Ukuxhumana kwezingxenye zensimbi, ukuxhumana okungenakuhlukaniswa nokusoda

Inothi elibalulekile lezempilo nokuphepha: Lona umbhalo ogcinwe kungobo yomlando ophuma ku-2018. unyaka, hhayi imiyalelo yesimanje yokushisela, i-soldering, ukulungiselela amakhemikhali noma ukusebenza ngelangabi elivulekile. Izinqubo ezichazwe zingase zihlanganise ama-asidi aqinile, izinyibilikisi ezivuthayo nezinobuthi, izinyibilikisi ezibolayo, amagesi ayingozi, umthofu, i-cadmium nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo, izindawo ezishisayo, ugesi, amasilinda okucindezela, nobungozi bokuqhuma komlilo. Ungalungiseleli izixazululo zomlando kanye nokunamathisela ngokuvumelana namaresiphi avela embhalweni futhi ungashisi okunamathelayo okungaziwa noma izinsimbi. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ukukhethwa kwesistimu engenamthofu noma olunye olufanele, ukukhishwa kwendawo, ukuvikelwa kwesikhumba, amehlo nezitho zokuphefumula, izinyathelo zokuvimbela umlilo, ukugcinwa kwamakhemikhali nokulahlwa kwezinsalela kufanele kunqunywe abantu abaqeqeshiwe ngokuya ngamashidi edatha yokuphepha, imibhalo yomkhiqizi kanye nemithetho esebenzayo. Uxhumo lokuthwala umthwalo, ugesi, igesi, amapayipi amanzi, ukudla, ezokwelashwa noma ezinye izinjongo ezibalulekile zokuphepha zidinga ukucaciswa nokulawula kochwepheshe.

Ukushisela, ukusoda nokudayiswa kwamakhemikhali noma izisetshenziswa zokucubungula insimbi akuyona ingxenye yomnikelo omusha womphakathi we-Savo Kusić. Ukugxila kwamanje amafasitela ezingodo, amafasitela okhuni-aluminium, amafasitela angokwezifiso kanye neminyango. Ngewindi noma iphrojekthi yomnyango, ungathumela isicelo sekhotheshini.

Ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi

Kuze kube manje sizisikile, sizinqamule, sazifaka futhi sabhoboza izinto. Omunye umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa izingxenye zensimbi.

Leli qembu lemisebenzi yokusebenza lihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili zokujoyina: okuhlanganisayo okuhlukanisekayo nokungahlukaniseki. Ngalokhu kusho ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezixhumene ngaphandle kokucekela phansi ukuxhumana kwazo (isibonelo, ngokususa isikulufu esisodwa sihlukanisa izingxenye) nokuhlukaniswa nokubhujiswa kokuxhumana kwazo. Okwakamuva kuhlanganisa ukushisela nokuhlanganisa. Phakathi kokuxhumana okuhlukanisekayo nokungahlukaniseki kunokuxhumana okwenziwa ngama-rivets.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezihlanganiswe ama-rivets kwenziwa ngokucekela phansi ama-rivets.

Izixhumanisi ezinganqamuki

Asiqale sibone imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze senze amabhondi angenakuhlukaniswa. Le misebenzi ihlanganisa ukushisela. Ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe kuyadingeka ukwenza leyo nqubo. Imishini yokushisela imvamisa itholakala kumishini yokusebenzela, futhi asikwazi ukuyithola phakathi kwamathuluzi asendlini.

Ingqikithi ye-welding iwukuthi ngesikhathi sokushisela, hhayi ama-electrode kuphela, okungukuthi izinduku zokushisela eziqukethe izinto ezengeziwe, kodwa futhi izingxenye ze-workpiece ziyancibilika. Lokhu kufinyelelwa uma ukuxhumana kushisa kusetshenziswa i-autogenous apparatus. Ukuxhuma kungenziwa futhi ngokushisela ngogesi.

Ingqikithi yokudayiswa ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezilungisiwe zihlanganiswa ngokusoda kusetshenziswa ingxubevange encibilikisiwe, i-solder. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-welding kanye ne-soldering ukuthi amalunga ezinto awancibiliki lapho kuhlanganiswa. I-soldering idinga izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kanye namathuluzi ambalwa kuphela, izesekeli nezinto zokwakha (Umfanekiso 1, ingxenye ephezulu).

Ukuze uhlanganise izinto ezimbili, kubalulekile ukwazi injongo yento entsha. Amandla ezinto ezidayisiwe anqunywa: indlela yokuhlanganisa nobukhulu, igebe lokuhlangana elizothengiswa, impahla, amandla ama-alloys kanye nekhwalithi ye-soldering.

Isithombe1- Izesekeli zokunamathisela kanye nezethulo zomlando zamajamo ahlangene

Ukwakhiwa kwama-workpieces alungiselwe ukuthengiswa kungaba: blunt, oblique, lapped, dovetail and reinforced. Ububanzi be-lap kufanele bube kusuka kwesinye kuya kathathu ubukhulu be-workpiece. Ukushiya igebe phakathi kwama-workpieces kuyadingeka, ukuze i-solder encibilikisiwe izoyigcwalisa.

Izindawo ezizohlanganiswa kufanele zicutshungulwe ngokusemandleni ukuze i-solder encibilikisiwe igcwalise ngokuphelele izikhala phakathi kwazo. Izindlela zokukhulisa kahle ama-workpieces ziboniswa engxenyeni engezansi yesithombe somdwebo1. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okumbalwa kufanela izidingo zethu zasendlini.

Ukususwa kwama-oxide namafutha

Lapho kuthintana nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni phezu kwezinsimbi, ngaphandle kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, kwakheka ungqimba lwe-oxide - ukugqwala.

Ngaphambi kwe-soldering, kufanele sisuse lesi singqimba ngebhulashi locingo, siklwe ngefayela, indwangu ye-emery (i-sandpaper) noma i-agent ethile yamakhemikhali eyaziwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent amakhemikhali, umchamo osekelwe ku-sulfuric, nitric kanye ne-sodium acids kwandisiwe. Lawa ma-acids kanye nezixazululo ze-acidic ziyakwazi ukususa ungqimba lwe-oxide, hhayi nje ngaphambi kokuphuka, kodwa futhi ungqimba olwenzeka ngesikhathi se-soldering.

Sikhetha isikhiphi sokugqwala ngokuya ngezakhiwo zensimbi. Isibonelo sensimbi nama-alloys ayo sisebenzisa i-sulfuric acid, i-sodium acid, i-phosphoric acid kanye nezixazululo zazo. Ukuhlanza ithusi, i-nickel nama-alloys ayo, sisebenzisa isisombululo se-sulfuric acid. I-Sonic acid isetshenziswa kaningi. Uma into igqwalile, sisebenzisa isixazululo se-nitric acid. Ngemuva kokuhlanza ukugqwala, sisusa ngokushesha i-asidi, ngoba uma singayisusi, i-oxide coating izophinde ifake. Indawo esilungiselela ukusoda izohlanzwa ngamafutha kalula kakhulu uma siyigeza ngophethiloli omsulwa.

Izitatimende zangaphambilini zomlando mayelana nokusebenza nge-sulfuric, nitric, sodium ne-phosphoric acid kanye nokugeza ngophethiloli omsulwa akufanele kusetshenziswe njengomyalelo wasekhaya. Ungawaxubi ama-asidi, sebenzisa uphethiloli njengesisusa amafutha, futhi usebenze ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okufanele kwamakhemikhali, ukushaywa umoya, okokusebenza, ukugcinwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuchithwa nokulahlwa kwemfucuza.

Melters

Izincibilikisi ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokudayiswa zihlukaniswa ngokwezinto ezingaphili neziphilayo. I-solvent esekelwe ezintweni ezingaphili yaziwa kahle ngaphansi kwegama elithi nischador - usawoti omhlophe oncibilika emanzini. I-Sonic acid etholwe kulesi sixazululo iguqula ama-oxide akhiwe abe ama-chloride. I-Nišador iphinde ihlanze izindawo ezingaphezulu ze-soldering iron.

Zinc chloride usawoti omhlophe futhi oncibilika kalula emanzini. Emazingeni okushisa e-soldering, ngomswakama womoya, kudala igesi ye-sodium acid, eguqula ama-oxide adalwe abe yi-chloride. I-Zinc chloride iyi-flux esebenza kahle kakhulu yokuthambisa okuthambile. Ububi bayo ukuthi imunca kalula uketshezi, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunomkhawulo. Imunca amanzi ancibilikayo ayizinsalela endaweni yokuhlanganisa, futhi igesi ye-sodium acid ekhiqizwayo idala ukugqwala okulandelayo. Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka kakhulu ku-ayoni, ithusi ne-alloys yethusi.

Asivamisile ukusebenzisa i-zinc chloride noma i-ammonia chloride solvent. Ingxube yawo womabili usawoti isetshenziswa kakhulu. Isilinganiso senani lawo womabili usawoti sinquma indawo yokuncibilika yengxube, ebeka ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

Uketshezi oludakayo bese unamathisele

Uma sisoda nge-solder ethambile, sisebenzisa uketshezi lwe-solder njengendlela yokushintshashintsha. Chaza izingcezu zethini ku-sulfuric acid. Lesi sixazululo siqukethe cishe 50% zinc chloride.

I-solder paste elula kakhulu itholakala ngokuxuba uketshezi lwe-soldering nesitashi. Enye iresiphi idinga ingxube etholwe ngokuxuba 10 g ye-ammonium chloride kanye 90 g yamafutha amaminerali angenayo i-asidi. I-soldering paste iphinde itholakale ngokuxuba 25 g ye-ammonium chloride ne-100 g ye-petroleum jelly ezingeni lokushisa elingu-75°C.

Sithola uwoyela wokudambisa uma sengeza mayelana 40% glycerin esixazululo se-ammonia chloride.

I-Boric Rosin ne-Ammonium Chloride Rosin Solvent iyi-ejenti yezinguquko eya ekuguquguqukeni okusekelwe kumvelo. Lokho, isibonelo, inhlanganisela yezingxenye 25 ze-ammonia chloride, 15 izingxenye zenyama yenkomo kanye 15 izingxenye zikawoyela.

Amaresiphi E-Acids, Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Pastes, Amafutha Nezincibilikisi ezivela kuleli khasi zilondolozwe njengokuqukethwe komlando kuphela. Ungabalungiseleli noma uguqule ubudlelwano babo nalo mbhalo; sebenzisa kuphela imikhiqizo ephawulwe ngokucacile, ehambisanayo ngenjongo ethile, eneshidi ledatha yokuphepha kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ezinqunywe ngochwepheshe.

Calafonium ibisetshenziswa kusukela kudala njengesincibilikisi esisekelwe ezintweni eziphilayo. Inamandla e-oxidizing abuthaka, okuvumela kuphela ukugoqa okunensayo kanye nokuhlanzwa kwemishini okunemininingwane yendawo yokunamathisela. Inzuzo ye-rosin ukuthi izinsalela zayo ensimbi azibangeli ukugqwala.

Indawo yokuncibilika yamasoda athambile ingezansi 500°C. Ziqukethe izinsimbi ezisindayo njenge-tin, lead, cadmium njll. Kungcweti wasekhaya, ithini le-tinsmith lifaneleka kakhulu, eliza ngezimfanelo ezihlukene, kuye ngokuthi liqukethe 25%, 50% kanye 75% tin. Njengoba inani le-tin landa, iphuzu layo lokuncibilika liyehla. Ama-alloys omthofu namathini aqina kancane ngemva kokuhlanganisa. Isoda ye-lead-cadmium ithatha indawo ye-tin ngezindlela eziningi.

Insimbi yokugoqa

I-soldering evamile yomdwebi wasekhaya i-soldering nge-ayina e-soldering, kuyilapho ukusoda okuthambile kuvame kakhulu.

Ikhanda lethusi lensimbi yokunamathisela lingashiswa ngezindlela eziningana: emlilweni ophakathi kwesithando somlilo, kusetshenziswa ugesi kanye nelangabi elivulekile likaphethiloli negesi.

Ukushisisa i-ayini yokunamathisela ngamandla ashisayo avela ngaphandle awusizo kangako ngoba i-ayina yokunamathisela ikhipha ukushisa ngokushesha okukhulu, kokuthi 1-1,5 minut, kodwa okuhle kwakho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa noma yikuphi. Izinsimbi ezisebenza ngogesi zingaxhunywa kumapayipi amakhulu. Ngazo, ungathengisa ngokuqhubekayo ngokulawula ukushisa. I-200-500W insimbi yokunamathisela isetshenziswa kakhulu. Ezikhathini zamuva nje, kungenzeka ukuthola ama-ayina okunamathisela ngokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu, “ama-ayina e-pencil soldering” anamandla aphansi.

Ubukhulu bensimbi yokunamathisela buncike kubukhulu bendawo ehlanganisiwe, kanye nobukhulu bomsebenzi wokusebenza.

Ama-ayina asodayo awafanele ukusoda izinto ezinkulu neziwugqinsi ngoba ukushisisa kwendawo enjalo kudinga izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kuka-500°C. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isibani se-petroli soldering (fly-lamp) sisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Isibonelo se-ayina yokuhlanganisa igesi

Soldering flux

Ngaphambi kwe-soldering, sidinga ukulungisa i-workpiece ye-soldering futhi sihlanze i-solder iron. Ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuba i-soldering, sigcoba ubuso nge-soldering liquid, ukuze sisuse i-oxide coating eyakhiwe ngesikhathi se-soldering futhi ivumela ishidi ukuba lichithe kalula. Shisisa i-solder iron ehlanzekile ifike ezingeni lokushisa elithile, bese ucindezela i-solder ngethiphu layo. I-solder iyancibilika ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa futhi ibambelele esihlokweni se-soldering iron, ukuze idluliselwe endaweni yokunamathisela. Siyigcina kule ndawo kuze kube yilapho ama-workpieces eshisa ukushisa okudingekayo futhi i-solder encibilikisiwe igcwalisa umthungo phakathi kwabo. I-solder iron iron eshisisa kakhulu incibilikisa inani elikhulu le-solder, okwenza kube nzima ukuncibilika ngokulinganayo. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinga lokushisa le-soldering iron liphansi, alishisi ngokwanele indawo yokunamathisela, futhi insimbi yeshidi ipholisa ngokushesha.

Ama-tin oxidise ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Ama-oksidi aphula ukufana kwesibopho futhi ngaleyo ndlela anciphise amandla ayo.

Kudingeka sinake. kanye nokuqondiswa kweyunifomu kanye ne-one-dimensional ye-soldering iron. Isigaba sokugcina sokuhlanza sihlanza izindawo ezithengisiwe ezinsalela ze-soldering liquid. Ukugcinwa kwalolu ketshezi kubangela ukugqwala kwakamuva kwensimbi eduze kwesoda.

Ezikhathini zamuva nje, ama-solder ahlukahlukene ahlanganiswe ngendlela ye-conductor - i-soldering wire iyathengiswa.

Ukusoda ngamasoda anephoyinti elincibilikayo ngenhla 500°C kubizwa ngokuthi i-hard soldering, esiyisebenzisa uma ukusoda okuthambile nge- sheet tin kungasinikezeli uxhumano oluqinile olwanele lwento, okusetshenziswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomthwalo omkhulu wokusebenza. Ukuze kufakwe i-solder kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka:

• Umthombo wokushisa (isibani sokusonda ngophethiloli, ithoshi) osetshenziselwa ukuncibilikisa uthayela nokushisisa izinto zokusebenza ezizohlanganiswa.

• Ukukhetha okufanele kwesoda yekhwalithi efanele.

• I-ejenti yokukhipha ama-oxide kanye nokuvikela indawo yokunamathisela kanye ne-substrate yayo ekugqwaleni ngesikhathi sokusoda.

Izidingo zokusebenza ziyefana nezokusoda nge-solder ethambile. Udinga nje ukukhetha umthombo wokushisa, uketshezi lwe-soldering kanye ne-solder kuye ngamandla nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme.

Izindlela nezindlela zokunamathisela ngokuqinile

Ukunamathelisa nge-ayina yensimbi akwenzeki nge-solder eqinile, ngoba ithiphu yethusi yensimbi yokunamathisela izothamba ngaphezu kuka-500°C, ngaphandle kwalokho, ukushisa kwayo okuqoqiwe nokukhishiwe akwanele kulokhu kubumba. Esikhundleni sensimbi ye-soldering, isibani sikaphethiloli sisetshenziselwa i-soldering kanye nama-burners ahlukene lapho sishisa khona izingxube zegesi. Lokhu vele kuqinisekisa ukushisa okwanele nokusebenza okushisayo.

Izingxube zegesi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuzishisi igesi yokukhanyisa nomoya-mpilo, i-acetylene nomoya-mpilo, ne-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo.

Ukuxuba nokusebenzisa amagesi avuthayo onomoya-mpilo, amalambu kaphethiloli nezinye izimbawula ezivulekile kuyingozi yomlilo, ukuqhuma, i-flashback, ukusha kanye nemikhiqizo eyingozi yokuvutha. Le ncazelo yomlando ayanele ekukhetheni, ekuxhunyweni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwalezo zisetshenziswa; umsebenzi kufanele ushiyelwe kumuntu oqeqeshiwe endaweni evikelekile ngokufanele.

Embonini yobucwebe, i-blowtorch ngesimo se-tube isetshenziswa kakhulu, esetshenziselwa ukuvuthela ku-workpiece phezu komlilo wesibani sotshwala.

Amandla okudabula we-solder eqinile efanelekile angafinyelela50 kg/ mm2(ine-solder ethambile10 kg/ mm2). I-Copper iyinsimbi ebaluleke kakhulu yokubhengeza evame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nalokhu: ithini, ithini, iphosphorus, isiliva, igolide, iplatinamu ne-cadmium. Ngokusebenzisa inani lama-alloys, i-solder yekhwalithi ehlukene, indawo yokuncibilika, umbala, amandla kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kungakhiqizwa. Phakathi kwama-solder ajwayelekile, singakhetha i-solder yokwakheka kwephesenti oyifunayo, iphuzu lokuncibilika nokuhlanzeka.

Izingcweti zasekhaya ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-alloy yethusi ne-zinc solder (yethusi) eziyisebenzisela ukuthengisa izinto ezenziwe ngensimbi, ithusi, i-alloy yethusi, i-nickel, i-nickel alloy nensimbi engamelana ne-asidi. Isibonelo, kusuka ethusi elinenombolo1amamaki fSr42iqukethe41-43%ithusi kanye56-58%zinc, futhi iphuzu layo lokuncibilika liyi845°C. Amamaki e-solder fSr85inombolo5iqukethe84-86% ithusi,13-16%i-zinc,0,2-0,4%ye-silicon, futhi iphuzu layo lokuncibilika liwukuthi1020°C.

Ngethayela lesiliva, okuyi-alloy yesiliva, ithusi, i-zinc, singasho ukuthi ilungele ukudayiswa cishe zonke izinto, ngaphandle kwe-aluminium, i-magnesium ne-titanium, kanye nezinsimbi ezinephuzu lokuncibilika ngezansi.720°C.

Ama-fluxes anomsebenzi wokuhlambulula nokuhlakaza ama-oxide ensimbi kanye nokuvikela i-solder ehlangene ekufakweni kwe-oxidation ekushiseni kwe-soldering. Kubalulekile ukuthi bangahlaseli izinto ezidayisiwe, ukuthi zihlale phezu kwesisombululo sensimbi, futhi zikhishwa kalula endaweni ye-soldering.

Ama-Melters, isb. i-boric acid, i-borax, i-hydrogen phosphate-ammonia, i-sodium bicarbonate, i-sodium silicate, i-sodium bromide ne-potassium bromide. Lezi zinto zikhombisa imisebenzi ehlukene ngezinga lokushisa elihlukile.

Ekhaya, singasebenzisa i-borax namasoda ethu ngemiphumela egculisayo, okuyikhemikhali esetshenziswa abathwebuli bezithombe. Ihlanganiswe namanzi amancane isetshenziswa endaweni edaka.

Manje manje masilandele ukusebenza kwe-hard soldering kusibonelo esisebenzayo. Sinikezwe umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa uhlaka lwesigqoko sesibani esimile ngocingo lwensimbi esizolumboza kamuva ngesikhumba noma ngosilika. Ngosizo lwethempulethi, ipayipi noma umkhumbi, senza umumo oyisiyingi wezindandatho ezingezansi nezingaphezulu kusuka ocingweni olusikiwe, ubukhulu 1,5-2,5 mm. Ngemva kwalokhu sisika isiqinisi kusukela ku-3-4 izingcezu zocingo oluqondile ukuze silolonge igobolondo le-coupe.

Ngemva kwalezi zenzo, siqhubekela ekuthengiseni, okuyinto engcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa isibani segesi. Sizosebenzisa i-solder yethusi, futhi njenge-soldering liquid, i-borax exutshwe nenani elincane lamanzi ukwenza unamathisele. Sibeka izintambo ezigobile nezixhunywe esitini esisodwa ukuze iphuzu le-soldering lingahlali esitini, kodwa lilenga ngokukhululekile. Sibeka inani elincane le-mushy borax emaphethelweni entambo. Manje sishisisa indawo ezodayiswa, ibe bomvu ngokumnyama lapho i-borax nayo incibilika. Uma manje siletha ucezu lwe-solder yethusi, ngendlela yenduku noma ipuleti, endaweni ye-soldering futhi siyicwilise ku-borax encibilikisiwe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukushisa, iconsi elilodwa lizoncibilika ku-solder eqinile. Uma izinga lokushisa locingo lwensimbi evuthayo lingaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elincibilikayo le-solder, i-droplet encibilikisiwe izosabalala ikhazimula. Isoda izoqina ngokushesha ngemva kokususwa komlilo.

Isibonelo sangaphambilini esisebenzayo nesibani sikaphethiloli, isitini, i-borax nensimbi yokushisisa kuya ku-incadescence akufanele senziwe ngokwalo mbhalo wokugcinwa kwengobo yomlando. Indawo yokusebenzela ezinikele, umthombo olawulwayo wokushisa, umoya omncane kanye nokukhipha umoya, isivikelo emlilweni nasekushiseni, ulwazi lokwakheka okuqondile kwezinto eziyisisekelo nezingeziwe kanye nokuphathwa kochwepheshe kwenqubo kuyadingeka.

Ngendlela efanayo, kufanele sidayise iziqinisekiso ezinamathiselwe okwesikhashana, uma amaringi enziwe ngaphambilini. Ngemva kokuqeda ukuhlanganisa, singasusa i-borax epholile eyingilazi ngamagalelo amahle esando.