Inqaku elibalulekileyo lobuchwephesha kunye nokhuseleko: Olu luphononongo lwengcali yoovimba, hayi uyilo, ubalo olungagungqiyo, uvavanyo lwebhulorho ekhoyo, okanye imiyalelo yolwakhiwo, yokuhlolwa okanye yokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili. Izahlulo zokuqala, i-spans, ratios, i-stresses, izinto eziphathekayo, iinkcukacha ezidibeneyo kunye nezisombululo zesakhiwo ziye zadluliselwa ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kobuchwephesha kwaye akufanele zisetyenziswe njengenkcazo yanamhlanje. Ukuyila kunye nokusebenza kwiibhulorho kufuna abaqulunqi abagunyazisiweyo kunye neekontraki, imimiselo kunye nemigangatho yangoku, idatha ye-geotechnical kunye ne-hydrological, ukubalwa kwemiphumo engapheliyo kunye neyohlukileyo, ukukhathala, umoya, ubushushu, i-seismicity, ukuzinza, iziseko, iimeko zendibano kunye nokuqina, kunye nokuvavanya izinto eziphathekayo, ukubola, amajoyina kunye nemeko yangempela yesakhiwo. Ukufikelela kwisakhiwo, ukusebenza kumphakamo, i-traffic, ukuphakamisa, i-welding, ukusika kunye nokudibanisa kuthwala imingcipheko ebulalayo kwaye kufuna isicwangciso esikhethekileyo sokukhusela.
Uyilo, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuvuselelwa kweebhulorho zensimbi azikho inxalenye yesibonelelo esitsha sikawonkewonke sikaSavo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku ziifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zeplanga-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiqhelo kunye neengcango. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sesicatshulwa.
Iibhulorho zeArch
Kukho iibhulorho ze-arch zangempela ezinee-arches eziqinileyo, ezinokufumana zonke iintlobo zeempembelelo, kunye neebhulorho ze-arch ezenziwe ngeerodi, apho inkqubo eqinile ifunyenwe ngobukho be-beam eqinile. I-arch eqiniweyo (i-Langer beam) ibalwa phantsi kwengqikelelo yokudibanisa okudibeneyo, ngoko i-arch ilayishwe kuphela ngemikhosi eqhelekileyo. Amaxesha okugoba athatyathwe ngumqadi wokuqina, ophinda enze indima yoxinzelelo ukuba i-arch ibekwe ngaphezulu komqadi.
I-Arches kunye ne-Langer beams zinoqoqosho ngakumbi kuneebhulorho ze-girder ze-spans ezinkulu, kuba umthwalo opheleleyo owabiwe ngokulinganayo ufunyanwa kuphela ngumgca oxhasayo we-arch. Ngaphandle kwemikhosi eyongezelelweyo, ixesha libangelwa ukulayisha inxalenye kuphela, ngoko ke bancinci kakhulu kwii-arches kunakwimiqadi.
Ikhiwane.1-Izibuko zeLattice
Ikhiwane.2- Amazibuko eTin
a) Ulwakhiwo lweArch. Amazibuko abambelweyo awafane akhiwe ngenxa yobunzima bokuxhasa ukuqinisa. Ezona zixhaphakileyo ngamachweba kumalungu amabini. Amachweba aneehenjisi ezintathu anenzuzo yokuba ukuhamba kwezixhaso kunye nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa akubangeli amandla kuzo. Zisebenza ngokukodwa kumlinganiselo ophantsi f/l nakwimeko yomhlaba ongathembekanga. Izibuko eziqinileyo zenziwe njengegridi (umkhiwane.1) okanye njengezixhaso zetoti (umkhiwane.2). Ulwakhiwo lwe-arched lubekwe ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwendlela, indlela etshonelweyo iyaphetshwa ngenxa yezizathu zobuhle. Amazibuko angaphezulu kwendlela afumana izibophelelo zentsimbi ukuze afumane i-thrust yezibuko. Ukuba i-arch idityaniswe ngokungqongqo kwimiqadi yeendawo ezivulekileyo ezikufutshane (umkhiwane.1c kunye no-e), amanani angatshintshiyo angaphenjelelwa phakathi kwemida ebanzi.
b) Imiqadi yeLanger inee-arches ezomeleleyo ngokwentelekiso, kuba ubude bokugoba bulingana nomgama phakathi kweenodi zoqhagamshelo olungaphezulu. Izixazululo ezine-arch phantsi kwe-pavement (umzobo 3d) azifane zisetyenziswe kwiibhulorho. Umqadi we-stiffeners unokuba yintsimbi okanye i-lattice. Ngezisombululo zombini, loo mqadi unokuqhutyelwa ngokuqhubekayo kwiindawo ezingabamelwane, ukwenzela ukuba iinkqubo eziqhubekayo okanye zeGerber zenziwe (umzobo 3b). Kumkhiwane. 4 ibonisa i-cross-section yebhulorho enebhanti enye ephakathi. Isakhiwo esixhasayo siquka i-arch yentonga, ii-hangers eziqinileyo kunye nebhokisi evaliweyo evulekileyo njengomqadi oqinisayo ofumana i-torsion kunye nemizuzu yokugoba.
*Ikhiwane.3- Imibala eqaqambileyo *
Ikhiwane.4-Icandelo elinqumlayo lebhulorho enebhanti enye ephakathi
c) Iibhulorho zefreyimu. Xa kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuphakama kwamahhala kweprofayili phezu kobubanzi bonke bokuvula, iifreyimu zisetyenziswe kumalungu amabini okanye amathathu kunye nokuphakama okuphantsi kwenkxaso kunemiqadi elula ngenxa yempembelelo yesakhelo (Fig.5).
e) Ukubala. I-Arches idla ngokubalwa ngokucinga ukuba i-axis yabo ayiguquki. Nangona kunjalo, i-elastic deformations ingaba yinto enkulu. Kwizisombululo zoxinzelelo ezimisiweyo, ubungakanani be-static abutshintshi kakhulu ngenxa yoguquko, ngelixa i-deformation kwii-arches ezithe tye kunye nemiqadi yeLanger inokuba nefuthe elibonakalayo kumanani amileyo.
Ikhiwane.5- Iibhulorho zesakhelo
Iibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa
Iibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa kwee-lattice, eziqinile ngokwendalo, azifane zakhiwe. Iibhulorho zala maxesha zixhonywe ngomqadi oqinayo, onqanda kwaye ulinganisa ukugoba ukusuka kumandla agxininisiweyo. Iibhulorho ezinqunyanyiswayo ezinezipani ezinkulu yibhulorho engaphaya kweSango leGolide kufuphi neSan Francisco (Fig.6a) uluhlu1280m, kunye neBhulorho yaseWashington kufutshane neNew York (umkhiwane.6b) uluhlu1067m.
Imiqadi eqinisayo yintsimbi yeshiti okanye i-lattice, ubude obuqhubekayo okanye ngokunyuka okuncinci kokuphakama ngaphezu kweenkxaso eziphakathi. Umlinganiselo wetolo ukuya kwi-span ukhethwa kakhulu kumlinganiselo1/9ukuya1/11. Iingozi ezahlukeneyo zibonise ukuba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo eziphantsi, ukuqina kunokuba kuphantsi kakhulu, ngokukodwa ngobunzima obuphantsi kunye nobubanzi obuncinci bebhuloho.
Ikhiwane.6- iibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa zaseMelika: a) Ibhulorho ngaphezulu kweSango leGolide eSan Francisco (1937), b) Ibhulorho yaseWashington eNew York (1931), c) Ibhulorho yaseFlorianopolis eBrasilia (1926)
Sprocket
a) Amatyathanga adityanisiweyo amakhonkco aneziphelo ezandisiweyo, ezilala ngokukhululekileyo omnye komnye kwaye zijongane ngokudibeneyo kunye nokudityaniswa okuhambelanayo kwamakhonkco avela kumasimi akufutshane, ayenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini - kunye nokuqiniswa kwe-riveted ukusuka kwi-lamellas ekupheleni okanye ngeziphelo ezandisiweyo ezifunyenwe ngokufota (Fig.7). Ityathanga lebhulorho engaphaya kweRhine yakhiwe ngentsimbi yenickel yokuqina5,5ukuya6,5t/cm2. Kwiibhulorho ezincinci zaseMelika, ikhonkco lenziwe kwintsimbi eqhelekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ukusuka kwi-alloy okanye intsimbi eqinile.
Ikhiwane.7-Ikhonkco leBridge yeFlorianopolis
b) Iintambo ezijikelezayo. Iintambo ezivaliweyo zenziwe ngocingo olukhanyayo. Iileya zangaphakathi zocingo zikhuselwe ngokugquma kwelead minium, ngelixa umphezulu weengcingo zomntu ngamnye uqatywe ngokhuseleko.
Iintambo zocingo ezingqukuva ezingqukuva kwiibhulorho zaseMelika ziquka uninzi lweengcingo ezishushu-diphu ezenziwe ngamagalvan kwaye ngokuyinxenye zisongelwe ngendlela efanayo.
Iingcingo zebhulorho ezibandayo zinamandla okuqhawuka ukusuka 12 ukuya 20 t/cm2. Amandla okudinwa anokwehliswa kakhulu ukuba umphandle weingcingo ezitsalwa ngokubanda ukwimeko embi.
Ubude bentambo ejikelezayo buxhomekeke kwimathiriyeli yeengcingo kunye nendlela yokwenza intambo. Ukwandiswa kwe-elastic kwindawo yoxinzelelo oluvumelekileyo oluqhelekileyo lufikelela ku-0,003 ukuya ku-0,004. Ekubeni iintambo zihlala ngokusisigxina, iplastiki yolulwe nge-0,001 ngexesha lomthwalo wokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa iintambo zilayishwe ngaphambili ngamandla amakhulu kwaye ngoko zoluliwe. Inzuzo yesi solulo ilinganiselwe, njengoko inxalenye enkulu “yolulo olusisigxina” ilahlekile emva kokukhulula intambo ngexesha lofakelo olongezelelweyo.
Iiyunithi zembali, amagama ensimbi, iingubo zokukhusela, amandla, ukwandiswa kunye neendlela zokwenza okanye ukuthulula iintloko zeentambo azikho iinkcukacha zanamhlanje. Ubume bemixokelelwane ekhoyo, iintambo, iiankile, iintloko zekhebula kunye neengubo zokukhusela zichongwa ngamaxwebhu, ukuhlolwa kunye nokuvavanya; ayinakuchazwa kulo mbhalo ngokubanzi.
IAnchoring
Amatyathanga enziwe ngamanqaku agxininiswe kusetyenziswa iiplagi kwizixhaso ezikhonkrithiwe kwiziseko zokuqinisa.
Iintambo ezijikelezayo zineentloko ezihambelanayo eziphelweni (umkhiwane.8). apho iingcingo zingaxutywanga ngendlela yomtshayelo, kwaye emva kokucoca zizaliswe ngetsimbi ezimhlophe. Iintloko eziphoswe ngobuchule zinamandla afanayo nentambo.
Ikhiwane.8- Iintloko zeentambo: a) intloko elula, b) Intloko yaseMelika, c) Intloko yebhulorho yaseRhine
Ukunqunyanyiswa kunye neentambo zeentambo
Izixhoma zenziwe ngentsimbi engqukuva, ngakumbi ngemibhobho okanye iintambo zocingo (umkhiwane.9kwaye11). Kwimeko yeentambo ezivaliweyo, iintambo zentambo zihlanganiswe ngeentambo zentambo (umkhiwane.10). Kwimeko yeentambo zekhebula ezihlukeneyo, ukumiswa kwenzelwe ngendlela yokuba iintambo zomntu ngamnye zingatshintshwa zibe zintsha xa kuyimfuneko. Iintambo zeentambo ziboshwe ngeentloko zentambo, kwaye iiyantlukwano ezincinci zobude zilingana neeshim.
Ikhiwane.9-Ukunqunyanyiswa, ibhulorho endala phezu kweRhine
Ikhiwane.10- Izibophelelo zekhebhulorho phezu kweRhine: a) ibhulorho entsha, b) ibhulorho endala
Ikhiwane.11-Intambo yentambo kunye neentambo zokuxhoma
Iinqaba (iipylons)
Iinqaba zeebhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa zixhonywe ezantsi, okanye zinokucinezelwa, nto leyo eyenzeka kakhulu eMelika. Ikhonkco linamathele ngokuqinileyo kwiinqaba. Inkxaso eshukumayo iyimfuneko kuphela xa iinqaba zingenakuphathiswa imikhosi ethe tye, eya kwenzeka ngeenkxaso ezingashukumiyo.
Kwiibhulorho ezinkulu zokunqunyanyiswa, iinqaba ezisezantsi ezidibeneyo zikhethwa. Kwimeko apho, iinqaba zinokuxhonywa kuqala, emva koko iintambo kunye nee-hangers, kwaye ekugqibeleni imiqadi yokuqina. Kwiibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa ezizimeleyo, i-scaffolding ebanzi iyafuneka njengoko inkqubo ye-static iqala ukwenza kuphela xa umqadi wokuqina uvaliwe.
Inkxaso yendlela kunye nebhodi yendlela
Ngokumalunga nezithuthi nokugcinwa kwazo, kufuneka sizame ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo kwibhulorho ayahlukanga, ukuba kunokwenzeka, kwindlela ekwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo zendlela okanye zikaloliwe. Ekubeni i-pavement ngokwayo ayinayo ukuqina okwaneleyo kwayo, kufuneka ithembele kwi-surface system kwicala elithe nkqo, kunye nakwinkqubo enikezela ngenkxaso yecala elithe tye. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi track board iphumle kwi track girders, equlathe ubukhulu becala iigida zelongitudinal kunye nezinqamlezayo.
Iinkxaso ezinqamlezileyo
Iigidi ezinqamlezayo zidlulisela imithwalo ehambayo kwiinqununu eziphambili. Zikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokudibanisa. Iibhanti ezinqamlezayo zilala ngokuthe ngqo kwiinqununu eziphambili kwaye kwimeko yeebhulorho ezithambekileyo, ngoko ke i-span yabo ilingana nesithuba seendawo eziphambili. Iinkxaso ezinqamlezileyo zidla ngokuba yintsimbi yeshiti, kubude obufutshane kunye nezixhaso eziqhelekileyo eziqengqelekayo. Kuluncedo ukuba ubude bazo buzixa1/6ukuya1/8ubude, nangona kwimeko yeebhulorho ezinkulu kunye nomgama omncinci phakathi kweebhanti ezinqamlezayo (ingakumbi kwimeko yebhodi yabahambi ngeenyawo), lo mphakamo unokuba1/20uluhlu.
Njengomthetho, izixhaso ezinqamlezileyo zibhekwa njengemiqadi elula, edibeneyo ngokungqongqo kwiinkxaso eziphambili, ukwenzela ukuba kwi-cross-section yebhuloho, iifreyimu ezivulekileyo okanye ezivaliweyo zenziwe. Ngenxa yoko, amaxesha okuxina ayenzeka, ekufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo ngakumbi ngonxibelelwano.
Ikhiwane.12-Unxibelelwano lweCrossbar
Kwimeko apho i-pavement iphantsi, uxhulumaniso lwenziwa ngee-angles ezilula zokudibanisa, okanye iiplati zendlela, ezifakwe kwilungu lesiphambano (umkhiwane.12), okanye kwi-verticals ye-I-section, kwaye endaweni yeembambo zabo (umkhiwane.13). Isisombululo kwifig.14iqinile ngokukodwa, ekubeni kukho iphepha le-cantilever lifakwe zombini kwinkxaso enqamlezileyo kunye nakwi-vertical, ukwenzela ukuba umzuzu wekona ufunyenwe yi-shear bolts. Ngezinye izisombululo, akunakugwenywa ukuba izikrufu zikrazule ngokuyinxenye kwaye ii-angles zokudibanisa zigobile. Uqhagamshelwano ngokomkhiwane.12kwaye13zikhubazeke kakhulu phantsi kweempembelelo zalo mzuzu kunezo ngokomkhiwane.14. Izisombululo ezifanayo ziyavela kwezinye iindawo zepavumente. Ukubekwa kweenkxaso ezinqamlezileyo kwiinkxaso eziphambili kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokuphakama okwaneleyo kwesakhiwo. Emva koko i-sheet metal main supports kufuneka iqiniswe kwiindawo apho umthwalo ufakwa khona.
Ikhiwane.13kwaye14-Iizantlukwano zokudityaniswa kwe-crossbar
Iinkxaso zobude
Izixhaso zelongitudinal zinokuba ngaphantsi kwendlela kunye nangaphantsi kwendlela yokunqumla abahambi ngeenyawo. Umjikelo wangaphandle, odla ngokudityaniswa kwibhulorho yokukhwela, ubizwa ngokuba ngumphetho welongitudinal girder. Izixhaso ze-longitudinal zenziwe nge-rolled and sheet metal support. Uluhlu lwabo lufikelele12 m. Ekubeni imiqadi ye-longitudinal ibonakaliswe kwimpembelelo ethe ngqo yomthwalo ohambayo, ukuqina kwabo ngokuchasene nokugoba kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwimeko yeebhulorho zikaloliwe, ukuphakama kwegirder kujoliswe kuyo1/8ukuya1/10uluhlu. Izixhaso ze-longitudinal ezenziwe ngetsimbi ezisemgangathweni ngokuqhelekileyo azifanelekanga ngenxa yokugoba okuphezulu. Kwiibhulorho ezininzi ezindala, ukudityaniswa kwee-longitudinal girders kwenziwa ngokomkhiwane.15. Enye i-angle yokudibanisa ilala phakathi kwemilenze yenkxaso eqengqelekayo, ngelixa enye ixhomekeke ekuphakameni okupheleleyo kwenkxaso yomnqamlezo. Ngolu hlobo lokudibanisa, uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwesibini lwenzeka, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuphuka kokukhathala kuye kwenzeka kunye nabo, kunye nokuqhekeka kwindawo apho umlenze unqunywe khona. Ngesi sizathu, udibaniso olunjalo aluvumelekanga kwiibhulorho zikaloliwe. Ukuba ukusika umlenze akunakugwenywa, ezi zicucu kufuneka zenziwe ngokujikeleza okukhulu, ukwenzela ukuphepha umngcipheko wokuqhekeka.
*Ikhiwane.15-Uqhagamshelo lwenkxaso yobude *
Umsele
Ingqwalasela enkulu kufuneka ihlawulwe kwi-drainage yeebhuloho. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi okukhawulezayo kunye nokugqibeleleyo kuyona mfuneko ibaluleke kakhulu kubomi obude bendlela, kunye nebhulorho ngokwayo. Ukongeza ekunyukeni komhlwa kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokulondolozwa, iindawo zokugcina amanzi zikwayingozi ngenxa yomonakalo weqabaka. Ukuba umgangatho webhulorho uyawuvumela, iibhulorho zendlela kufuneka zibe nethontsi ethile yelongitudinal (ingabi ngaphantsi kwe1%), nto leyo eyayiza kuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi ahamba ngokwawo echibini. Amanzi angcoliswe yi-oyile nothuli akhutshwa ngemijelo. Ezi gutters kufuneka zibe ne-longitudinal fall ngokwaneleyo kwaye kufuneka zifikeleleke, ukuze zicocwe rhoqo.
*Ikhiwane.16-Imibhobho yamanzi kunye nemigangatho ekhuselayo yomgangatho wendlela *
Iipavumente ze-asphalt azikwazi ukungena ngokupheleleyo. I-insulation ekhethekileyo phantsi kwe-asphalt ingakhutshwa ukuba i-asphalt ilele kwi-slab yekhonkrithi ethe yashukuma, kwaye loo slab ngokwayo ayinakunyanyiswa. Ukuba i-pavement ayigungqi ngokwaneleyo, ukwenzela ukuba inxalenye yamanzi emvula igqabhuke, i-insulation kufuneka ibonelelwe. Kwiibhulorho zentsimbi, i-coatings ye-asphalt bhitumen okanye i-terra njl., i-insulating layers ye-bituminous insulating masss kunye nokufakwa okuqinileyo kwephepha kunye noboya obuvezwayo okanye i-jute weaving, kunye i-insulating layers of metal foils yobhedu okanye i-aluminium iyaqwalaselwa. Iingqimba ze-insulation kufuneka zikhuselwe kumonakalo womatshini kunye neengqimba ezikhuselayo.
Iinkcazelo ngeengxangxasi, iigutter, iasphalt, amacwecwe ekhonkrithi, iibhituminosi ezininzi, iifeyile ezivezwayo, iijute nentsimbi ziyimbali. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kwanamhlanje, ukukhuselwa kwamanzi, ukukhuselwa kwensimbi, iinkcukacha zokungena kunye nokugcinwa kwenzelwe njengenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo ngokwemigaqo yangoku, iimeko zemozulu, izithuthi kunye nokwakhiwa kwangempela.
*Ikhiwane.17- Iinkcukacha zokuhambisa amanzi ecaleni kwebhulorho *
Izihlanganisi
Iigida zesinyithi zeshiti zinobulukhuni obuncinci kwicala le-perpendicular kwindiza yeebhanti, iigridi ezinamaqhina acingelwayo kwiinodi ziyakwazi ukushukumiseka ngeendlela ezininzi kwicala elinqamlezayo. Ngoko ke, izithinteli zomoya kunye neefreyimu ezinqamlezayo ziyafuneka ukudala izakhiwo ezizinzileyo zesithuba kuqala. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka bafumane imithwalo eyenza ngokunqamlezileyo kwinqwelo-moya yezixhaso eziphambili, kwaye ekugqibeleni baqinisekise ulwakhiwo oluchasene ne-buckling kunye nokubhukuqa.
Izitshizi ngokuchasene nomoya
Ezi zidityanisiweyo zinomlinganiselo wokufumana amandla avela emoyeni nakweminye imithwalo ethe tye. Ziquka iigridi okanye izixhaso zesakhelo, ezithe ngqo okanye ezigobileyo ngokweebhanti. Amabhanti okudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya amaninzi nawo amabhanti eenkxaso eziphambili. Amaxesha amaninzi izixhasi ezinqamlezileyo zikwangowona ume nkqo wodibaniso oluchasene nomoya.
Umthwalo womoya omncinci uthathwa kwibhulorho elayishiweyo kunebhulorho engalayishwanga. Ukuba i-cross-section iyakuvumela, iibhulorho ze-truss zikhethwa ukuba zibe neentsimbi ezimbini zomoya phakathi kweebhanti zeebhanti eziphambili. Jonga imizobo yenkqubo kwifig.18apho ukudityaniswa kwe-upwind kunye ne-cross couplings ziphawulwe ngemigca edayiweyo.
Inani kunye nohlobo lokudityaniswa okunqamlezileyo kufuneka lwanele ukudala inkqubo eqinileyo yendawo. Kuqhelekile ukuba iigridi ziqinisekise ukuzinza kwimeko yamalungu ebhola ngokunjalo. Amachweba kunye nemiqadi yeGerber, ngaphandle kweebhulorho ezincinci, ziqiniswe ngokudibanisa okukhethekileyo ngokuchasene nomoya kunye nokuchasene ne-buckling. Kwiindawo ezidibeneyo ezixhasayo eziphambili, ukudibanisa kufuneka kwenziwe ngendlela enokuthi ingachaphazeli isenzo samalungu, umkhiwane.18e.
Ikhiwane.18- Ulungelelwaniso lokudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya
Iibhodi ezibanzi zepavement ezenziwe kwiphepha lentsimbi okanye ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo zingqongqo kakhulu kwiindiza zabo. Ukuba i-spans ayinkulu kakhulu, ukudibanisa okukhethekileyo ngokuchasene nomoya kunokushiywa, ekubeni indima efanelekileyo inokuthatyathwa yibhodi yendlela. Kuphela ngexesha lendibano kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okufunxa amandla anqamlezayo.
Xa ukhetha ukuzaliswa, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo imikhosi kwiintonga zincinci kwaye ubude bokugoba kweentonga bukhulu. Ngoko ke iileyile ezinobude obufutshane beentonga (umz. K-system okanye irhombic system) ziyakhethwa. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-anti-moya coupling ixhonywe kwiinkxaso zendlela ukwenzela ukunciphisa ubude bokugoba. Ukudibanisa ngaphezu kwe-pavement, inkqubo ye-rhombic ngaphandle kwee-verticals isoloko isetyenziswa.
Umphakamo wokuma kokudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya umiselwa ikakhulu ziimeko zesakhiwo (umkhiwane.19). Ukuba kuyenzeka, unxibelelwano lwe-eccentric luyaphetshwa nalapha. ngokukodwa ngemikhosi emikhulu, kunye nokudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya kubekwe ngendlela yokuba i-shafts yeentonga zidibanise kwiiplani zeenkxaso eziphambili (umkhiwane.20).
Ikhiwane.19-Indawo yokuphakama kwe-clutch echasene nomoya
Ikhiwane.20— Windward Coupling Knot
Izakhelo ezinqamlezileyo
Iibhulorho ezinendlela yekhareji ngaphezulu zinokuqiniswa ngeefreyimu zeeletisi ezikhanyayo ngokomkhiwane.22. Ukudibanisa okunqamlezileyo ngendlela yesakhelo kunokudibaniswa kwii-stiffeners eziphambili zeentsimbi zentsimbi. Kumkhiwane.21imigca emininzi ibekwe phezu kwesakhelo soxinzelelo kumalungu amabini, okt phezu kwegrill phantsi kwelungu lomnqamlezo, ukuze zifikeleleke ukusuka kumkhondo wokuhlola ophakathi.
Ikhiwane.21-Isakhelo esinqamlezayo kunye nesikhokelo sofakelo
Ikhiwane.22-Ifreyimu enqamlezileyo yeLattice
Kwiibhulorho ezinendlela engezantsi, imilo yezakhelo ezinqamlezileyo zichongwa yiprofayili yamahhala yokuhamba kwezithuthi. Iibhulorho ezinezakhelo ezinqamlezileyo zeeletisi zibonisiwe kwifig.23d. Izakhelo ezinqamlezileyo ezisasaza umthwalo (fig.24) ziyafuneka kwi-grill ukwenzela ukuba zibandakanye intsebenziswano yazo zonke izixhaso eziphambili nangomthwalo oyingxenye. Ukuba ngaba ibhuloho kaloliwe kunye nomzila ogobileyo okanye ukuba ii-girders eziphambili zikho kwi-curve, oku kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha lokubala kwe-static of couplings.
Ikhiwane.23-Imizekelo yodibaniso olunqamlezileyo kunye nenkxaso eziphambili
*Ikhiwane.24-Icandelo elinqamlezayo kunye ne-cross-beam yokusasazwa komthwalo kwibhulorho phezu kweRuhr kufuphi neHerdecke *
Ukudibanisa ngokuchasene neempembelelo ezisecaleni
Phakathi kweebhanti zelongitudinal zeebhulorho zikaloliwe (umkhiwane.23c) kuyimfuneko ukubonelela ngokudityaniswa okukhethekileyo ukufumana iimpembelelo ezisecaleni zesithuthi. Iibhanti ze-I-longitudinal ngokomlinganiselo zincinci kakhulu eziqinileyo kwicala elinqamlezileyo, ngoko kuyanqweneleka ukuba ukudityaniswa ngokuchasene neempembelelo ezisecaleni konyuse ukhuseleko lwazo ngokuchasene ne-lateral buckling (Fig.25).
Fig. 25 — Ukudibanisa ngokuchasene neempembelelo ezisecaleni
Anti-braking clutch
Ii-girders ezinqamlekileyo azikwazi ukufumana imikhosi esebenza kwi-longitudinal direction yebhuloho kwaye yenzeke xa i-braking okanye iqala ukuqhuba isithuthi, kwaye kufuneka ikhululeke ngokufaka i-anti-braking couplings. Zizinkxaso ze-lattice flat (umkhiwane 26) ezidibanisa izixhaso ze-longitudinal kunye nokudibanisa ngokuchasene nomoya (fig. 27). Kuhlala kukho umahluko wobude phakathi komthwali kunye ne-coupling. Kwaye kwiimeko apho ubude beenkxaso bunokudibaniswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-anti-moya coupling, i-anti-braking coupling ekhethekileyo iyadingeka, ekubeni iintonga ezizalisa ukudibanisa okuchasene nomoya azikwazi ukufumana umthwalo obalulekileyo wokugoba. Kwezinye iimeko, inokudityaniswa ibe yindlela enye echasene nomoya, ukudibanisa impembelelo echasene necala kunye ne-anti-braking coupling.
Ikhiwane.26-Inkqubo yeclutch yokunqanda ukunyanyiswa
Ikhiwane.27-I-Anti-braking clutch