Yakakosha Hutano uye Chengetedzo Cherechedzo: Aya mavara akachengetwa kubva ku 2018. gore, uye kwete mirairo yemazuva ano yekugadzira, kutengesa, kugadzirira makemikari kana kushanda nemurazvo wakazaruka. Maitiro anotsanangurwa anogona kusanganisira maasidhi akasimba, zvinopisa uye zvinonyungudutsa zvine muchetura, zvinonyungudutsa zvinoparadza, magasi ane njodzi, lead, cadmium nemamwe simbi inorema, nzvimbo dzinopisa, magetsi, masilinda epressure, uye njodzi dzinoputika. Usagadzirire mhinduro dzenhoroondo uye mapesiti zvinoenderana nemabikirwo kubva muzvinyorwa uye usapisa zvisingazivikanwe mabhanhire kana simbi. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu, kusarudzwa kwemutobvu-isina kana imwe nzira yakakodzera, kudhirowa kwenzvimbo, kudzivirira kweganda, maziso uye nhengo dzekufema, matanho ekudzivirira moto, kuchengetwa kwemakemikari uye kuraswa kwezvakasara zvinofanirwa kutariswa nevanhu vanokwanisa maererano nekuchengetedza data mapepa, zvinyorwa zvemugadziri uye mitemo inoshanda. Manetani ekutakura zvinhu, magetsi, gasi, pombi dzemvura, chikafu, zvekurapa kana zvimwe zvakakosha-zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza zvinoda kutsanangurwa nehunyanzvi uye kutonga.
Welding, soldering uye kutengeswa kwemakemikari kana masimbi ekugadzirisa zvinhu hazvisi chikamu chekupihwa kutsva kweruzhinji kweSavo Kusić. Parizvino pari kutariswa mahwindo emapuranga, mahwindo emapuranga-aluminium, mahwindo etsika uye magonhi. Kune hwindo kana chirongwa chegonhi, unogona kutumira chikumbiro chekotesheni.
Kubatanidza zvikamu zvesimbi
Kusvika parizvino tacheka, kucheka, kuisa uye kudhirowa zvinhu. Kumwe kushanda kwebasa ndiko kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvesimbi.
Iri boka remabasa ebasa rakakamurwa kuita marudzi maviri ekujoinha: anopatsanurika uye asinga patsanurwe majoini. Neizvi zvinoreva kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvakabatana pasina kuparadza zvisungo zvavo (somuenzaniso, nekubvisa imwe sikuruu tinoparadzanisa zvikamu) uye kupatsanurwa nekuparadzwa kwekubatana kwavo. Yekupedzisira inosanganisira welding uye soldering. Pakati pezvinopatsanurwa uye zvisinga patsanurwe zvinongedzo pane chinongedzo chakagadzirwa nema rivets.
Kuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu zvakabatanidzwa ne rivets kunoitwa nekuparadza rivets.
Zvisungo zvisingaputsika
Chekutanga ngatione mashandire ebasa anodiwa kuita mabhondi asingaparadzanisiki. Mabasa aya anosanganisira welding. Kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi kunodiwa kuita maitiro iwayo. Michina yewelding inowanzowanikwa mumidziyo yewekishopu, uye hatigone kuiwana pakati pemidziyo yemumba.
Chinhu chekugadzirisa ndechokuti panguva yekuputika, kwete chete electrodes, i.e. matanda emagetsi ane zvimwe zvinhu, asiwo zvikamu zve workpiece zvinonyunguduka. Izvi zvinowanikwa kana zvinongedzo zvichidziya uchishandisa autogenous apparatus. Kubatana kunogonawo kuitwa nemagetsi welding.
Chinhu chekutengesa ndechekuti zvinhu zviviri zvakagadzirirwa zvinobatanidzwa nekutengesa uchishandisa alloy yakanyungudutswa, solder. Musiyano wakanyanya kukosha pakati pewelding uye solder ndeyekuti majoini ezvinhu haana kunyungudika kana solder. Soldering inoda tembiricha yakadzikira uye maturusi mashoma, zvishongedzo uye zvinhu (Mufananidzo 1, chikamu chepamusoro).
Kubatanidza zvinhu zviviri, zvakakosha kuziva chinangwa chechinhu chitsva. Simba rezvinhu zvakatengeswa zvinotarirwa ne: nzira yekuunganidza uye zviyero, gaka rekubatana kunotengeswa, pfuma, kusimba kwema alloys uye kunaka kwekutengesa.
*Mufananidzo1- Soldering accessories uye nhoroondo inomiririra yeakabatana maumbirwo *
Maumbirwo ezvimedu zvebasa zvakagadzirirwa soldering zvinogona kuva: blunt, oblique, lapped, dovetail uye kusimbiswa. Iyo yakafara yemakumbo inofanira kubva kubva kune imwe kusvika katatu kuwanda kweiyo workpiece. Kusiya mukaha pakati pezvishandiso zvinodikanwa kuitira kuti solder yakanyungudutswa izadze.
Nzvimbo dzinofanira kubatanidzwa dzinofanira kugadziriswa pamwe chete sezvinobvira kuitira kuti solder yakanyungudutswa izadze zvachose maburi pakati pawo. Nzira dzekuita nemadimensional workpieces dzinoratidzwa pazasi pehafu yemufananidzo1. Aya mashoma akabatana anokodzera zvatinoda mumba.
Kubviswa kwemaokisi uye girizi
Mukubatana neokisijeni kubva kumhepo pamusoro pesimbi, kunze kwesimbi dzinokosha, oxide layer - ngura - inoumbwa.
Tisati tatengesa, tinofanira kubvisa chidimbu ichi nebhurashi rewaya, tichikwesha nefaira, jira remery (sandpaper) kana imwe inozivikanwa kemikari.
Kushandiswa kwemakemikari ejenti, weti inobva kune sulfuric, nitric uye sodium acids yakawedzerwa. Aya asidhi uye acidic mhinduro inokwanisa kubvisa iyo oxide layer, kwete chete isati yapwanyika, asiwo iyo layer inoumba panguva ye soldering.
Isu tinosarudza kubvisa ngura maererano nehupfumi hwesimbi. Semuyenzaniso wesimbi nema alloys ayo tinoshandisa sulfuric acid, sodium acid, phosphoric acid nemhinduro dzayo. Kuchenesa mhangura, nickel uye alloys ayo, tinoshandisa mhinduro ye sulfuric acid. Sonic acid inonyanya kushandiswa. Kana chinhu chacho chanyanya kuita ngura, tinoshandisa nitric acid solution. Mushure mekuchenesa ngura, tinobva tabvisa asidi, nokuti kana tikasaibvisa, iyo oxide coating ichaumba zvakare. Nzvimbo yatiri kugadzirira kugadzirwa ichacheneswa girizi zviri nyore kana tikaigeza nepeturu yakachena.
Zvinyorwa zvekare zvekare pamusoro pekushanda nesulfuric, nitric, sodium uye phosphoric acid uye kugeza nepeturu yakachena haifaniri kushandiswa semurayiridzo weimba. Usasanganise maasidhi, shandisa peturu sedegreaser, uye shandisa pasina kunyatsoongorora makemikari, kufefetedza kwemhepo, midziyo, machengetero, uye maitirwo ekurasa nemarara.
Melters
Masolvents anoshandiswa panguva yekutengesa akakamurwa kuita inorganic uye organic. Mushonga unobva pane inorganic zvinhu unozivikanwa pasi pezita rekuti nischador - munyu unonyungudika mumvura. Sonic acid inowanikwa kubva mumushonga uyu inoshandura maokisidi anogadzirwa kuita makloridi. Nišador anochenesawo nzvimbo dzesimbi inodhaka.
Zinc chloride munyu muchena unonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura. Pakupisa kwekutengesa, nehunyoro hwemhepo, inogadzira gasi re sodium acid, iyo inoshandura maokisisi akagadzirwa kuita makloridi. Zinc chloride ndiyo inonyanya kushanda yekuyerera kune yakapfava solder. Kukanganisa kwayo ndeyekuti inotora mvura nyore nyore, saka kushandiswa kwayo kunogumira. Iyo inotora yakasara yakanyungudutsa mvura kubva panzvimbo ye soldering, uye iyo inogadzirwa sodium acid gasi inokonzera kuparara kunotevera. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pasimbi, mhangura nemhangura alloys.
Hatiwanzoshandisa zinc chloride kana ammonia chloride solvent. Musanganiswa wemunyu wese unonyanya kushandiswa. Chiyero chehuwandu hwemunyu wose unosarudza nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yemusanganiswa, iyo inorayira kushandiswa kwayo.
Solder fluid uye paste
Paunenge uchitengesa ne solder yakapfava, tinoshandisa solder liquid semhepo. Dissolve tin zvidimbu mu sulfuric acid. Mushonga uyu une 50% zinc chloride.
Iyo yakapfava solder paste inowanikwa nekusanganisa solder liquid nestarch. Imwe resipi inoda musanganiswa unowanikwa nekusanganisa 10 g yeammonium chloride uye 90 g ye acid-isina mineral oil. Soldering paste inowanikwawo nekusanganisa 25 g yeammonium chloride ne 100 g yepetroleum jelly patembiricha ye 75°C.
Tinowana mafuta ekutengesa kana tikawedzera nezve 40% glycerin kumushonga weammonia chloride.
Boric Rosin uye Ammonium Chloride Rosin Solvent is a transitional agent kune organic based fluxes. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, musanganiswa we 25 zvikamu zveammonia chloride, 15 zvikamu zvenyama yemombe uye 15 zvikamu zvemafuta.
Mabikirwo eAcids, Zinc Chloride, Ammonium Chloride, Pastes, Mafuta neZvinyungudutsa kubva papeji ino zvakachengetwa sezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo chete. Usavagadzirira kana kushandura hukama hwavo kune chinyorwa ichi; shandisa zvigadzirwa zvakaiswa pachena chete, zvinoenderana nechinangwa chakananga, nepepa rekuchengetedza data uye matanho ekudzivirira akatemerwa nehunyanzvi.
Calafonium yave ichishandiswa kubva kare sechinhu chinonyungudutsa chakavakirwa paorganic material. Iyo ine ine simba shoma oxidizing simba, iyo inobvumira chete inononoka soldering uye yakadzama mechanicha yekuchenesa yenzvimbo ye soldering. Kubatsira kwe rosin ndeyokuti masara ayo pasimbi haakonzeri kuora.
Kunyungudika kwemasoja akapfava ari pazasi 500°C. Ane simbi dzinorema setin, lead, cadmium nezvimwewo. Kune mhizha yepamusha, tinsmith’s tin ndiyo inonyanya kufanira, inouya nemhando dzakasiyana, zvichienderana nekuti ine 25%, 50% uye 75% tin. Sezvo huwandu hwetini hunowedzera, kunyunguduka kwayo kunoderera. Lead nemarata alloys anoomesa zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekutengesa. Lead-cadmium solder inotsiva tin solder nenzira dzakawanda.
Soldering iron
Kusongera kwakajairika kwemhizha yepamba iri kutengeswa nesimbi, ukuwo musodha wakapfava haunyanye kuwanda.
Musoro wemhangura wesimbi yekunyungudutsa unogona kupiswa nenzira dzakawanda: pamurazvo uri muchoto, uchishandisa magetsi uye pamurazvo wakavhurika wepeturu negasi.
Kupisa simbi yekunyungudutsa nesimba rinopisa kubva kunze hakubatsiri zvakanyanya nekuti simbi inodonhedza inopa kupisa nekukurumidza, mu 1-1,5 minut, asi zvakanakira kuti inogona kushandiswa chero kupi. Masimbi emagetsi emagetsi anogona kubatanidzwa kune mains. Navo, iwe unogona kutengesa nguva dzose nekugadzirisa kupisa. Iyo 200-500W simbi yekusimbisa ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvinogoneka kuwana simbi dzekutengesa dzine simba rakaderera, “pencil soldering irons” ine low current.
Ukuru hwesimbi yesimbi inobva pakukura kwechiso chekutengesa, pamwe chete nehupamhi hwebasa rekushanda.
Maayini ekusodha haana kukodzera kusona zvinhu zvakakura uye zvakakora nekuti kudziyisa kwenzvimbo dzakadai kunoda tembiricha iri pamusoro 500°C. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, gasoline soldering rambi (fly-lamp) inonyanya kushandiswa.
Muenzaniso wemanyorero gasi solder iron
Soldering flux
Tisati tatengesa, tinoda kugadzirira workpiece ye soldering uye kuchenesa simbi yesimbi. Pakarepo tisati tatengesa, tinoputira pamusoro nesoldering liquid, kuti tibvise oxide coating inoumbwa panguva yekutengesa uye inobvumira pepa kuti rive nyore kudururwa. Pisa simbi yakacheneswa kune imwe tembiricha, wobva wadzvanya solder nemuromo wayo. Solder inonyunguduka pasi pesimba rekupisa uye inonamatira kumuromo wesimbi inotengeswa, saka inogona kuendeswa kunzvimbo inotengeswa. Tinozvichengeta munzvimbo ino kusvikira ma workpieces apisa kusvika kune inodiwa tembiricha uye solder yakanyungudutswa inozadza musono pakati pavo. Simbi yekunyunguditsa inonyungudusa simbi yakakura, zvichiita kuti zviome kunyungudika zvakaenzana. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, kutonhora kwesimbi yesimbi kwakaderera, haisati yakwana kupisa nzvimbo ye soldering, uye pepa resimbi rinotonhora nokukurumidza.
Tin oxidises pakupisa kwakanyanya. Oxides inoputsa kufanana kwechisungo uye nokudaro kuderedza simba rayo.
Tinofanirwa kuterera. uye pane yunifomu uye imwe-dimensional kutungamira kwesimbi yekusimbisa. Nhanho yekupedzisira mukutengesa ndeyekuchenesa nzvimbo dzakatengeswa kubva kune zvakasara zvemvura inotengeswa. Kuchengetwa kwemvura iyi kunokonzeresa kuti simbi igare yaita ngura kutenderedza solder.
Mumazuva achangopfuura, vatengesi vakasiyana-siyana vakasanganiswa muchimiro chekondukita - waya yekusimbisa inotengeswa.
Soldering nemasoja ane nzvimbo yakanyunguduka pamusoro 500°C inonzi hard soldering, iyo yatinoshandisa kana yakapfava solder ne sheet tin isingatipi kubatana kwakasimba kwakakwana kwechinhu, iyo inoshandiswa pakupisa kwepamusoro uye mutoro mukuru wemagetsi. Kutengesa kunodiwa kupa:
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Chitubu chekupisa (rambi rekutengesa peturu, tochi) chinoshandiswa kunyungudutsa tini nekudziisa maworkpiece kuti abatanidzwe.
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Kusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwesolder yemhando yakakodzera.
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Mumiririri wekubvisa maokisi uye kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekutengesa uye substrate yayo kubva mukuora panguva yekutengesa.
Zvinodiwa zvekushanda zvakafanana neyekutengesa nesolder yakapfava. Iwe unongoda kusarudza panobva kupisa, solder fluid uye solder zvinoenderana nesimba uye tembiricha yepamusoro.
Nzira uye nzira dzekutengesa zvakaoma
Kuputira nesimbi yekunyungudika hakugoneki nesimbi yakaoma, nokuti muromo wemhangura wesimbi inogadziriswa inogona kupfava pamusoro pe 500°C, kunze kwekuti, kupisa kwayo kwakaunganidzwa uye kubudiswa hakuna kukwana kune iyi soldering. Panzvimbo yesimbi yesimbi, mwenje wepetroli unoshandiswa pakutengesa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopisa umo tinopisa gasi musanganiswa. Izvi zvinotove nechokwadi chekupisa kwakakwana uye kushanda kwekushisa.
Misanganiswa yegasi inonyanya kushandiswa muzvibatiso igasi rekuvhenekera neokisijeni, acetylene neokisijeni, uye hairojeni neokisijeni.
Kusanganisa nekushandisa magasi anobvira neokisijeni, marambi epeturu nezvimwe zvinopisa zvakavhurika zvinotakura njodzi yemoto, kuputika, flashback, kutsva uye zvinokuvadza zvigadzirwa. Iyi tsananguro yenhoroondo haina kukwana pakusarudza, kubatana kana kushandiswa kwemidziyo yakadaro; basa rinofanira kusiyirwa munhu akadzidziswa munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa zvakafanira.
Muindasitiri yezvishongo, blowtorch muchimiro chechubhu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, iyo inoshandiswa kupfutidza paworkpiece pamusoro pemurazvo wemwenje wedoro.
Simba rekubvarura rakakodzera hard solder rinogona kusvika50 kg/ mm2(ine soft solder10 kg/ mm2) Mhangura ndiyo inonyanya kukosha simbi yekubhuroka iyo inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira alloying, pamwe ne: tin, tin, phosphorus, sirivheri, goridhe, platinamu uye cadmium. Uchishandisa akati wandei maalloys, solder yemhando dzakasiyana, nzvimbo yekunyungudika, ruvara, simba uye corrosion kuramba inogona kugadzirwa. Pakati peakamisikidzwa vatengesi, isu tinogona kusarudza solder yeinodiwa yezana kuumbwa, nzvimbo yekunyungudika uye kuchena.
Vashandi vekumba vanowanzoshandisa alloy yemhangura uye zinc solder (ndarira) iyo yavanoshandisa kutengesa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nesimbi, mhangura, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy uye acid-resistant simbi. Semuenzaniso, kubva kundarira ine nhamba1zviratidzo fSr42rine41-43%mhangura uye56-58%zinc, uye nzvimbo yayo yekunyungudika iri845°C. Solder mamaki fSr85nhamba5rine84-86% mhangura,13-16%zingi,0,2-0,4%yesilicon, uye nzvimbo yayo yekunyungudika ndeye1020°C.
Nesimbi yesirivha, inova alloy yesirivheri, mhangura, zingi, tinogona kutaura kuti yakakodzera kushambadzira zvinenge zvese zvinhu, kunze kwealuminium, magnesium uye titanium, pamwe chete nesimbi ine nzvimbo yakanyunguduka pazasi.720°C.
Fluxes ine basa rekunyungudutsa uye kunyungudutsa simbi oxides uye kudzivirira solder joint kubva oxidation panguva soldering tembiricha. Zvakakosha kuti vasarwise zvinhu zvakatengeswa, kuti zvirambe zviri pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwesimbi, uye kuti zviri nyore kubviswa kubva panzvimbo ye soldering.
Melters ari, semuenzaniso. boric acid, borax, hydrogen phosphate-ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, sodium bromide uye potassium bromide. Zvinhu izvi zvinoratidza basa rakasiyana pane tembiricha yakasiyana.
Kumba, tinogona kushandisa borax nemasoja edu nemhedzisiro inogutsa, inova kemikari inoshandiswa nevanotora mifananidzo. Yakasanganiswa nemvura shoma inoshandiswa mumatope.
Ngatiteverei kuita kwekuomarara pamuenzaniso unoshanda. Isu tine basa rekuunganidza skeleton yeheti yemwenje yakamira kubva pawaya yesimbi iyo yatichazovhara nematehwe kana sirika. Nekubatsirwa kwe template, pombi kana mudziyo, tinoita chimiro chedenderedzwa chezvindori zvepasi nepamusoro kubva kune tambo yakachekwa, ukobvu 1,5-2,5 mm. Mushure meizvi tinocheka chinoomesa kubva 3-4 zvidimbu zvewaya yakatwasuka kuti igadzire coupe shell.
Mushure mezviito izvi, tinoenderera mberi nekutengesa, izvo zviri nani kushandisa rambi regesi. Tichashandisa mhangura yendarira, uye semvura inopisa, borax yakasanganiswa nemvura shoma kuti iite paste. Isu tinoisa waya dzakakomberedzwa uye dzakabatana pane chimwe chidhinha kuitira kuti solder irege kuzorora pachidhinha, asi inorembera zvakasununguka. Tinoisa mushy borax mushoma kumigumo yewaya. Iye zvino tinopisa nzvimbo inotengeswa, kune rima rakatsvuka rinopenya apo borax inonyunguduka. Kana isu zvino tichiunza chidimbu chendarira solder, muchimiro chetsvimbo kana ndiro, kune solder point uye kuinyudza muborax yakanyungudutswa pasina kukanganisa kupisa, donho rimwe richanyunguduka kubva kune yakaoma solder. Kana tembiricha yewaya yesimbi inopisa yakakwira kupfuura tembiricha yekunyunguduka yesolder, donhwe rakanyungudutswa rinopararira richipenya. Solder inosimba nekukasira kana murazvo wabviswa.
Muenzaniso wekare unoshanda nerambi repeturu, chidhinha, borax uye simbi yekudziya kusvika kune incandescence haifanirwe kuitwa zvinoenderana neino dura rezvinyorwa. Nzvimbo yebasa yakatsaurirwa, nzvimbo inodzorwa yekupisa, kupinza mhepo uye kupera simba, dziviriro pamoto nekutsva, ruzivo rwekuumbwa chaiko kwechinhu chakakosha uye chekuwedzera uye manejimendi eunyanzvi ehurongwa hunodiwa.
Nenzira yakafanana, isu tinofanirwa kutengesa zvimisikidza zvakasungirirwa kwenguva pfupi, kana zvindori zvakambogadzirwa. Mushure mekupedza kusona, tinokwanisa kubvisa girazi reborakisi rakatonhodzwa nesando yakanaka.