Kulumikizidwe kwa magawo achitsulo, kulumikizana kosalekanitsidwa ndi kugulitsa

Chidziwitso Chofunika Chaumoyo ndi Chitetezo: Awa ndi mawu osungidwa kuchokera ku 2018. chaka, osati malangizo amakono kuwotcherera, soldering, kukonzekera mankhwala kapena kugwira ntchito ndi lawi lotseguka. Njira zomwe zafotokozedwa zingaphatikizepo ma asidi amphamvu, zosungunulira zoyaka ndi poizoni, zosungunulira zowononga, mpweya wowopsa, lead, cadmium ndi zitsulo zina zolemera, malo otentha, magetsi, masilinda amphamvu, ndi zoopsa za kuphulika kwa moto. Osakonzekera mayankho am’mbiri ndi phala malinga ndi maphikidwe ochokera m’mawu ndipo musatenthetse zokutira kapena zitsulo zosadziwika. Kuwunika kwa zipangizo, kusankha kwa njira zopanda kutsogolera kapena njira ina yoyenera, kuchotsa m’deralo, kuteteza khungu, maso ndi ziwalo zopuma, njira zopewera moto, kusungirako mankhwala ndi kutaya zotsalira ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi anthu oyenerera malinga ndi mapepala a chitetezo, zolemba za opanga ndi malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulumikizira ponyamula katundu, magetsi, gasi, mapaipi, chakudya, zamankhwala kapena zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri pachitetezo zimafunikira kuwongolera ndi kuwongolera akatswiri.

Kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera ndi kugulitsa mankhwala kapena zida zopangira zitsulo si gawo lazotsatsa zatsopano za Savo Kusić. Zomwe zikuchitika pano ndi mazenera amatabwa, mazenera amatabwa a aluminiyamu, mazenera amwambo ndi zitseko. Pazenera kapena pakhomo, mutha kutumiza pempho la mawu.

Kujowina zitsulo

Mpaka pano tadula, kudula, kusungitsa ndi kubowola zinthu. Ntchito inanso ndiyo kulumikiza mbali zachitsulo.

Gulu la ntchito zamaguluwa lagawidwa m’mitundu iwiri yolumikizira: zolumikizira zolekanitsidwa komanso zosalekanitsidwa. Mwa izi zikutanthauza kulekana kwa zinthu zolumikizidwa popanda kuwononga kugwirizana kwawo (mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa wononga imodzi timalekanitsa zigawo) ndi kulekana ndi chiwonongeko cha kugwirizana kwawo. Zotsirizirazi zimaphatikizapo kuwotcherera ndi kuwotcherera. Pakati pa maulumikizidwe olekanitsidwa ndi osasiyanitsidwa pali kulumikizana kopangidwa ndi ma rivets.

Kulekanitsa magawo omwe amalumikizidwa ndi ma rivets kumachitika ndikuwononga ma rivets.

Maulalo osasweka

Choyamba tiyeni tiwone momwe ntchito zimafunikira kuti tigwire ma bond osalekanitsidwa. Ntchitozi zimaphatikizapo kuwotcherera. Mayeso a akatswiri amafunika kuti achite njirayi. Makina owotcherera nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu zida zogwirira ntchito, ndipo sitingathe kuwapeza pakati pa zida zapakhomo.

Chachikulu cha kuwotcherera ndikuti panthawi yowotcherera, osati maelekitirodi okha, mwachitsanzo, ndodo zowotcherera zomwe zili ndi zinthu zowonjezera, komanso mbali zina za workpiece zimasungunuka. Izi zimatheka ngati maulumikizidwe atenthedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida za autogenous. Kulumikizako kuthanso kupangidwa ndi kuwotcherera kwamagetsi.

Chofunika kwambiri pa soldering ndikuti zinthu ziwiri zokonzedwa zimalumikizidwa ndi kutenthetsa pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi wosungunuka, solder. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuwotcherera ndi kuwotcherera ndikuti mfundo za zinthu sizimasungunuka pamene mukugulitsa. Kuwotchera kumafuna kutentha kochepa kwambiri komanso zida zochepa, zowonjezera ndi zida (Chithunzi 1, gawo lapamwamba).

Kuphatikiza zinthu ziwiri, ndikofunikira kudziwa cholinga cha chinthu chatsopanocho. Mphamvu ya zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimatsimikiziridwa ndi: njira yosonkhanitsira ndi miyeso, kusiyana kwa mgwirizano womwe uyenera kugulitsidwa, katundu, mphamvu ya alloys ndi ubwino wa soldering.

*Chithunzi1- Zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi zoyimira zakale zamawonekedwe olumikizana *

Zopangira zopangira zomwe zimakonzedwa kuti ziwonjezeke zitha kukhala: zosawoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino, zopindika, zamkati komanso zolimbikitsidwa. M’lifupi mwake lachimake ayenera kukhala kuwirikiza katatu makulidwe a workpiece. Kusiya kusiyana pakati pa zogwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kuti solder yosungunuka idzaze.

Malo oti alumikizike ayenera kukonzedwanso momwe angathere kuti solder yosungunula ikwaniritse mipata pakati pawo. Njira zowonetsetsa kuti zigawo zogwirira ntchito ziwoneke bwino m’munsi mwa theka lachithunzichi1. Zophatikiza zochepazi zikugwirizana ndi zosowa zathu m’nyumba.

Kuchotsa ma oxides ndi mafuta

Pokhudzana ndi mpweya wochokera kumlengalenga pamwamba pa zitsulo, kupatulapo zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, oxide wosanjikiza - dzimbiri - amapangidwa.

Pamaso pa soldering, tiyenera kuchotsa wosanjikiza ndi burashi waya, scraping ndi wapamwamba, emery nsalu (sandpaper) kapena ena odziwika mankhwala wothandizira.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala, mkodzo wozikidwa pa sulfuric, nitric ndi sodium acids kwakulitsidwa. Izi zidulo ndi acidic zothetsera amatha kuchotsa oxide wosanjikiza, osati pamaso kusweka, komanso wosanjikiza amene amapanga pa soldering.

Timasankha chochotsa dzimbiri molingana ndi momwe chitsulo chilili. Mwachitsanzo zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zake timagwiritsa ntchito sulfuric acid, sodium acid, phosphoric acid ndi njira zawo. Kuyeretsa mkuwa, faifi tambala ndi aloyi ake, timagwiritsa ntchito njira ya sulfuric acid. Sonic acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ngati chinthucho chachita dzimbiri, timagwiritsa ntchito nitric acid solution. Pambuyo poyeretsa dzimbiri, timachotsa asidi nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa ngati sitichotsa, zokutira za oxide zidzapanganso. Pamwamba pomwe tikukonzekera kupaka mafuta ayeretsedwa mosavuta ngati titsuka ndi petulo.

Ndemanga zam’mbuyomu zogwira ntchito ndi sulfuric, nitric, sodium ndi phosphoric acid ndi kutsuka ndi mafuta a petulo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malangizo apakhomo. Osasakaniza ma asidi, gwiritsani ntchito mafuta a petulo monga chochotsera mafuta, ndipo muzigwira ntchito popanda kuwunika moyenera mankhwala, mpweya wabwino, zida, kasungidwe, ndi njira zotayira ndi zinyalala.

Melters

Zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powotchera zimagawidwa kukhala organic ndi organic. Chosungunulira chochokera kuzinthu zosawerengeka chimadziwika bwino pansi pa dzina lakuti nischador - mchere wosungunuka m’madzi. Sonic acid yotengedwa mu njira imeneyi imasintha ma oxide opangidwa kukhala ma chloride. Nišador amayeretsanso malo achitsulo chosungunulira.

Zinc chloride ndi mchere woyera womwe umasungunukanso mosavuta m’madzi. Pa kutentha kwa soldering, ndi chinyezi cha mpweya, imapanga mpweya wa sodium acid, womwe umasintha ma oxides opangidwa kukhala ma chloride. Zinc chloride ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yosinthira zitsulo zofewa. Zoyipa zake ndikuti zimamwa madzi mosavuta, choncho kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakhala kochepa. Imayamwa madzi otsalira osungunula kuchokera pamalo opangira zitsulo, ndipo mpweya wa sodium acid wopangidwa umayambitsa dzimbiri. Izi zimachitika makamaka pazitsulo zachitsulo, mkuwa ndi mkuwa.

Sitimagwiritsa ntchito zinc chloride kapena ammonia chloride solvent. Kusakaniza kwa mchere wonsewo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa mchere wonsewo chimatsimikizira malo osungunuka a osakaniza, omwe amachititsa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito.

Solder fluid ndi phala

Pogulitsa ndi solder yofewa, timagwiritsa ntchito madzi a soldering ngati kusinthasintha. Sungunulani zidutswa za malata mu sulfuric acid. Njirayi ili ndi pafupifupi 50% zinc chloride.

Phala losavuta kwambiri la solder limapezeka posakaniza madzi a soldering ndi wowuma. Chinsinsi china chimafuna kusakaniza kopezedwa mwa kusakaniza 10 g wa ammonium chloride ndi 90 g wa mafuta amchere opanda asidi. Phala la soldering limapezedwanso posakaniza 25 g ya ammonium chloride ndi 100 g ya mafuta odzola pa kutentha kwa 75°C.

Timapeza mafuta otenthetsera ngati tiwonjezera 40% glycerin ku yankho la ammonia chloride.

Boric Rosin ndi Ammonium Chloride Rosin Solvent ndi agent transitional to organic based fluxes. Izi ndi, mwachitsanzo, kusakaniza kwa 25 magawo a ammonia chloride, 15 magawo a nyama yang’ombe ndi 15 magawo amafuta.

Maphikidwe a Acids, Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Pastes, Mafuta ndi Zosungunulira zochokera patsamba lino zasungidwa ngati mbiri yakale yokha. Osawakonzekeretsa kapena kusintha ubale wawo palembali; gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zozindikirika bwino, zogwirizana ndi cholinga chenichenicho, zokhala ndi pepala lachitetezo komanso njira zodzitetezera zotsimikizika mwaukadaulo.

Calafonium yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale ngati zosungunulira zochokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Ili ndi mphamvu yochepa ya oxidizing, yomwe imalola kusungunula kwapang’onopang’ono komanso kuyeretsa mwatsatanetsatane malo a soldering. Ubwino wa rosin ndikuti zotsalira zake pazitsulo sizimayambitsa dzimbiri.

Malo osungunuka a ma solders ofewa ali pansipa 500°C. Muli ndi zitsulo zolemera monga malata, lead, cadmium ndi zina zotero. Kwa mmisiri wapakhomo, malata a tinsmith ndi abwino kwambiri, omwe amabwera mosiyanasiyana, kutengera ngati ali ndi 25%, 50% ndi 75% malata. Pamene kuchuluka kwa malata kumawonjezeka, kusungunuka kwake kumachepa. Mankhwala a lead ndi malata amaumitsa pang’onopang’ono akatha kugulitsa. Lead-cadmium solder imalowa m’malo mwa malata m’njira zambiri.

Chitsulo chachitsulo

Solder wamba kwa mmisiri wapakhomo ndi kutenthetsa ndi chitsulo chosungunulira, pomwe solder wofewa ndi wocheperako.

Mutu wamkuwa wachitsulo chosungunulira ukhoza kutenthedwa m’njira zingapo: palawi la ng’anjo, pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi komanso lawi lotseguka la petulo ndi gasi.

Kutenthetsa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi mphamvu yotentha kuchokera kunja sikuthandiza kwenikweni chifukwa chitsulo chosungunula chimatulutsa kutentha mofulumira kwambiri, mu 1-1,5 minut, koma ubwino wake ndikuti ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse. Zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi mains. Ndi iwo, mukhoza solder mosalekeza ndi kutentha malamulo. Chitsulo cha 200-500W ndichogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Posachedwapa, ndizotheka kupeza zitsulo zolumikizira zokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri, “zitsulo za pensulo” zokhala ndi magetsi otsika.

Kukula kwa chitsulo chosungunula kumadalira kukula kwa pamwamba pazitsulo, komanso makulidwe a workpiece.

Ziyironi zowotchera sizoyenera kuwotchera zinthu zazikulu ndi zokhuthala chifukwa kutentha kwa malo otere kumafuna kutentha pamwamba 500°C. Zikatero, nyali yopangira mafuta (nyali yowuluka) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Chitsanzo chachitsulo chowotchera gasi

Soldering flux

Musanayambe kugulitsa, tiyenera kukonzekera chogwirira ntchito kuti tiphike ndikuyeretsa chitsulo chosungunula. Nthawi yomweyo tisanagulitsidwe, timavala pamwamba ndi madzi a soldering, kuti tichotse zokutira za oxide zomwe zimapangidwira panthawi ya soldering ndikulola kuti pepalalo liwonongeke mosavuta. Kutenthetsa chitsulo chotsukidwacho pa kutentha kwina, kenaka kanikizani solder ndi nsonga yake. Chogulitsiracho chimasungunuka chifukwa cha kutentha ndipo chimamamatira kunsonga kwachitsulo chosungunulira, chotero chikhoza kusamutsidwa kumalo osungira. Timazisunga pamalo ano mpaka zogwirira ntchito zitenthedwa kutentha kofunikira ndipo solder yosungunuka imadzaza msoko pakati pawo. Chitsulo chotenthetsera kwambiri chimasungunula chitsulo chokulirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusungunuka mofanana. Ngati, kumbali ina, kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kumakhala kochepa, sikumatenthetsa mokwanira malo a soldering, ndipo pepala lachitsulo limazizira mofulumira.

Tini ma okosijeni pa kutentha kwakukulu. Ma okosijeni amaphwanya mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ndipo motero amachepetsa mphamvu zake.

Tiyenera kumvera. ndi pa yunifolomu ndi mbali imodzi chitsogozo cha soldering chitsulo. Gawo lomaliza la soldering ndikuyeretsa malo ogulitsidwa kuchokera ku zotsalira za madzi otsekemera. Kusungidwa kwa madziwa kumayambitsa dzimbiri pambuyo pake kwachitsulo kuzungulira chogulitsira.

Posachedwapa, ma solders osiyanasiyana ophatikizidwa mu mawonekedwe a kondakita - waya wa soldering amagulitsidwa.

Soldering ndi ma solders okhala ndi malo osungunuka pamwamba pa 500°C amatchedwa hard soldering, yomwe timayika pamene kutsekemera kofewa ndi mapepala a pepala sikutipatsa kugwirizana kokwanira kwa chinthu, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi katundu wambiri wamakina. Pakugulitsa ndikofunikira kupereka:

• Gwero lotenthetsera (nyali yowotchera mafuta, tochi) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula malata ndikutenthetsa zomangira kuti zilumikizidwe.

• Kusankha koyenera kwa solder koyenera.

• Wothandizira kuchotsa ma oxides ndi kuteteza malo owukitsira ndi gawo lake laling’ono kuti lisawonongeke panthawi ya soldering.

Zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito ndizofanana ndi zogulitsira ndi solder yofewa. Mukungoyenera kusankha gwero la kutentha, madzimadzi otsekemera ndi solder kutengera mphamvu ndi kutentha kwakukulu.

Njira ndi njira zowotchera zolimba

Kutenthetsa ndi chitsulo chosungunula sikungatheke ndi zitsulo zolimba, chifukwa nsonga yamkuwa yachitsulo yosungunuka ikanatha kufewetsa pamwamba pa 500°C, kupatulapo, kutentha kwake komwe kumasonkhanitsidwa ndi kutuluka sikukwanira pazitsulo izi. M’malo mwa chitsulo chosungunula, nyali ya petulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo ndi zoyatsira zosiyanasiyana zomwe timawotcha kusakaniza gasi. Izi zimatsimikizira kale kutentha kokwanira ndi kutentha kokwanira.

Magasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzoyatsira ndi gasi woyatsa ndi mpweya, acetylene ndi okosijeni, haidrojeni ndi okosijeni.

Kusakaniza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya woyaka ndi okosijeni, nyali za petulo ndi zoyatsira zina zotsegula zimakhala ndi chiopsezo cha moto, kuphulika, flashback, kuyaka ndi zinthu zowopsa. Kufotokozera kwa mbiriyi sikuli kokwanira kusankha, kugwirizanitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoterezi; Ntchito iyenera kusiyidwa kwa munthu wophunzitsidwa bwino pamalo otetezedwa bwino.

M’makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera, blowtorch mu mawonekedwe a chubu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwombera pa chogwirira ntchito pamoto wa nyali ya mowa.

Mphamvu yamisozi ya solder yoyenera imatha kufika50 kg/ mm2(ili ndi solder yofewa10 kg/ mm2). Mkuwa ndiye chitsulo chofunikira kwambiri chowotcha chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga alloying, pamodzi ndi: malata, malata, phosphorous, siliva, golide, platinamu ndi cadmium. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma alloys angapo, solder yamtundu wosiyanasiyana, malo osungunuka, mtundu, mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri zitha kupangidwa. Pakati pa ma solders okhazikika, titha kusankha solder ya kuchuluka komwe timafunikira, malo osungunuka ndi chiyero.

Amisiri apanyumba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito aloyi yamkuwa ndi zinki solder (mkuwa) yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pogulitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo, mkuwa, aloyi yamkuwa, faifi tambala, aloyi ya faifi ndi chitsulo chosamva asidi. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera mkuwa wokhala ndi nambala1zizindikiro fSr42muli41-43%mkuwa ndi56-58%zinc, ndipo malo ake osungunuka ndi845°C. Zizindikiro za fSr85nambala5muli84-86% mkuwa,13-16%zinki,0,2-0,4%wa silicon, ndipo malo ake osungunuka ndi1020°C.

Kwa malata a siliva, omwe ndi aloyi wa siliva, mkuwa, zinki, tinganene kuti ndi oyenera kugulitsa pafupifupi zinthu zonse, kupatula aluminiyamu, magnesium ndi titaniyamu, komanso zitsulo zomwe zimasungunuka m’munsimu.720°C.

Fluxes ali ndi ntchito yochepetsera ndi kusungunula ma oxides achitsulo ndikuteteza cholumikizira cha solder ku okosijeni pa kutentha kwa soldering. Ndikofunika kuti asaukire zinthu zogulitsidwa, kuti zikhalebe pamwamba pazitsulo zachitsulo, komanso kuti zichotsedwe mosavuta ku malo a soldering.

Melters ndi, mwachitsanzo. boric acid, borax, hydrogen phosphate-ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, sodium bromide ndi potaziyamu bromide. Zidazi zimasonyeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana pa kutentha kosiyana.

Kunyumba, titha kugwiritsa ntchito borax ndi ma solders athu okhala ndi zotsatira zokhutiritsa, yomwe ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula. Akasakanizidwa ndi madzi pang’ono amawagwiritsa ntchito pamatope.

Tsopano tiyeni titsatire kachitidwe kakuwotchera mwamphamvu pa chitsanzo chothandiza. Tili ndi ntchito yosonkhanitsa mafupa a chipewa cha nyali kuchokera ku waya wachitsulo chomwe pambuyo pake tidzachiphimba ndi zikopa kapena silika. Mothandizidwa ndi template, chitoliro kapena chombo, timapanga mawonekedwe ozungulira a mphete zapansi ndi zapamwamba kuchokera ku waya wodulidwa, makulidwe 1,5-2,5 mm. Zitatha izi timadula chowumitsa kuchokera ku 3-4 zidutswa za waya wowongoka kuti apange chipolopolo cha coupe.

Pambuyo pa izi, timapita ku soldering, zomwe ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito nyali ya gasi. Tidzagwiritsa ntchito solder yamkuwa, ndipo monga soldering fluid, borax wothira madzi pang’ono kuti apange phala. Timayala mawaya opindika ndi olumikizidwa pa njerwa imodzi kuti malo olumikizirana asapume pa njerwa, koma amapachikidwa momasuka. Timayika mushy borax pang’ono kumapeto kwa waya. Tsopano timatenthetsa malo oti tigulitsidwe, kuti pakhale kuwala kofiira pamene borax imasungunuka. Ngati tsopano tibweretsa chidutswa cha solder yamkuwa, mu mawonekedwe a ndodo kapena mbale, kumalo osungiramo ndikuviika mu borax yosungunuka popanda kusokoneza kutentha, dontho limodzi lidzasungunuka kuchokera ku solder yolimba. Ngati kutentha kwa waya wachitsulo chotenthetsera kumakhala kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa solder, dontho losungunuka limatulutsa kuwala. Chogulitsiracho chimalimba msanga moto ukachotsedwa.

Chitsanzo cham’mbuyomu chokhala ndi nyali yamafuta, njerwa, borax ndi zitsulo zotenthetsera mpaka ku incandescence siziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi zolemba zakalezi. Malo ogwirira ntchito odzipereka, gwero lotetezedwa la kutentha, mpweya wabwino ndi utsi, chitetezo ku moto ndi kuwotcha, kudziwa zenizeni za zinthu zoyambira ndi zowonjezera komanso kasamalidwe kaukatswiri wa njirayo.

Mofananamo, tiyenera kugulitsa zoumitsa kwakanthawi, ngati mphete zidapangidwa kale. Mukamaliza kutenthetsa, titha kuchotsa borakisi woziziritsidwa ndi nyundo.