zodutsa mu mawonekedwe a chimango zitha kulumikizidwa ndi zowuma zazikulu za matabwa achitsulo. Mu mkuyu.21mizere yambiri inayikidwa pamwamba pa chimango chomangika pazigawo ziwiri, i.e. pamwamba pa grill pansi pa membala wa mtanda, kuti azitha kupezeka kuchokera kumayendedwe oyendera apakati.

Magawo akale a mlatho wokhala ndi boardway board ndikuyika pansi pa cross-girder

*Chith.21- Chodutsa chimango ndi malangizo oyika *

Zambiri za mbiri yakale ya bolted truss cross-frame

Chith.22- Lattice crossframe

Kwa milatho yokhala ndi msewu pansipa, mawonekedwe a mafelemu odutsa amatsimikiziridwa ndi mbiri yaulere yodutsa magalimoto. Milatho yokhala ndi mafelemu opingasa a lattice ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.23d. Mafelemu odutsa omwe amagawa katunduyo (mkuyu.24) amafunikira pa grill kuti agwirizane ndi zothandizira zonse zazikulu ngakhale atanyamula pang’ono. Ngati ndi mlatho wa njanji wokhala ndi njanji yokhotakhota kapena ngati ma girders akuluakulu ali m’mapindikira, izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa panthawi yowerengera zolumikizana.

Zithunzi zinayi zamakina amilatho okhala ndi zomangira zazikulu zosiyanasiyana ndi zomangira zopingasa

Chith.23- Zitsanzo zolumikizirana zopingasa ndi zothandizira zazikulu

Magawo akale a mlatho wodutsa mtsinje wa Ruhr wokhala ndi misewu, zomangira zazikulu ndi zolumikizirana

*Chith.24- Gawo lodutsa ndi mtanda kuti ligawidwe katundu pa mlatho wa Ruhr pafupi ndi Herdecke *

Kulimbana ndi zotsatira zoyipa

Pakati pa milatho yayitali ya milatho ya njanji (mkuyu.23c) m’pofunika kupereka kugwirizana kwapadera kuti alandire zotsatira za galimoto. Ma I-longitudinal girders ndi okhazikika pang’ono podutsa, kotero ndikofunikira kuti kulumikizana motsutsana ndi zotsatira zapambuyo kumawonjezera chitetezo chawo motsutsana ndi lateral buckling (Mkuyu.25).

Mawonedwe a mbiriyakale ndi chigawo chapakati cha mfundo zolumikizirana m’mbali pakati pa zochirikiza zotalika

Chith. 25 - Kulumikizana motsutsana ndi zotsatira zoyipa

Anti-braking clutch

Ma girders Transverse satha kulandira mphamvu zomwe zimayenda motsatira njira yotalikirapo ya mlatho ndipo zimachitika pochita mabuleki kapena kuyamba kuyendetsa galimoto, ndipo ayenera kumasulidwa poika anti-braking couplings. Ndizithandizo za lattice lathyathyathya (mkuyu 26) zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zothandizira zotalika ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi mphepo (mkuyu 27). Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana kwa kutalika pakati pa chonyamulira ndi cholumikizira. Ndipo panthawi yomwe kutalika kwa zothandizira kungathe kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kugwirizana kwa mphepo, kugwirizanitsa kwapadera kwapadera kumafunika, popeza ndodo zomwe zimadzaza kugwirizanitsa ndi mphepo sizingathe kulandira katundu wopindika kwambiri. Nthawi zina, imatha kuphatikizidwa kukhala njira imodzi yolumikizirana ndi mphepo, kulumikizana ndi anti-side impact komanso anti-braking coupling.

Kujambula kwadongosolo kothandizira kwautali ndi makonzedwe awiri a anti-braking coupling rods

*Chith.26- Anti-braking clutch system *

Dongosolo la mbiri yakale la kulumikizana kwa matabwa a nthawi yayitali, mtanda ndi kulumikiza koletsa braking

*Chith.27- Anti-braking clutch *