I-Archival ingcali umxholo: isicatshulwa kunye neefomyula eziskeniweyo zigcina i-akhawunti yethiyori yembali, kodwa ayisiyiyo isifundo se-geotechnical, iprojekthi yodonga olugcinayo, ukubalwa kozinzo, uvavanyo lodonga olukhoyo, isicwangciso sokomba okanye imiyalelo yokwenziwa. Uxinzelelo lomhlaba kunye namanzi luxhomekeke kumhlaba othile, ukucwangciswa, ukubumbana, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ijometri, intshukumo yodonga, imithwalo eyongezelelweyo, iqabaka kunye nentshukumo yenyikima. Kwimeko nganye yokwenyani, umsebenzi wophando, idatha yelabhoratri, imigangatho esebenzayo kunye nokujongwa ngokudibeneyo yinjineli egunyazisiweyo ye-geotechnical kunye nezakhiwo ziyafuneka.

Namhlanje, i-Savo Kusić igxile kwi ifestile zomthi, iifestile zomthi-aluminiyam, iifestile zesiko, umnyango kunye nezicelo zekoteyishini. Eli nqaku lihlala liyindawo yogcino lwembali kwaye alibonisi unikezelo loyilo lwe-geotechnical, ukubala okanye ukwakhiwa kweendonga zokugcina.

Uxinzelelo lomhlaba kwiindonga zokugcina

Ubunzima bomhlaba obuxhaswe ludonga olubambayo lwenza uxinzelelo kulo, luthande ukuyityhalela phambili ngokuguqulela phambili (umkhiwane 1a) okanye ityhale (umkhiwane 1b). Ubukhulu boxinzelelo lomhlaba E buxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, phakathi kwazo ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zomhlaba, ukuguqulwa kodonga, ukufuma komhlaba kunye nemeko yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ukuphakama kodonga, umthwalo wangaphandle kunye noburhabaxa bomgangatho ongaphakathi wodonga.

Iizicwangciso zoguqulo lokufuduswa kunye nokubhukuqwa kodonga olugcinayo phantsi kwentshukumo yoxinzelelo lomhlaba

Umfanekiso1- intshukumo yokuguqulela kunye nokujikeleza kodonga oluxhasayo.

Uxinzelelo lomhlaba ekuphumleni

Ukuba udonga olubambeleyo luqinile kwaye alushukumi, uxinzelelo olusebenzayo kulo lubizwa ngokuba uxinzelelo lomhlaba ekuphumleni kwaye luchazwa ngu-E.0_. Olu luxinzelelo kanye olukhoyo kumhlaba ongaphazamisekiyo kubunzulu obujongweyo, phantsi kweempembelelo zobunzima bomhlaba kwaye ngokunokwenzeka nokulayishwa kwangaphambili kweeleya ezikhukulisekileyo ngaphambili. Uxinzelelo lomhlaba ekuphumleni lunqabile kwaye lwenzeka kuphela kwiimeko ezithile, ezinje ngodonga olugcinayo olusekwe kwilitye eliqinileyo, emva koko ngeeprofayili ezivaliweyo zamatonela kunye nemibhobho, kunye needokhi ezinkulu, ezingashukumi ngokupheleleyo (Fig.2).

Isicwangciso soxinzelelo lomhlaba luphumle kwiindonga ezisecaleni zedokhi enkulu

Umfanekiso2- ukuphumla koxinzelelo lomhlaba kwidokhi enkulu.

Uxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo

Ukuba udonga oluxhasayo phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo E luhamba phambili okanye lujikeleza kwindawo yonyawo A, okanye enye indawo ephantsi, iimeko eziqhelekileyo kumhlaba ocinezelayo, ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezikhankanywe ngasentla ezivaliweyo kunye nezinkulu, ngoko ubunzima bomhlaba emva kodonga buyanda. Ukuba ukushukuma kodonga kukhulu ngokwaneleyo, inxalenye yomhlaba emva kodonga, iprism ABCA, iyaphulwa kwaye isilayidi phantsi kwe-sliding surface AC (fig.2). Uxinzelelo olwenziwa yiprism etyibilikayo eludongeni olugcinayo lubizwa ngokuba luxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomhlaba kwaye lubonakaliswa ngu-Ea. Olu xinzelelo lusezantsi kakhulu kunoxinzelelo ekuphumleni, malunga0,5ukuya0,7_E0_. Ngenxa yokutyibilika kweprism yomhlaba ABCA, uxinzelelo lwechear τ lwenziwa lusebenze ecaleni komphezulu owenziweyo wesilayidi AC, ochasa ukutyibilika nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba. Ngomzuzu xa iprism ABCA iqala ukutyibilika, i-chear stresses τ ifikelela kwixabiso eliphezulu, into ethetha ukuba ngalomzuzu ixabiso loxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo E lelona lincinci. Ngoko ke, Ea lixabiso elisezantsi lomda woxinzelelo lomhlaba.

Iimvavanyo zeTerzaghi zoxinzelelo lomhlaba ngezinto zesanti kudonga lobude h=1,50 mibonise ukuba ukufikelela kwixabiso elisezantsi lomda woxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo5/10.000ukuphakama kodonga okanye ukujikeleziswa komphezulu wodonga Δl ye1/5.000_h_ ujikeleze umlenze A.

Uxinzelelo lomhlaba olungenakwenziwa

Ukuba sifaka uxinzelelo eludongeni ukusuka ngaphandle ukuya ngaphakathi komhlaba (umkhiwane.3), udonga luya kubuyela emva kwaye umhlaba uya kubumbana. Xa intshukumo yodonga ifikelela kwixabiso elithile Δl, iprism yodongwe ABCA iya kwahlula emhlabeni, eya kuthi ityhalelwe phezulu ngumgangatho wokutyibilika AC phantsi kwesenzo esiqhubekayo samandla angaphandle. Ukuxhathisa okunikezelwa ngumhlaba ngokuchasene nesenzo samandla angaphandle ngeli xesha lokwahlulwa kweprism ABCA uxinzelelo lomhlaba olwenziwayo Ep. Lelona xabiso liphezulu liphezulu elinokufikelela kuxinzelelo lomhlaba.

Uxinzelelo lomhlaba ekuphumleni lumiselwa ngokovavanyo, ngelixa uxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo kunye nolwenziwayo lunokumiselwa ngokwezibalo, kusetyenziswa iindlela zohlalutyo okanye zegraphical, ezisekelwe kulwazi lweempawu ezibonakalayo zomhlaba, ezidla ngokumiselwa ngeendlela zaselabhoratri.

Isicwangciso soxinzelelo lwehlabathi esenziwayo kunye nokunyuswa kweprism etyibilikayo emva kodonga olubambayo

Umfanekiso3-Uxinzelelo lomhlaba olwenziwayo kunye neprism etyibilikayo.

Kubalulekile ekuphunyezweni: imo esebenzayo, yokwenziwa, nengasebenziyo ayikhethwa ngegama lolwakhiwo lodwa. Ukuhamba okuvumelekileyo kodonga, uxinzelelo olusebenzayo, iimeko ezimanzi okanye ezingagxothwanga, umgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nokutshintsha, imithwalo eyongezelelweyo kunye nokulahleka komhlaba phambi kodonga kufuneka kuboniswe. Ukukhethwa okungalunganga kweemeko zoxinzelelo kunokuphazamisa ukuzinza kwe-sliding, ukuguqulwa, ukuthwala umthamo womhlaba kunye namandla odonga.

Ukumiselwa komlinganiso woxinzelelo lokuphumla K0

Kwimeko xa udonga oluxhasayo luvezwe kwisiphumo soxinzelelo lwe-static, uxinzelelo lwe-static E kufuneka lwamkelwe ukulinganisa udonga oluxhasayo.0, inkulu kunoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomhlaba. Ubungakanani bawo buphakathi koxinzelelo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo kunye nolwenziwayo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba kunye nokugangatheka kwawo.

Ebunzulu t ngaphantsi komhlaba, uxinzelelo oluthe nkqo olusuka kubunzima bomhlaba ngu σt = γ·t. Ukuba akukho nokwenzeka kokwandiswa okusecaleni komhlaba, uxinzelelo oluthe tye σh = γ·t·K0, apho K0 = σh/σt.

K0 luxinzelelo lokuphumla. I-coefficient yoxinzelelo lokuphumla inokumiselwa ngovavanyo lwe-triaxial ngale ndlela ilandelayo.

Isampulu yomhlaba ongaphazamisekiyo othathwe kubunzulu boxinzelelo lokuphumla ufakwe kwi-triaxial apparatus, apho uxinzelelo olusecaleni σ3 xa usetyenziso lomthwalo othe nkqo σ1 luhlengahlengiswa ukuze ukuguqulwa kwecala kungenzeki, oko kukuthi isampuli elinganayo ye-deformation ye-lateral. Amaxabiso ombane asebenzayo σ’1 kunye σ’3 asetyenziswa kwidayagram σ’1 - σ’3 (umzobo 4), kunye nomgca othe ngqo wedayagram efunyenweyo umgca wetange imisela ixabiso K0 = σ’3/σ’1.

Umzobo woxinzelelo olusebenzayo lokumisela i-coefficient yoxinzelelo lokuphumla ngovavanyo lwe-triaxial

Figure 4 — ukumiselwa kwe-coefficient K__0 yoxinzelelo lokuphumla ngovavanyo lwetriaxial.

NgokukaPetermann, amaxabiso aqikelelweyo e-coefficient yoxinzelelo lokuphumla a

yesanti egayiweyo K0 = 0,40 – 0,45

yesanti evulekileyo       K0 = 0,45 – 0,50

yodongwe K0 = 0,60 – 0,75

Amaxabiso aselabhoratri: Uqikelelo loluhlu olungezantsi luhlala luyinxalenye yombhalo wokuqala, kodwa aluthatheli indawo yovavanyo olumele iisampulu, imodeli yokwakheka komhlaba namaxabiso oyilo. Ubhalo lwe-OCR yeefomyula, i-subscripts kunye ne-apostrophes kufuneka zitshekishwe ngokuchasene nomthombo ogunyazisiweyo phambi kwayo nayiphi na isibalo.

Iindlela zokumisela uxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo — ithiyori kaCoulomb

UCoulomb waqala ukupapasha ithiyori yoxinzelelo lomhlaba (1770. unyaka), ngokusekelwe kumava entsimi. Wajonga eludongeni olugcinayo oluxhasa umhlaba oxengayo. Ngaxa lithile walususa udonga, apho ubunzima bomhlaba batyibilika kwindawo etyibilikayo AC, ithambekele kwi-engile ethe tyaba (fig.5). Ubunzima W beprism yomhlaba etyibilikayo ABC, ibotshwe ngumphezulu womhlaba BC, umphezulu otyibilikayo AC kunye nodonga olubambayo AB, lusebenza ngaxeshanye kudonga olubambayo nakumphezulu otyibilikayo. Ubukhulu boxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo Ea bamiselwa yiCoulomb phantsi kwezi ngcinga zimbini zilandelayo:

  1. ukuba umphezulu wokutyibilika ngumgangatho wokwenyani;

  2. ukuba imikhosi emithathu esebenzayo: ubunzima beprism yokutyibilika W, ukuchasana kodonga oluxhasayo Ea kunye nokumelana nokukhuhlana Q ecaleni kwendawo yokutyibilika AC inqumla kwindawo enye, oku kuthetha ukuba inqwelomoya yemikhosi ivaliwe. Ngokwale ngcinga, kwimeko yokulingana komda ubunzima W bucinywe ngaxeshanye ngokuchasa udonga oluxhasayo Ea kunye nokumelana nokukhuhlana Q ecaleni kwendawo yokutyibilika.

Iprism yeCoulomb etyibilikayo emva kodonga kunye nesicwangciso sobunzima bobunzima, ukukhuhlana kunye noxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo

Umfanekiso5- Ukuzimisela koxinzelelo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo ngokwethiyori kaCoulomb.

Iingqikelelo zangaphambili azihambelani nenyani. Umphezulu otyibilikayo awuyondawo ethe tye kodwa igophe. Ukudibana kwemikhosi emithathu ebambeleyo kukho kuphela kwimeko enye, xa umphezulu womhlaba emva kodonga uthe tye, umgangatho wangaphakathi wodonga uthe nkqo kwaye ulwalathiso lwamandla Ea luthe tye, ngelixa lungekho kwezinye iimeko. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokunxaxha, ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwehlabathi olusebenzayo lusasekwe kwithiyori yaseCoulomb, njengoko ibonakalise ukuba iyasebenziseka kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ukumisela uxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo Ea Coulomb ucinge ukuba ngenxa yesiphumo sobunzima bobunzima bomhlaba W kukho intshukumo yodonga oluxhasayo kunye nokwakheka kweprism ABC yoxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo. Ukucinga ukuba ukuchasana kwangaphakathi komhlaba kuqulethwe kuphela ukungqubana. I-Coulomb ibolisa ubunzima W kumacandelo amabini, elinye kwicala lamandla oxinzelelo omhlaba asebenzayo Ea, elinye kwicala lesiphumo soxhathiso lokukhuhlana Q ecaleni komphezulu wokutyibilika (umkhiwane.5b). Ngokwenza njalo, i-Coulomb ithatha ngokubhekele phaya ukuba icandelo lisebenza kwi-engile yokukhuhlana kwangaphakathi kunye nesiqhelo ukuya kumphezulu otyibilikayo AC, kwaye icandelo Ea lisebenza kwi-engile yokutenxa δ kunye nesiqhelo ukuya kumphezulu ongaphakathi wodonga AB. Amandla W amiselwa ngokwalathiso, ubukhulu, kunye nesalathiso.

Kumphezulu onikiweyo wesilayidi kwi-engile α ngokuxwesileyo, amandla W afunyanwa kumphezulu weprism yomhlaba ABC ngobude.1,0 mperpendicular kwisicwangciso kunye nobunzima bomhlaba womthamo γ, W=AΔABC x1,00x γ. Imikhosi Ea kunye Q zaziwa ngesalathiso. Ngokusekwe kwisicwangciso semikhosi (Fig.5b) kunye ne-sine theorem esinayo:

Ifomula eskeniweyo efunyenwe ngokusebenzisa i-sine theorem kwindiza yemikhosi

Iskimu semeko ekhethekileyo yokugcina udonga olunomhlaba othe tye kunye nenqwelomoya yamandla

Umfanekiso6-Ityala lokuhlangana kwamandla abambeleyo ngexesha elinye.

Le pateni ichanekile kuphela kwimeko xa umhlaba uthe tye (v=0), umgangatho ongaphakathi wodonga uthe nkqo (θ=0) kunye nolwalathiso lwamandla Ea ethe tye (δ=0) o.k. xa udonga lugudile ngokupheleleyo (umkhiwane.6).

Kule nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-Rankine’s case sinayo:

Iskenelwe ifomula yoxinzelelo lomhlaba esebenzayo yemeko ekhethekileyo ye-Rankine

Ubunzima W kule meko W =0.5·γ·h_2/tg_α, apho γ bubunzima bomthamo womhlaba.

Ukuba sazisa ixabiso langaphambili kwinxaki ye-Ea, sifumana:

Iskeni eliphuma kwifomula yoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomhlaba njengomsebenzi we-engile yomphezulu otyibilikayo

Inxaki eyandulelayo ibhekisa kumphezulu wesilayidi ongenamkhethe AC. Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukumisela amandla Ea kumphezulu obalulekileyo wesilayidi, o.k.e. leyo ekunokwenzeka ukuba isilayidi senzeke. Iyakuba ngumphezulu onika elona xabiso liphezulu loxinzelelo lomhlaba olusebenzayo max Ea.

Ngobude obunikiweyo bodonga H kunye ne-angle eyamkelweyo eqhubekayo yokungqubuzana kwangaphakathi ϕ, ixabiso loxinzelelo lomhlaba osebenzayo liyahluka nge-angle of inclination α ye-sliding surface ukuya kwi-horizontal. Ubuninzi bexabiso Ea buyakufunyanwa ukuba sahlula Ea nge α kwaye sisete umahluko olingana noziro:

Inkqubo yemathematika eskeniweyo yokumisela i-engile ebalulekileyo kunye nomlinganiso woxinzelelo olusebenzayo lomhlaba

Ifomula ayisosikhaltyhuleyitha: iiequity eziskeniweyo zisenokuba neekponenti ezingafundekiyo, izalathisi, iiengile kunye nemiqondiso. Azikhutshelwa kwiprojekthi ngaphandle kokuthelekiswa nomthombo othembekileyo weengcali, ukujonga iiyunithi, ukucingelwa kwemodeli kunye nokulawula okuzimeleyo kweziphumo. Ubalo kufuneka lubandakanye amanzi, amanzi, imithwalo ecaleni kwesithsaba sodonga, isenzo senyikima kunye nazo zonke iimeko zomda ezifanelekileyo.

Ukumiselwa kweengile ϕ kunye δ

I-engile yokungqubana kwangaphakathi ϕ imiselwe kwilabhoratri. Ubungakanani bayo buxhomekeke kuhlobo lomhlaba, ukufuma kunye nokuxinana. Kwiintlobo ezithile zomhlaba, ixabiso leengile ϕ lidla ngokuba phakathi kwemida enikwe kwitheyibhile 1.

Itheyibhile yembali yoqikelelo lwee-engile zokukhuhlana kwangaphakathi zelitye eliqhekeziweyo, igrabile, isanti, loam, loess kunye nodongwe

Itheyibhile 1 — amaxabiso aqikelelweyo eengile yefriction yangaphakathi ϕ kwiintlobo ezithile zomhlaba.

I-engile yokutenxa δ yonyanzelo Ea ukusuka kwesiqhelo ukuya kumphezulu ongaphakathi wodonga kuxhomekeke ekuguqulweni kodonga kunye nomhlaba osemva kwayo kunye noburhabaxa bomgangatho ongaphakathi wodonga. Ukuba ukuhlaliswa komhlaba kukhulu kunodonga, eyona meko ixhaphakileyo, ngoko i-engile δ ilungile, ukukhuhlana phakathi kodonga kunye nomhlaba kusebenza phezulu. Ukuba umiselo eludongeni lukhulu kunokumiswa komhlaba, okuyimeko engaqhelekanga, ngoko ke i-engile δ inegetive, ingxabano phakathi kodonga kunye nomhlaba osebenza ezantsi. Amaxabiso okunciphisa i-engile δ ngawedonga olugudileyo ngokupheleleyo δ=0, kwindawo erhabaxa ngokupheleleyo δ=ϕ. Ngokubanzi, δ=2/3_ϕ_ yamkelwa, kunye nenyaniso yokuba umhlaba wodonga ukhuselwe ngokusisigxina kwi-wetting enamandla. Ukuba umhlaba osemva kodonga uboniswe kwiinyikima ezinamandla, δ=ϕ/2 yamkelwe, kwaye ukuba imanzi kakhulu δ=0.

Amaxabiso oyilo lwee-engile: Itheyibhile kunye namaxabiso achazayo ϕ kunye δ awasetyenziswanga ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo ethile. Ukukhethwa kweeparameters kufuneka kuhambelane nohlobo kunye nemeko yomhlaba, indlela yokufakela kunye nokudibanisa, i-drainage, intshukumo elindelekileyo yodonga, uburhabaxa boqhagamshelwano kunye nendlela yeprojekthi efanelekileyo.

Ukusasazwa koxinzelelo lomhlaba emva kodonga kunye nendawo yokuhlasela ngenkani Ea

Inkqubo yemigangatho yokutyibilika kunye nonikezelo loxinzelelo olunxantathu xa udonga lujikeleza umlenze

Figure 7 - ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo lomhlaba ngexesha lokujikeleza kodonga olugciniweyo olujikeleze indawo yonyawo A.

Ukusasazwa koxinzelelo lomhlaba ecaleni komgangatho ongaphakathi wodonga kuxhomekeke ekuguqulweni kodonga olubambayo, kubume bomhlaba osemva kodonga kunye nokumila komgangatho ongaphakathi wodonga.

Indawo yokuhlaselwa kwengcinezelo yomhlaba esebenzayo i-Ea ixhomekeke kuxinzelelo lokusabalalisa kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi wodonga kunye nokuma kwayo. Ihlala iphakamileyo kwiziko lomxhuzulane wobuso bomzobo wengcinezelo.

Coulomb yamkelwe ukuba uxinzelelo lomhlaba emva kodonga lonyuka ngokulandelelana ngobunzulu, njengamanzi, okubizwa ngokuba. ukuhanjiswa kwe-hydrostatic yoxinzelelo lomhlaba (umkhiwane 7). Nangona kunjalo, i-hydrostatic pressure distribution ikhona kuphela kwimeko xa udonga lujikeleza umlenze A okanye indawo ethile esezantsi, ngelixa kuzo zonke ezinye iimeko ziphambuka kuyo.

Ukuba udonga olubambayo lujikeleza kwindawo yonyawo A, okanye inqaku elithile elisezantsi, umhlaba uya ezantsi (fig. 7a), ngelixa kungekho kutyhala ngaphakathi komhlaba. Kulo mzekelo, ukutyibilika komhlaba kubonakala kwimigangatho enokuxhathisa kancinane M1C1, M2C2… ihambelana nomphezulu wokutyibilika AC, owenzeka xa ukujikelezwa kodonga lwe-princiding bukhulu ngokwaneleyo. ABCA.

Ngoko ke, kulo mzekelo, uxinzelelo luyanda ngokulinganayo nobunzulu, oko kukuthi ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba ngokweCoulomb hydrostatic. Umzobo osebenzayo woxinzelelo lomhlaba uya kufumaneka ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwamandla Ea kunye nokuphakama kodonga h, ekubeni amandla Ea alingana nommandla woxinzelelo lwe-diagram abc (Fig.7b):

I=x·h/2, phi x=2Ewe/h,

oko kukuthi, ukusukela Ea = ½ γh2Ka, x = γhKa.

Inkqubo yonikezelo loxinzelelo olusebenzayo kunye nolwenziwayo xa ujikelezisa udonga kwindawo ephezulu okanye ephezulu

Umfanekiso8- ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo lwehlabathi xa udonga lujikeleza malunga ne-B ephezulu okanye enye indawo ephezulu L.

Ukuba udonga oluxhasayo lujikela phezulu eludongeni B okanye enye indawo ephezulu L (umkhiwane.8a), kukho utyhalo kwindawo ephezulu ukuya ngaphakathi emhlabeni, oluthi ke ngoko lutyhalelwe phezulu kunye neendawo ezinobuxhakaxhaka M.1C1, _M2C2….

Kujikelezo olukhulu ngokwaneleyo eludongeni, indawo etyibilikayo AC yenziwa, apho iprism etyibilikayo ityibilikela ezantsi ngexesha le-extrusion. Ngenxa yokutyhala komhlaba kwindawo ephezulu, uxinzelelo lwehlabathi lwe-passive luvela, oluphezulu kakhulu kunolusebenzayo, kwaye kuloo ndawo i-diagram yoxinzelelo bd ihambelana noxinzelelo lwe-passive Ep (umkhiwane 8b). Njengoko lulonke uxinzelelo lomhlaba Ea ixhomekeke kubungakanani prism umhlaba ABCA kwaye ilingana kumphezulu ongunxantathu womzobo uxinzelelo abe, lo mzobo uya kuncipha kwikhosi yayo eyongezelelweyo, de umphezulu wayo ulingana nomphezulu ongunxantathu abe. Elona dayagram yoxinzelelo kule meko yi-curvilinear bc, engenakuqinisekiswa ngokwezibalo. Nangona kunjalo, umbindi womxhuzulane S womphezulu wedayagram ac ungaphezulu kombindi womxhuzulane wobuso bomzobo ongunxantathu, ongathandeki kangako ukuzinza kodonga olugcinayo, kuba indawo yokuhlasela yamandla Ea iphezulu. NgokukaTerzaghi, ikwisiqingatha somphakamo wodonga oluxhasayo.

Ukuba udonga oluxhasayo luhanjiswe phambili ekuguquleleni (fig. 9a), uxinzelelo oluthi phambi kokuba intshukumo ihambelane noxinzelelo lomhlaba kwindawo yokuphumla E0 iyancipha, apho imiphezulu yokuchasana esezantsi ingabonakali, kodwa xa udonga luhamba ngokwaneleyo, i-sliding surface _AC yadalwa AC tyibilika ezantsi. Ekubeni uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lulingana nommandla ongunxantathu wedayagram yoxinzelelo abe (umzobo 9b), umzobo woxinzelelo uya kuncipha kwikhosi yayo eqhubekayo. Owona mzobo woxinzelelo ngumgca ogobileyo ac, ongenakuqinisekiswa ngokwezibalo. NgokukaTerzaghi, umbindi womxhuzulane S umphakamo 0,40 – 0,45_h.

Inkqubo yonikezelo loxinzelelo lwe-curvilinear ngexesha lokuguqulela phambili intshukumo yodonga olugcinayo

Figure 9 — Ukuhanjiswa koxinzelelo lomhlaba ngexesha lentshukumo yoguqulo lodonga olugcinayo ukuya phambili.

Ukuqwalasela indlela yokumisela uxinzelelo lwehlabathi njengexabiso eligqithisileyo, elona likhulu lisebenzayo kwaye lincinci kwi-passive, ithiyori kaCoulomb ithathwa njengendlela egqithisileyo yokumisela uxinzelelo lomhlaba.

Inqaku lobunjineli bokugqibela: indawo yokusabalalisa kunye nokuhlaselwa koxinzelelo kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokwenene isakhiwo esonakele ngayo. Ukongeza kuxinzelelo lomhlaba, i-drainage kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic, ukuzinza kwehlabathi kunye nangaphakathi, ukutyibilika, ukufuduka, ukuthwala umhlaba kunye nokuhlaliswa, ukuqina kodonga kunye nesiseko, ukukhukuliseka, ukuvuza, izigaba zokwemba kunye nokuzinza kwexeshana kufuneka kuhlolwe. Imeko yodonga olukhoyo olubonisa ukuhamba, ukuqhekeka, ukuvuza okanye ukuvuza kwamanzi okungalawulwayo kufuna uvavanyo olukhawulezayo lwengcali.