Archival nyanzvi yezvinyorwa: zvinyorwa uye mafomula akaongororwa anochengetedza nhoroondo yetioretical account, asi haisi geotechnical kudzidza, kuchengetedza madziro chirongwa, kugadzikana kuverenga, kuongororwa kwemadziro aripo, chirongwa chekuchera matongo kana mirairo yekuuraya. Madzvinyiriro epasi nemvura anoenderana nevhu chairo, stratification, compaction, drainage, pasi pevhu, geometry, kufamba kwemadziro, mamwe mitoro, chando uye seismic chiito. Panyaya yega yega, basa rekuferefeta, data remurabhoritari, mwero unoshanda uye cheki yakabatanidzwa neane mvumo geotechnical uye structural engineer zvinodiwa.

Nhasi, Savo Kusić inotarisa pa mahwindo emapuranga, wood-aluminium Mahwindo, mahwindo etsika, gonhi uye zvikumbiro zvekotesheni Ichi chinyorwa chinoramba chiri chinyorwa chenhoroondo uye hachimiriri kupihwa kweiyo geotechnical dhizaini, kuverenga kana kuvaka kwekuchengetedza madziro.

Dzvinyiriro yepasi pamadziro ekuchengeta

Ivhu rinotsigirwa nemadziro anochengetedza rinoshandisa kumanikidza pariri, richida kuisundira mberi nenzira yekushandura (fig. 1a) kana kusundira (fig. 1b). Hukuru hwekumanikidza kwepasi E kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakati wandei, pakati pezvinonyanya kukosha zvemuviri zvevhu, deformation yemadziro, mwando wevhu uye mamiriro emvura yepasi, kureba kwemadziro, kuremerwa kwekunze uye kushata kwemukati wemadziro.

Zvirongwa zvekushandura nzvimbo nekupidigura mudhuri unoramba uripo pasi pekumanikidzwa kwepasi

Mufananidzo1- kushandura mafambiro uye kutenderera kwemadziro anotsigira.

Kudzvinyirirwa kwepasi pakuzorora

Kana madziro anoramba akagwinya uye asingazungunuke, kudzvanywa kuri kuita pariri kunonzi earth pressure pakuzorora uye rinoratidzwa na E.0. Uku ndiko kudzvinyirirwa kunowanikwa muvhu risina kukanganiswa pahudzamu hwakacherechedzwa, pasi pesimba rehuremu hwevhu uye zvichida kurongedzerwa kwezvikamu zvakambokukurwa. Kudzvinyirirwa kwePasi pakuzorora hakuwanzo uye kunoitika chete mune zvimwe zviitiko, sekunge nemadziro ekuchengetedza akavakirwa padombo rakasimba, ipapo ane akavharwa maprofiles ematani nemapombi, uye nemahombe madhokisi, ayo asingafambi zvachose (Fig.2)

Chirongwa chekumanikidza kwepasi pakuzorora pamadziro emadziro echiteshi chikuru

Mufananidzo2- kuzorora kudzvanywa kwepasi pachiteshi chikuru.

Active earth pressure

Kana rusvingo runotsigira pasi pechiito chekumanikidza E inofamba mberi kana kutenderera kumativi etsoka A, kana imwe nzvimbo yakaderera, iyo inowanzoitika muvhu rinomanikidzika, kunze kweiyo yambotaurwa yakavharwa uye zvivako zvakakura, ipapo pasi pasi kuseri kwemadziro kunowedzera. Kana kufamba kwemadziro kwakakura zvakakwana, chikamu chevhu kuseri kwemadziro, iyo prism ABCA, inotsemuka uye inotsvedza pasi peinotsvedza nzvimbo AC (fig.2) Kudzvinyirirwa kunoitwa neprism inotsvedza pamadziro anochengetedza inodaidzwa kuti active earth pressure uye inoratidzwa na Ea. Iyi dzvinyiriro yakaderera zvakanyanya pane yekumanikidza pakuzorora, approx0,5ku0,7_E0_. Nekuda kwekutsvedza kwepasi prism ABCA, shear stress τ inobatidzwa pamwe neyakaumbwa inotsvedza nzvimbo AC, iyo inopikisa kutsvedza uye kuderedza kudzvanywa kwepasi. Panguva iyo prism ABCA inotanga kutsvedza, shear inosimbisa τ inosvika pakukosha kwayo kwepamusoro, zvinoreva kuti panguva iyoyo kukosha kwepasi rinoshanda E ndiro diki. Naizvozvo, Ea ndiyo yakaderera muganho kukosha kwekumanikidza kwepasi.

Miedzo yaTerzaghi yekumanikidza kwepasi nejecha pamadziro ehurefu h=1,50 myakaratidza kuti kusvika kune yakaderera muganho kukosha kweiyo inoshanda pasi kumanikidza Ea, iyo inoreva yakatwasuka kusimuka kwemadziro Δl ye5/10.000kureba kwemadziro kana kutenderera kwepamusoro pemadziro Δl ye1/5.000_h_ kutenderedza gumbo A.

Passive pasi pressure

Kana tikamanikidza kumadziro kubva kunze kuenda mukati mevhu (fig.3), rusvingo ruchadzokera shure uye ivhu richabatana. Kana kufamba kwemadziro kunosvika kune imwe kukosha Δl, prism yevhu ABCA ichaparadzana kubva pasi, iyo ichasundirwa kumusoro neinotsvedza nzvimbo AC pasi pechiito chekunze kwesimba rekunze. Kupokana kunopiwa nevhu kunopesana nekuita kwesimba rekunze panguva yekuparadzaniswa kweprism ABCA passive earth pressure Ep. Ndiwo wepamusoro wepamusoro wemuganho ukoshi unokwanisa kusvika pasi pasi.

Kudzvinyirirwa kwePasi pakuzorora kunotemerwa kuyedza, nepo kudzvanya kwepasi kunoshanda uye kusinganzwisisike kunogona kutsanangurwa computation, uchishandisa analytical kana graphical nzira, zvichibva paruzivo rwechimiro chevhu, kazhinji chinotemwa nenzira dzerabhoritari.

Chirongwa chepasi pasi pekumanikidza uye kusimudzwa kweprism inotsvedza kuseri kwemadziro anochengetedza

Mufananidzo3- kungoita pasi kumanikidza uye kutsvedza prism.

** Yakakosha pakuita: ** inoshanda, inongoita, uye isina basa nyika hadzina kusarudzwa nemazita ekuvaka chete. Kufamba kwemadziro kunobvumirwa, kumanikidzika kunoshanda, kudonhedzwa kana kusvibiswa mamiriro ezvinhu, chiyero chemvura yepasi uye kuchinja, mitoro yakawedzerwa uye zvingaita zvekurasikirwa kwevhu pamberi pemadziro zvinofanira kuratidzwa. Kusarudzwa kusina kunaka kwemamiriro ekumanikidzika kunogona kukanganisa kutsvedza kugadzikana, kuputsa, kutakura kukwanisa kwevhu uye kusimba kwemadziro.

Kutemerwa kweiyo coefficient yekuzorora yekumanikidza K0

Muchiitiko kana madziro anotsigira akafumurwa kune mhedzisiro yeiyo static pressure, iyo static pressure E inofanirwa kugamuchirwa yekuyera madziro anotsigira.0, iyo yakakura kudarika kushanda kwepasi. Hukuru hwayo huri pakati pesimba repasi rinoshanda uye risinganzwisisi, zvichienderana nerudzi rwevhu nekukochekera kwaro.

Pakudzika t pasi pevhu, kusimba kwehuremu hwevhu pachahwo ndiko σt = γ·t. Kana pasina mukana wekuwedzera kwepasi kwevhu, horizontal pressure σh = γ·t·K0, apo ​​_K0_ = σh/σt.

K0 ndiyo dzvinyiriro yekuzorora. Iyo coefficient of rest pressure inogona kutariswa netriaxial test nenzira inotevera.

Sample yevhu risina kukanganiswa yakatorwa kubva pakadzika kwekuzorora kwemhepo inoiswa mu triaxial apparatus, apo lateral pressure σ3 pakushandiswa kwe vertical load σ1 inogadziriswa kuitira kuti lateral deformation irege kuitika, i.e. kuenzana kwezero ye lateral deformation. Hwaro hwemagetsi anoshanda σ’1 uye σ’3 anoiswa kudhayagiramu σ’1 - σ’3 (fig. 4), uye dhayagiramu yakatwasuka yetange inotara kukosha K0 = σ’3/σ’1.

Dhiagiramu yezvinosimbisa zvinonyanya kushanda zvekutarisa coefficient yekumanikidzwa kwekuzorora netriaxial test

Mufananidzo 4 - kusarudzwa kwekofiyefi K__0 yekuzorora kwekumanikidzwa netriaxial test.

Maererano naPetermann, iwo akaenzana kukosha kweiyo yekuzorora yekumanikidza coefficient

yejecha rakapetwa K0 = 0,40 – 0,45

yejecha rakasununguka       K0 = 0,45 – 0,50

yevhu K0 = 0,60 – 0,75

Makoshi emuLabhoreti: Matanda anofungidzirwa ari pasi apa anoramba ari chikamu chezvinyorwa zvepakutanga, asi haasi kutsiva bvunzo dzinomiririra muenzaniso, modhi yejoloji uye tsika dzemagadzirirwo. OCR notation yemafomula, zvinyorwa uye apostrophes zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvichipesana neane chiremera sosi isati yaverengerwa.

Nzira dzekutarisa dzinoshanda pasi pasi - dzidziso yaCoulomb

Coulomb akatanga kuburitsa dzidziso yekumanikidza kwepasi (1770. gore), zvichibva pane zvakaitika mumunda. Akatarisa madziro anochengeta achitsigira ivhu rakasununguka. Pane imwe nguva akabvisa rusvingo, uko pasi rakatsvedza pasi panzvimbo inotsvedza AC, yakarerekera pakona a ine yakachinjika (fig.5) Huremu W hweinotsvedza yepasi prism ABC, yakasungwa nenzvimbo yepasi BC, inotsvedza nzvimbo AC nemadziro anoramba AB, inoshanda panguva imwe chete pamadziro anochengetedza uye panzvimbo inotsvedza. Hukuru hwesimba repasi rinoshanda Ea rakatemerwa naCoulomb pasi pemafungiro maviri anotevera:

  1. kuti nzvimbo inotsvedza inzvimbo chaiyo;

  2. kuti mauto matatu ekuita: uremu hweprism inotsvedza W, kushorwa kwemadziro anotsigira Ea uye kupesana kwekupokana Q pamwe nenzvimbo inotsvedza AC inopindirana pane imwe nguva, zvinoreva kuti ndege yemauto yakavharwa. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro iyi, mumamiriro ekuenzana kwemuganhu huremu W hunodzimwa panguva imwe chete nekupikiswa kwemadziro anotsigira Ea uye nekupokana kwekupokana Q pamwe chete nenzvimbo inotsvedza.

Coulomb’s sliding prism kuseri kwemadziro uye chirongwa chemasimba ehuremu, kukwenya uye kushanda nesimba kwepasi

Mufananidzo5-kutsunga kwekushanda kwepasi pasi maererano nedzidziso yaCoulomb.

Mafungiro ekare haaenderane nechokwadi. Nzvimbo inotsvedza haisi yakatwasuka asi yakakombama. Kupindirana kwemasimba matatu ekuita kunowanikwa chete mune imwe nyaya, kana nzvimbo yepasi seri kwemadziro yakatambarara, mukati memadziro yakamira uye kutungamira kwesimba Ea kwakatwasuka, nepo isipo mune dzimwe nyaya. Zvisinei, zvisinei nekutsauka uku, kutsunga kwesimba repasi rinoshanda kuchiri kubva padzidziso yeCoulomb, sezvo yakaratidza kuve inoshanda muzviitiko zvakawanda.

Kuti aone kusimba kwepasi rinoshanda Ea Coulomb akafungidzira kuti nekuda kwekuita kwehuremu hwehuremu hwepasi W paive nekufamba kwemadziro anotsigira uye kuumbwa kweprism ABC yekushanda kwepasi. Tichifunga kuti kupikisa kwemukati kwevhu kunosanganisira kupesana chete. Coulomb inobvisa huremu W kuita zvikamu zviviri, chimwe chakananga kusimba rinoshanda repasi rinomanikidza Ea, imwe iri munzira yekukonzeresa kupokana Q padivi penzvimbo inotsvedza (fig.5b). Mukuita izvi, Coulomb inoenderera mberi ichifunga kuti chikamu chinoshanda pakona yekukwesha kwemukati neyakajairwa kunzvimbo inotsvedza AC, uye kuti chikamu Ea chinoshanda pakona yekutsauka δ neyakajairwa kusvika mukati memudhuri AB. Simba W rinosarudzwa negwara, ukuru, negwara.

Kune yakapihwa nzvimbo inotsvedza pakona α ine yakachinjika, simba W rinowanikwa kubva pamusoro pepasi prism ABC kureba.1,0 mperpendicular kune chirongwa uye volumetric ivhu uremu γ, W=AΔABC x1,00x γ. Masimba Ea ne_Q_ anozivikanwa negwara. Kubva pane chirongwa chemasimba (Fig.5b) uye sine theorem yatinayo:

Scanned formula yakawanikwa nekushandisa sine theorem kune ndege yemauto

Chirongwa chechiitiko chakakosha chekuchengetedza madziro ane nzvimbo yakachinjika uye ndege yekumanikidza

Mufananidzo6- nyaya yekupindirana kwemasimba ekuita pane imwe nguva.

Iyi pateni ndeyechokwadi chete kana nzvimbo yakatwasuka (v=0), nzvimbo yemukati yemadziro yakamira (θ=0) uye kwakananga kwesimba Ea yakachinjika (δ=0) kureva kana madziro akanyatsotsvedzerera (fig.6)

Kune iyi yakakosha inodaidzwa kuti Rankine’s kesi tine:

Akatsvaga mafomula epasi rinoshanda remhando yepamusoro yeRankine kesi

Huremu W mune iyi kesi W =0.5·γ·h_2/tg_α, uko γ ndiko kurema kwevhu.

Kana tikasuma kukosha kwepamberi muequation ye_Ea_, tinowana:

Scanned derivative of formula for the active earth pressure as a function of the sliding surface angle

Equation yapfuura inoreva nzvimbo inotsvedza isingaite AC. Nekudaro, zvinodikanwa kuti uone simba Ea yenzvimbo yakakosha yekutsvedza, i.e. iyo inotsvedza inonyanya kuitika. Ichave iyo yepamusoro inopa kukosha kwepamusoro kwekushanda kwepasi kumanikidza max Ea.

Nokuda kwehurefu hwakapiwa hwemadziro H uye yakagamuchirwa nguva dzose yekona yekuputika kwemukati ϕ, kukosha kwepasi rinoshanda kudzvinyirirwa kunosiyana nekona yekurerekera α yenzvimbo inotsvedza kusvika kune yakatwasuka. Ukoshi huzhinji Ea huchawanikwa kana tikasiyanisa Ea ne α toseta musiyano wakaenzana ne zero:

Scanned mathematical process yekuona kona yakakosha uye coefficient of active earth pressure

Formula haisi karukureta: equation yakaongororwa inogona kunge iine maexponents, indices, makona nezviratidzo zvisingaite. Izvo hazvina kukopwa mupurojekiti pasina kuenzanisa neakavimbika nyanzvi sosi, kutarisa kwemayuniti, fungidziro yemuenzaniso uye yakazvimirira kutonga kwemhedzisiro. Iko kuverenga kunofanirwa kusanganisira mvura, mvura, mitoro padyo nekorona yemudhuri, seismic chiito uye ese akakodzera miganhu.

Kutemerwa kwemakona ϕ uye δ

Kona yekukwesha kwemukati ϕ inotariswa murabhoritari. Kukura kwayo kunoenderana nerudzi rwevhu, humidity uye kuumbwa. Kune mamwe marudzi evhu, kukosha kwekona ϕ kazhinji kunokwira mukati memiganho yakapihwa patafura 1.

Tafura yenhoroondo yemakona ekukweshana kwemukati kwematombo akapwanyika, hurungudo, jecha, loam, loess nevhu

Table 1 — fungidziro yemhando dzekona yefriction yemukati ϕ kune mamwe marudzi evhu.

Kona yekutsauka δ yesimba Ea kubva pane yakajairika kusvika mukati memadziro emukati zvinoenderana nekushanduka kwemadziro uye ivhu kuseri kwaro uye nekushata kwemukati memadziro. Kana kugadziriswa kwevhu kwakakura kudarika kugadzika kwemadziro, iyo inowanzoitika, ipapo kona δ yakanaka, kupesana pakati pemadziro uye pasi kunobata kumusoro. Kana kugadzikwa kwemadziro kwakakura kudarika kugadzika kwepasi, inova chiitiko chakasiyana, ipapo kona δ haina kunaka, kukweshana pakati pemadziro nepasi kuchiita kuzasi. Makoshero ekuganhura ekona δ ndeekunyatso kutsetseka kwemadziro δ=0, kune yakakasharara δ=ϕ. Kazhinji, δ=2/3_ϕ_ inogamuchirwa, pamwe nekuti ivhu remadziro rinodzivirirwa zvachose kubva pakunyorova kwakasimba. Kana ivhu riri kuseri kwemadziro richionekwa nekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba, δ=ϕ/2 inotorwa, uye kana yakanyanya kunyorova δ=0.

Design values ​​​​yemakona: tabular uye inotsanangura kukosha ϕ uye δ haisi kushandiswa zvakananga kune imwe nzvimbo. Sarudzo yemaparamendi inofanirwa kuenderana nemhando uye mamiriro evhu, nzira yekuisa nekutsikitsira, dhizaini, kufamba kunotarisirwa kwemadziro, kushata kwekubata uye nzira yeprojekiti yakakodzera.

Kudzvanywa kwepasi kuseri kwemadziro uye kumanikidza kurwisa nzvimbo Ea

Chirongwa chenzvimbo dzinotsvedza uye kuparadzirwa kwetriangular pressure kana madziro achitenderera negumbo

Figure 7 - kuparadzirwa kwepasi pesimba panguva yekutenderera kwemadziro anochengetedza akatenderedza tsoka A.

Kugovaniswa kwepasi pasi pamwe nechemukati memadziro kunoenderana nekushanduka kwemadziro ekuchengetedza, pachimiro chevhu kuseri kwemadziro uye nechimiro chemukati memadziro.

Iyo nzvimbo yekurwisa yekushanda kwepasi pressure Ea inoenderana nekuparadzirwa kwekumanikidza pamwe nechemukati memadziro uye pachimiro chayo. Iyo inogara iri pahupamhi hwepakati pesimba rinokwevera pamusoro pedhiyagiramu yekumanikidza.

Coulomb yakagamuchira kuti kumanikidza kwepasi kuseri kwemadziro kunowedzera mutsara nekudzika, sekunge nemvura, iyo inonzi. hydrostatic kugoverwa kwepasi pasi (fig. 7). Zvisinei, iyo hydrostatic pressure distribution inowanikwa chete kana madziro achitenderera gumbo A kana imwe nzvimbo yakaderera, asi mune dzimwe nguva dzose inotsauka kubva pairi.

Kana madziro anochengeta achitenderedza tsoka A, kana imwe nzvimbo yepasi, ivhu rinofamba richidzika (fig. 7a), pasina kusunda mukati mevhu. Pakadai, kutsvedzema kwevhu kunoonekwa panzvimbo isingarambirike M1C1, M2C2… inofambirana nenzvimbo inotsvedza AC, inoitika kana kutenderedzwa kwemudhuri kwakakura zvekukwana kuita primliding. ABCA.

Naizvozvo, mune iyi kesi, kudzvanywa kunowedzera zvakaenzana nekudzika, i.e. kupararira kwepasi kunoenderana neCoulomb hydrostatic. Iyo inoshanda yepasi yekumanikidza dhizaini ichawanikwa zvichibva paruzivo rwesimba Ea uye kureba kwemadziro h, sezvo simba Ea rakaenzana nenzvimbo yekumanikidza dhizaini abc (Fig.7b):

Ho=x·h/2, kubva x=2E/h,

kureva, kubvira Ea = ½ γh2Ka, x = γhKa.

Chirongwa chekugoverwa kwesimba rinoshanda uye risingaite paunenge uchitenderedza madziro pamusoro penzvimbo yepamusoro kana yepamusoro

Mufananidzo8- kuparadzirwa kwepasi pasi kana madziro achitenderera kumusoro B kana imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro L.

Kana madziro anotsigira akatenderedza pamusoro pemadziro B kana imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro L (fig.8a), pane kusundidzira kuchikamu chepamusoro chakananga mukati meivhu, kunozosundidzirwa kumusoro nepamusoro penzvimbo yekushomeka kushoma M.1C1, M2C2…

Pakutenderera kwakakura kwemadziro, nzvimbo inotsvedza AC inoumbwa, iyo inotsvedza prism inotsvedza ichidzika panguva yeextrusion. Nekuda kwekusundidzira kwevhu muchikamu chepamusoro, kudzvanywa kwepasi kunooneka, uko kwakanyanya kudarika kunoshanda, uye muchikamu ichocho dhiyagiramu yekumanikidza bd inoenderana nepasiredhi pressure Ep (fig. 8b). Sezvo pasi rose dzvinyiriro Ea inotsamira pakukura kwepasi prism ABCA uye yakaenzana nekatatu pamusoro pedhiyagiramu yekumanikidza abe, dhayagiramu iyi ichaderera mune imwezve nzira, kusvikira iyo nzvimbo yakaenzana neiyo triangular surface abe. Iyo chaiyo yekumanikidza dhizaini mune iyi kesi ndeye curvilinear bc, iyo isingagone kutsanangurwa masvomhu. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yepakati yegiravhiti S yepamusoro pedhiyagiramu ac iri pamusoro pepakati pesimba repamusoro peiyo triangular diagram, iyo isingafadzi kugadzikana kwemadziro anochengetedza, nekuti nzvimbo yekurwisa yesimba Ea yakakwirira. Maererano neTerzaghi, iri pahafu yehurefu hwemadziro anotsigira.

Kana rusvingo runotsigira ruchiendeswa mberi mukududzira (fig. 9a), dzvinyiriro iyo isati yafamba yaienderana nemhepo yepasi mumamiriro ekuzorora E0 inoderera, apo nzvimbo dzekudzivirira kwepasi hazvioneki, asi kana rusvingo ruchifamba zvakakwana, sliding inogadzirwa neAC _A BC M_BBC inotsvedza ichidzika. Sezvo iyo yakazara dzvinyiriro yakaenzana nenzvimbo ine katatu yedhiyagiramu yekumanikidza abe (fig. 9b), iyo dhizaini yekumanikidza ichaderera mune imwezve nzira. Iyo chaiyo yekumanikidza dhizaini ndiyo yakakomberedzwa mutsara ac, isingagone kutsanangurwa nemasvomhu. Maererano neTerzaghi, nzvimbo yepakati yegiravhiti S iri pahurefu 0,40 - 0,45_h.

Scheme yecurvilinear pressure distribution panguva yekushandura mberi kwekufambisa kwemadziro anochengetedza

Figure 9 — kuparadzirwa kwepasi panguva yekushandura madziro emadziro kuenda mberi.

Tichifunga nezve nzira yekuona kudzvanywa kwepasi seyakanyanya kukosha, yakakura kune inoshanda uye diki yekungoita chete, dzidziso yeCoulomb inoonekwa senzira yakanyanyisa yekuona kudzvanywa kwepasi.

** Yekupedzisira engineering note: ** iyo yekugovera uye yekurwisa nzvimbo yekumanikidza zvinoenderana nenzira chaiyo iyo chimiro chakaremara. Mukuwedzera kune kudzvinyirira kwepasi, mvura uye hydrostatic pressure, kugadzikana kwepasi rose uye mukati, kutsvedza, kutama, kutakura ivhu nekugadzirisa, rusvingo uye simba renheyo, kuputika, leaching, zvikamu zvekuchera uye kugadzikana kwechinguva kunofanira kuongororwa. Mamiriro emadziro aripo anoratidza kufamba, kutsemuka, kuputika kana kusadzora kubuda kwemvura kunoda kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi nekukurumidza.