Inqaku elibalulekileyo lezempilo nokhuseleko: Lo ngumbhalo ogciniweyo osuka ku-2018. unyaka, kwaye hayi imiyalelo yanamhlanje ye-welding, i-soldering, ukulungiselela iikhemikhali okanye ukusebenza ngedangatye elivulekileyo. Iinkqubo ezichaziweyo zinokubandakanya iiasidi ezomeleleyo, izinyibilikisi ezinokutsha neziyityhefu, izinyibilikisi ezonakalisayo, iigesi eziyingozi, ilothe, i-cadmium kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezinzima, iindawo ezishushu, umbane, iisilinda zoxinzelelo, kunye neengozi zokudubula komlilo. Musa ukulungisa izisombululo zembali kunye neepasti ngokweendlela zokupheka ezisuka kwisicatshulwa kwaye musa ukufudumala iingubo ezingaziwayo okanye isinyithi. Ukuvavanywa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukukhethwa kwe-lead-free okanye enye inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwendawo, ukukhuselwa kwesikhumba, amehlo kunye nezitho zokuphefumula, amanyathelo okuthintela umlilo, ukugcinwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokulahlwa kwezinto eziseleyo kufuneka kunqunywe ngabantu abaqeqeshiweyo ngokweenkcukacha zokhuseleko lwamaphepha, amaxwebhu omenzi kunye nemithetho esebenzayo. Uqhagamshelo lokuthwala imithwalo, umbane, irhasi, imibhobho yamanzi, ukutya, unyango okanye ezinye iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko lufuna ukucaciswa kobugcisa kunye nolawulo.

I-Welding, i-soldering kunye nokuthengiswa kweekhemikhali okanye izixhobo zokulungisa isinyithi aziyonxalenye yokunikezelwa koluntu olutsha lwe-Savo Kusić. Ugxininiso lwangoku ziifestile zamaplanga, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiqhelo kunye neengcango. Ngefestile okanye iprojekthi yocango, ungathumela isicelo sekowuti.

Ukudibanisa iindawo zentsimbi

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sinqumle, saziqhekeza, safayila saza sagrunjwa izinto. Omnye umsebenzi kukudibanisa amalungu entsimbi.

Eli qela lemisebenzi yomsebenzi lahlulahlulwe laziintlobo ezimbini zokudibanisa: ezidityanisiweyo nezingenakwahlulwa. Ngaloo nto kuthethwa ukuhlukana kwezinto ezidibeneyo ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa ukudibanisa kwazo (umzekelo, ngokususa i-screw enye sahlula amacandelo) kunye nokwahlula ngokutshabalalisa ukudibanisa kwabo. Le yokugqibela iquka ukuwelda kunye ne-solder. Phakathi kodibaniso olwahlulwayo kunye nolungenakwahlulwa kukho umdibaniso owenziwe ngeerivets.

Ukwahlulwa kwamalungu adityaniswe ziirivets kwenziwa ngokutshabalalisa iirivets.

Amakhonkco angenakwaphulwa

Kuqala masibone imisebenzi efunekayo ukwenza iibhondi ezingahlukiyo. Le misebenzi ibandakanya ukuwelda. Uviwo lobungcali luyafuneka ukwenza loo nkqubo. Oomatshini bokuwelda badla ngokufumaneka kwizixhobo zokusebenzela, kwaye asinakukwazi ukuzifumana phakathi kwezixhobo zendlu.

I-essence ye-welding kukuba ngexesha le-welding, kungekhona kuphela i-electrodes, oko kukuthi iintonga ze-welding eziqulethe izinto ezongezelelweyo, kodwa kunye neengxenye ze-workpiece ziyanyibilika. Oku kufezekiswa ukuba udibaniso lufudunyezwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizenzekelayo. Uqhagamshelo lunokwenziwa ngokuwelda ngombane.

Undoqo we-solder kukuba izinto ezimbini ezilungisiweyo zidityaniswa ngokuthengiswa kusetyenziswa i-alloy etyhidiweyo, i-solder. Umahluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-welding kunye ne-soldering kukuba i-joints yezinto azinyibiliki xa i-soldering. I-soldering ifuna ubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu kunye nezixhobo ezimbalwa kuphela, izincedisi kunye nemathiriyeli (Umfanekiso 1, indawo ephezulu).

Ukudibanisa izinto ezimbini, kubalulekile ukwazi injongo yento entsha. Amandla ezinto ezithengisiweyo zichongwa ngu: indlela yokudibanisa kunye nobukhulu, isithuba somdibaniso oza kuthengiswa, ipropati, amandla e-alloys kunye nomgangatho we-soldering.

Imizobo yesolder, intlama, izixhobo, izikhongozeli ezingamanzi kunye neemilo eziqhelekileyo nezingaqhelekanga zamalungu athengiswayo

*Umfanekiso1-Izixhobo ezithengiswayo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwembali yeemilo ezidibeneyo *

Ukuqulunqwa kwee-workpieces ezilungiselelwe i-soldering ingaba: i-blunt, i-oblique, i-lapped, i-dovetail kwaye iqiniswe. Ububanzi bomgca kufuneka bube ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kathathu ubukhulu be-workpiece. Ukushiya isithuba phakathi kwezinto zokusebenza kuyimfuneko, ukwenzela ukuba i-solder etyhidiweyo izalise.

Imiphezulu ekufuneka idityaniswe kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze i-solder etyhidiweyo igcwalise ngokupheleleyo izithuba phakathi kwazo. Iindlela zokulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo i-workpieces ziboniswa kwisiqingatha esisezantsi somfanekiso womzobo1. Ezi ndibano zimbalwa zihambelana neemfuno zethu endlwini.

Ukususwa kweeoksidi kunye namafutha

Xa udibana neoksijini evela emoyeni kumphezulu wesinyithi, ngaphandle kweentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, i-oxide layer - irust - yenziwa.

Ngaphambi kwe-soldering, kufuneka sisuse olu luhlu nge-brush yocingo, ukukrazula ngefayile, ilaphu le-emery (i-sandpaper) okanye i-agent eyaziwayo yeekhemikhali.

Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, umchamo osekelwe kwi-sulfuric, i-nitric kunye ne-sodium acids iye yandiswa. Ezi asidi kunye nezisombululo ze-acidic ziyakwazi ukususa i-oxide layer, kungekhona nje ngaphambi kokuphuka, kodwa kunye nomgangatho owenziwe ngexesha le-soldering.

Sikhetha i-rust remover ngokweempawu zetsimbi. Umzekelo wentsimbi kunye neengxube zayo sisebenzisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-sodium acid, i-phosphoric acid kunye nezisombululo zazo. Ukucoca ubhedu, i-nickel kunye ne-alloys yayo, sisebenzisa isisombululo se-sulfuric acid. I-asidi ye-Sonic isetyenziswa rhoqo. Ukuba into inomhlwa, sisebenzisa isisombululo se-nitric acid. Emva kokucoca i-rust, sisusa ngokukhawuleza i-asidi, kuba ukuba asiyisusi, i-coating oxide iya kubumba kwakhona. Umphezulu esiwulungiselela ukusoda uya kucocwa ngegrisi ngeyona ndlela ilula ukuba siwuhlamba ngepetroli esulungekileyo.

Iingxelo zangaphambili zembali malunga nokusebenza nge-sulfuric, nitric, sodium kunye ne-phosphoric acid kunye nokuhlamba ngepetroli ecocekileyo akufanele kusetyenziswe njengomyalelo wendlu. Musa ukuxuba i-asidi, sebenzisa i-petroli njenge-degreaser, kwaye usebenze ngaphandle kovavanyo olufanelekileyo lwekhemikhali, umoya, izixhobo, ukugcinwa, kunye neenkqubo zokuchithwa kunye nenkunkuma.

Izinyibilikisi

Izinyibilikisi ezisetyenzisiweyo ngexesha le-soldering zohlulwe zibe yi-inorganic kunye ne-organic. I-solvent esekelwe kwizinto ezingaphiliyo iyaziwa kakuhle phantsi kwegama elithi nischador - ityuwa emhlophe enyibilikayo emanzini. I-asidi ye-Sonic efunyenwe kwesi sisombululo iguqula ii-oksidi ezenziwe zibe yikloridi. UNišador ukwacoca imiphezulu yentsimbi.

Zinc chloride yityuwa emhlophe ekwanyibilika lula emanzini. Kwiqondo lokushisa le-soldering, kunye nomswakama womoya, lenza igesi ye-sodium acid, eguqula i-oxides eyenziwe kwi-chlorides. I-zinc chloride yeyona nto isebenzayo kwi-solder ethambileyo. Ukungalungi kwayo kukuba ifunxa ngokulula ulwelo, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwayo kulinganiselwe. Ifunxa amanzi okunyibilikisa okushiyekileyo kwindawo yokuthambisa, kwaye igesi yeasidi yesodium eyenziweyo ibangela ukubola okulandelayo. Ezi ziganeko zenzeka ikakhulu kwintsimbi, ubhedu kunye nengxubevange yobhedu.

Asifane sisebenzise i-zinc chloride okanye isinyibilikisi se-ammonia chloride. Umxube wazo zombini iityuwa usetyenziswa kakhulu. Umlinganiselo wobungakanani beetyuwa zombini umisela indawo yokunyibilika komxube, ochaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ulwelo lweSolder kunye nokuncamathelisa

Xa i-soldering kunye ne-solder ethambileyo, sisebenzisa i-solder liquid njenge-flux. Nyibilikisa amaqhekeza e-tin kwi-asidi ye-sulfuric. Esi sisombululo siqulathe malunga 50% zinc chloride.

Eyona ntlama ilula ye-solder ifumaneka ngokuxuba ulwelo oluxutywayo kunye nestatshi. Enye iresiphi ibiza umxube ofunyenwe ngokuxuba 10 g ye-ammonium chloride kunye ne-90 g ye-oyile yeminerali engena-asidi. I-soldering paste ifumaneka ngokuxuba 25 g ye ammonium chloride kunye ne-100 g ye-petroleum jelly kubushushu obuyi-75°C.

Sifumana ioli yokuthambisa ukuba songeza malunga 40% glycerin kwisisombululo seammonia chloride.

Boric Rosin kunye ne-Ammonium Chloride I-Rosin Solvent yi-agent yenguqu kwi-organic based fluxes. Oku, umzekelo, ngumxube we-25 amalungu e-ammonia chloride, 15 amalungu enyama yenkomo kunye 15 amalungu e-oyile.

Iiresiphi zeAcids, Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Pastes, Oil and Solvents ezisuka kweli phepha zigcinwe njengomxholo wembali kuphela. Ungabalungiseleli okanye utshintshe ubudlelwane babo kwesi sicatshulwa; sebenzisa kuphela iimveliso eziphawulwe ngokucacileyo, ezihambelanayo ngenjongo ethile, kunye nephepha ledatha yokhuseleko kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko eqingqwe ngobungcali.

Calafonium isetyenziswe ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo njenge-solvent esekelwe kwizinto eziphilayo. Inamandla oxidizing abuthathaka, avumela kuphela ukucotha okucothayo kunye nokucoca ngoomatshini kwindawo yokuthambisa. Inzuzo ye-rosin kukuba i-residus yayo kwintsimbi ayibangeli ukubola.

Indawo yokunyibilika yee-solder ezithambileyo ingezantsi 500°C. Zinesinyithi esinzima njengenkcenkce, ilothe, i-cadmium njl. Kwingcibi yasekhaya, inkonkxa ye-tinsmith yeyona ifanelekileyo, eza ngeempawu ezahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni iqulathe 25%, 50% kunye 75% netoti. Njengoko inani le-tin linyuka, indawo yokunyibilika kwayo iyancipha. Ilothe kunye nealloyi zenkcenkce ziyaqina kancinane emva kokutywinwa. Isolder ye-lead-cadmium ithatha indawo yesolder yetin ngeendlela ezininzi.

Intsimbi yokuthambisa

I-solder eqhelekileyo yengcibi yasekhaya ithengiswa ngentsimbi yokutywina, ngelixa i-solder ethambileyo inqabile.

Intloko yobhedu yentsimbi ye-soldering inokufudunyezwa ngeendlela ezininzi: kwidangatye kwisithando somlilo, kusetyenziswa umbane kunye nomlilo ovulekileyo wepetroli kunye negesi.

Ukufudumeza intsimbi ye-soldering kunye ne-thermal energy evela ngaphandle ayiluncedo kakhulu kuba i-iron soldering ikhupha ukushisa ngokukhawuleza, kwi-1-1,5 minut, kodwa inzuzo yayo kukuba ingasetyenziselwa naphi na. Iintsimbi ze-soldering zombane zinokudibaniswa kwiinqununu. Ngabo, ungathengisa ngokuqhubekayo kunye nommiselo wokushisa. I-200-500W intsimbi ye-solder yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Kumaxesha akutshanje, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane iintsimbi ze-soldering kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi kakhulu, “iintsimbi ze-pencil soldering” kunye ne-low current current.

Ubungakanani bentsimbi ye-soldering buxhomekeke kubukhulu bomgangatho we-solder, kunye nobukhulu bomsebenzi.

Iintsimbi zokunyibilikisa azifanelekanga ukuthengisa izinto ezinkulu nezityebileyo kuba ukufudumeza komphezulu onjalo kufuna iqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu 500°C. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, isibane se-petroli soldering (i-fly-lamp) sisetyenziswa kakhulu.

Intsimbi ephathwayo yerhasi ephathwayo enencam yentsimbi kwisiseko esimhlophe

Umzekelo wentsimbi yokujongisisa ngegesi

Soldering flux

Ngaphambi kwe-soldering, kufuneka silungiselele i-workpiece ye-soldering kunye nokucoca isinyithi. Kwangoko ngaphambi kokuba i-soldering, sigubungela umphezulu kunye ne-soldering liquid, ukususa i-coating ye-oxide eyenziwa ngexesha le-soldering kwaye ivumela ukuba ishidi lichithwe ngokulula. Fudumeza intsimbi ecociweyo kwiqondo lobushushu elithile, uze ucinezele i-solder ngencam yayo. I-solder iyancibilika phantsi kwefuthe lobushushu kwaye ibambelele kwincam yentsimbi yokuthambisa, ukuze idluliselwe kwindawo yokuthambisa. Siyigcina kule ndawo de i-workpieces ifudunyezwe kwiqondo lokushisa elifunekayo kwaye i-solder etyhidiweyo igcwalise umthungo phakathi kwabo. Isinyithi esishushu esishushu kakhulu sinyibilikisa isixa esikhulu sesoda, yenze kubenzima ukunyibilika ngokulinganayo. Ukuba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushisa kwentsimbi ye-soldering kuphantsi, ayikushushu ngokwaneleyo indawo yokudibanisa, kwaye i-sheet sheet ipholisa ngokukhawuleza.

Iioksidi ze-tin kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Iioksidi ziphula ukufana kwebhondi kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa amandla ayo.

Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo. kunye ne-uniform kunye ne-one-dimensional guide of the soldering iron. Inqanaba lokugqibela ekuhlanjululweni kwe-solder lihlambulula iindawo ezithengisiweyo ukusuka kwiintsalela ze-soldering liquid. Ukugcinwa kolulwelo kubangela umhlwa kamva wentsimbi ejikeleze isoda.

Kumaxesha akutshanje, ii-solders ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo ngendlela ye-conductor - i-soldering wire ziyathengiswa.

I-soldering kunye ne-solders ene-melting point ngasentla 500°C ibizwa ngokuba yi-soldering enzima, esiyisebenzisayo xa i-solder ethambileyo kunye ne-sheet tin ingasiboneleli ngokudibanisa okunamandla okwaneleyo kwento, esetyenziswa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye nomthwalo omkhulu womatshini. Xa uthengisa kufuneka unikeze:

  • Umthombo wobushushu (isibane sokuthambisa ipetroli, itotshi) esetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa inkonkxa kunye nokufudumeza izixhobo zokusebenza eziza kudityaniswa.

  • Ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo i-solder yomgangatho ofanelekileyo.

  • I-Agent yokususa i-oxides kunye nokukhusela indawo ye-soldering kunye ne-substrate yayo kwi-corrosion ngexesha le-soldering.

Iimfuno zomsebenzi ziyafana nezo zesolder ngesolder ethambileyo. Kufuneka nje ukhethe umthombo wobushushu, i-solder fluid kunye nesolder ngokuxhomekeke kumandla kunye nobushushu obuphezulu.

Iindlela kunye neendlela zokubethelela nzima

I-soldering nge-soldering iron ayinakwenzeka nge-solder eqinile, kuba i-tip yobhedu ye-soldering iron iya kuthamba ngaphezulu kwe-500°C, ngaphandle koko, ubushushu bayo obuqokelelweyo kunye nokukhutshwayo akwanelanga kule soldering. Esikhundleni sentsimbi ye-soldering, isibane sepetroli sisetyenziselwa i-solder kunye nezitshisi ezahlukeneyo apho sitshisa imixube yegesi. Oku sele kuqinisekisa ubushushu obaneleyo kunye nokusebenza kwe-thermal.

Eyona mixube idla ngokusetyenziswa kwirhasi kwizitshisi yigesi yokukhanyisa neoksijini, iacetylene neoksijini, kunye nehydrogen kunye neoksijini.

Ukuxuba kunye nokusetyenziswa kweegesi ezinokutsha kunye neoksijini, izibane zepetroli kunye nezinye izitshisi ezivulekileyo zithwala umngcipheko womlilo, ukudubula, ukukhanya, ukutshisa kunye neemveliso ezinobungozi zokutsha. Le nkcazo yembali ayanele ekukhetheni, ukudibanisa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo; umsebenzi kufuneka ushiyelwe kumntu oqeqeshiweyo kwindawo ekhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo.

Kwishishini lobucwebe, i-blowtorch ngendlela yombhobho isetyenziswa kakhulu, esetyenziselwa ukuvuthela kwi-workpiece phezu komlilo wesibane sotywala.

Amandla okukrazula kwe-solder enzima efanelekileyo anokufikelela50 kg/ mm2(ifakwe kwisoda ethambileyo10 kg/ mm2). Ubhedu sesona sinyithi sibaluleke kakhulu esihlala sisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-alloying, kunye: ne-tin, i-tin, i-phosphorus, isilivere, igolide, iplatinam kunye ne-cadmium. Ukusebenzisa inani le-alloys, i-solder yomgangatho ohlukeneyo, indawo yokunyibilika, umbala, amandla kunye nokumelana nokubola kunokuveliswa. Phakathi kwee-solders ezisemgangathweni, sinokukhetha i-solder yokwakheka kweepesenti ezifunwayo, indawo yokunyibilika kunye nococeko.

Amagcisa asekhaya ngokuqhelekileyo asebenzisa i-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-zinc solder (ubhedu) abasebenzisa ukuthengisa izinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi, ubhedu, i-alloy yobhedu, i-nickel, i-nickel alloy kunye nentsimbi enganyangekiyo kwi-asidi. Umzekelo, ukusuka kubhedu kunye nenani1amanqaku fSr42iqulathe41-43%ubhedu kunye56-58%zinc, kwaye indawo yayo yokunyibilika845°C. Amanqaku e-solder fSr85inani5iqulathe84-86% ubhedu,13-16%izinki,0,2-0,4%yesilicon, kunye nendawo yayo yokunyibilika1020°C.

Kwitoti yesilivere, eyi-alloy yesilivere, ubhedu, i-zinc, sinokuthi ilungele ukuthengiswa phantse zonke izinto, ngaphandle kwe-aluminium, i-magnesium kunye ne-titanium, kunye neentsimbi ezinendawo yokunyibilika engezantsi.720°C.

I-Fluxes inomsebenzi wokuhlanjululwa kunye nokuchithwa kwee-oxide zetsimbi kunye nokukhusela i-solder joint ukusuka kwi-oxidation kwiqondo lokushisa. Kubalulekile ukuba bangahlaseli izinto ezithengisiweyo, ukuba zihlala phezu kwesisombululo setsimbi, kwaye zikhutshwe ngokulula kwisiza se-soldering.

Iinyibiliki zi, umz. boric acid, borax, hydrogen phosphate-ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, sodium bromide kunye potassium bromide. Ezi zixhobo zibonisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwiqondo lokushisa elahlukileyo.

Ekhaya, sinokusebenzisa i-borax kunye nee-solder zethu ezineziphumo ezanelisayo, eyikhemikhali esetyenziswa ngabafoti. Ixutywe namanzi amancinci isetyenziswa kwindawo eludaka.

Makhe ngoku silandele ukusebenza kwe-hard soldering kumzekelo osebenzayo. Sinikwe umsebenzi wokudibanisa i-skeleton yomnqwazi wesibane esimileyo ukusuka kwintambo yentsimbi esiya kuthi kamva siyigqume ngesikhumba okanye isilika. Ngoncedo lwethemplate, umbhobho okanye isitya, senza imilo yesetyhula yeendandatho ezisezantsi kunye neziphezulu ukusuka kwintambo eqingqiweyo, ubukhulu 1,5-2,5 mm. Emva koku sinqumle isiqina ukusuka ku-3-4 amaqhekeza ocingo oluthe ngqo ukwenza iqokobhe le-coupe.

Emva kwezi zenzo, siqhubela phambili kwi-soldering, eyona nto ingcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa isibane segesi. Siza kusebenzisa i-solder yobhedu, kwaye njenge-soldering liquid, i-borax exutywe kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi ukwenza i-paste. Sibeka iingcingo ezigobileyo kunye nezidibeneyo kwisitena esinye ukwenzela ukuba indawo ye-solder ingahlali kwisitena, kodwa ixhomeke ngokukhululekile. Sibeka inani elincinci le-mushy borax eziphelweni zocingo. Ngoku sitshisa indawo yokuthengiswa, kubumnyama obomvu obomvu xa i-borax iyanyibilika. Ukuba ngoku sizisa isiqwenga se-solder yobhedu, ngendlela yentonga okanye ipleyiti, kwindawo yokudibanisa kwaye siyidibanise kwi-borax etyhidiweyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukufudumeza, enye i-drop iya kunyibilika kwi-solder enzima. Ukuba ubushushu bocingo olushushu luphezulu kunobushushu obunyibilikayo besoda, ithontsi elinyibilikisiweyo liya kunwenwa likhazimle. I-solder iya kuqina ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ilangatye lisusiwe.

Umzekelo osebenzayo wangaphambili ngesibane sepetroli, isitena, iboraksi kunye nentsimbi yokufudumeza ukuya kwi-incandescence akufanele yenziwe ngokwalo mbhalo wogcino. Indawo yokusebenzela ezinikeleyo, umthombo olawulwayo wobushushu, ukungena komoya kunye nokukhupha, ukukhuselwa kumlilo kunye nokutsha, ulwazi lwendlela echanekileyo yokwakhiwa kwezinto ezisisiseko kunye nezongezelelweyo kunye nolawulo lobuchwephesha benkqubo.

Kwangokunjalo, kufuneka sithengise iziqinisekiso eziqhotyoshelwe okwethutyana, ukuba amakhonkco ayenziwe ngaphambili. Emva kokugqiba ukuthambisa, sinokususa iboraksi epholileyo yeglasi ngokuvuthela ngehamile.