Pasi pemutoro, ivhu rose, kunze kwedombo rakasimba, rinogara pasi. Kunyura kwevhu kunowanzoitika nezvikonzero zviviri: kusvinwa kwevhu kureva kuderera kwevhoriyamu yaro nekuda kwekubuditswa kwemhepo kana mvura mumapores aro uye kusundwa kwevhu kudivi pedyo nemipendero yefoundation nekuda kwekutsvedza kwezvimedu zvakasimba zvevhu.
Kudzikira kwevhu nekuda kwekutsikirirwa kunosanganisira kushanduka kweelastiki uye kweplastiki, kunokonzerwa nemutoro wefoundation, uko pakusunungurwa mutoro ivhu rinodzokera zvishoma kuhutano hwarakambova nahwo.
Kunyura kunokonzerwa nekusundidzirwa kwepadivi kwevhu kunongova nekushanduka kwepurasitiki, uko kana mutoro wabviswa ivhu haridzoki kuhutongi hwarwo hwekutanga. Zvinowanzoitika zvikuru pamativi madiki akavakwa pakadzika kadiki pasi pechiso chenzvimbo. Saizvozvowo, kusundidzirwa kwepadivi kwevhu kunoitikawo muvhu rakanyorova zvikuru uye rine kona diki yekukwenyana kwemukati.
Tichifunga kuti mutoro unotenderwa wevhu unotorwa munzvimbo yekushanduka-shanduka kweelastic uye plastic, kuverenga kudzikira kunoitwa chete pachishandiswa kuderera kweporosity yevhu pasi pemutoro, uku kudzikira kunokonzerwa nekusvinwa kweparutivi kwevhu kuchiregeredzwa, sezvo kuchitambirwa kuti kudiki zvikuru.
Kugadzika kunokonzerwa nekutsikirirwa kunoenderana nekupindika kwemvura kwevhu, nokuti kunoitika nekuda kwepori, ayo muvhu rechisikigo anogara akazadzwa nemvura kusvika pamwero wakati kana zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, kugadzika kwevhu pasi pemutoro chaizvoizvo chiitiko chehydrodynamic, nokuti maitiro ekugadzika anoenderana nekumhanya kwekubudiswa kwemvura kubva mumapori, uko kupindika kwemvura kwevhu kune basa guru zvikuru.
Ivhu risina kusungwa rakaita segrava nejecha rine maporosi makuru, nokudaro kupinza kwaro kwemvura kwakakura uye mvura iri mumaporo inobudiswa nokukurumidza pasi pemutoro wenheyo. Naizvozvo, muivhu risina kusungwa kugara pasi pemutoro wenheyo kunoitika nokukurumidza, kazhinji panguva yekuvaka kana nguva pfupi mushure mazvo. Nokuda kweizvi, kugara pasi penheyo muivhu risina kusungwa kunowanzosawanzoverengwa.
Ivhu rakabatana rine mapores madiki, kupinda kwemvura kuri kushoma uye kusundidzirwa kwemvura kubva mumapores pasi pechiito chemutoro wefoundation kunogona kutora nguva refu kwazvo, pane mamwe madhaka madiki kunyangwe makore mazhinji. Pamusoro pezvo, nokuti porosity yese yevhu rakabatana yakakura zvikuru kupfuura yevhu risina kubatana, kuderera kwegoronga kwevhu rakabatana kwakakura zvikuru.
Pavhu rine kubatana, rine maporesi ayo chikamu chizere nemhepo uye chikamu chizere nemvura, kutanga kunouya kugadzikana nekuda kwekutsikirirwa kwemhepo iri mumaporesi, uku huwandu hwemvura huchiramba huri hwakafanana, vozotevera kugadzikana nekuda kwekuburitswa kwemvura kubva mumaporesi. Pakutakurwa kwevhu kwakadzikama nekuda kwehuremu nemutoro unobatsira wehwaro, marudzi maviri aya ekugadzikana anoitika, asi nguva yacho yekugadzikana inosiyana.
Kune zvakare zvimwe zvikonzero zvinokonzera kunyura kwevhu, zvakadai sekuderera kwechigarire kwemwero wemvura yepasi pevhu, shanduko dzemakemikari dzechimiro chevhu uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa muvhu.
Kudzidza kugara pasi kunosanganisira kuverengwa kwekutanga kwekugara pasi, kunoitwa pahwaro hwekuedzwa kwema laboratori kwemasampuli evhu uye kuongorora kugara pasi, kunoitwa panguva yekuvakwa kwechivako uye kwenguva yakati mushure mezvo.
Kuverenga kugara pasi pakuremerwa kwepakati pehwaro
Ngatitarisei nheyo yefoundation yakavakirwa muvhu rine mativi akawanda akasiyana, semuenzaniso rukoko rwejecha H0, kana kuti H1 pasi pechigadziko, rukoko rwevhu revhu rine ukobvu hwe H2, rukoko rwevhu revhu rakatsetseka rine ukobvu hwe H3, pasi paro pane matombo akamanikidzwa erukoko rukobvu, aine mwero wemvura yepasi NPV (fig. 1a).
Kuti kuverenga kugara kwenzvimbo kuitwe, zvinodikanwa kudhirowa diagramu yematambudziko anokonzerwa nehuremu hwega hwevhu (diagramu yekuruboshwe pafig. 1b) uye diagramu yematambudziko anokonzerwa nemutoro wekuwedzera unobva panheyo (diagramu yekurudyi pafig. 1b). Diagramu yematambudziko anokonzerwa nehuremu hwega hwevhu tinoiwana kubva kuhukobvu hwezvikamu Σ_H_ uye huremu hwazvo hwevhoriyamu γ. Kana huremu hwevhoriyamu hwejecha huri γ1, hwejecha riri pasi pemvura γ’1, hwevhu rine ivhu guruva pasi pemvura γ’2, hweivhu pasi pemvura γ’3, ipapo matambudziko ekumanikidza muvhu anokonzerwa nehuremu hwega hwevhu achava (fig. 1)
γ1 · H’; γ’1 · H’’; γ’2 · H2; γ’3 · H3;
Dhiagiramu yekushushikana inokonzerwa nemutoro tinoiwana nekuverenga tichishandisa imwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa, semuenzaniso dzaSteinbrenner kana Newmark, pakudzika kwakasiyana pasi petsoka yefoundation.
Kana tikamaka ne P mutoro wenheyo, A nzvimbo yayo inorara pairi paivhu, γ1 uremu hwevhu paudzamu hwekuvambwa t pasi pechiso chenyika, mutoro chaiwo wenheyo ndi P/A nepo uremu hwevhu pacheroudzamu ihwohwo huri γ1t. Kuti tiwane mutoro wokuwedzera wevhu unobva pamutoro wenheyo, zvinofanira kubviswa kudzvanywa kweuremu hwevhu γ1t kubva pamutoro wenheyo P/A, saka mutoro wokuwedzera wevhu uyo unova
p0 = P/A – γ1t.
Paudzamu hwakafanana t panoshandawo kushushikana γ1t kunokonzerwa nehuremu hwayo hwevhu, saka paudzamu uhwu panoshanda kushushikana kwese (P/A – γ1t) + γ1t, apo kusimba kwevhu pasi pekushushikana γ1t kwakatoitwa mbereko kuvakwa kwechivako.
Muf. 1. Kuverenga kwekugara pasi pakutakurirwa kwepakati kwehwaro
Nekudaro kana chikamu chimwe chete chenheyo chiri pamusoro petsoka yenheyo chikazadzwa nevhu (fig. 1c), mutoro wevhu rakazadzwa 2_Q_ unofanira kutariswa, zvekuti muchiitiko ichocho mutoro wekuwedzera unova
_P+2_Q/A – γ1t.
Kune foundation yerudzi rwebhande, A = b x 1,0 m pa 1 m’ yefoundation.
Kuverengwa kwekugara pasi kunoitwa kune mativi ose evhu rinodzvanyirika kusvika pakadzika panoita simba remutoro wehwaro. Kare zvaifungidzirwa semuganhu wesimba remutoro wechivako kudzika uko kunotonga kushushikana kwechiyero ≥ 10% p0. Nhasi zvinogamuchirwa kuti muganhu uyu uri pakadzika apo kushushikana kunobva pamutoro wekuwedzera pz kunenge kuri 20% kwekushushikana kunobva pahuremu hwevhu pacharo: pz = 0,2 ·γ_Σ_H. Pasi pehukadzika uhu kugara pasi hakuchaverengwi. Maererano nemumwe mutemo, zvinokurudzirwa kuverenga kugara pasi kumatanda kusvika pakadzika 2_b_ kusvika 3_b_, apo b ihupamhi hwehwaro. Kana pakupedzisira paine rukoko rwejecha sedziri mufig. 1a, harwutoriwi mukufungidzira kwekugara pasi, nokuti kugara kwarwo pasi pemutoro wehwaro kudiki uye kunoitika panguva yekuvaka.
Pakudzika z pasi pehwaro hwechitsiko pane kudzvinyirirwa pg kunokonzerwa nehuremu hwega hwevhu (muf. 1b), apo pesvedzero yesimba rekusimudza yakatorwawo muverengero. Kukudzvinyirirwa kwekutanga uku kunowedzerwa kudzvinyirirwa pz kunokonzerwa nekuita kwemutoro wechivako pakudzika kumwe chete. Naizvozvo, pane chero poindi M pakudzika z pasi pehwaro hwechitsiko pane kudzvinyirirwa kwakazara pn = pg + pz.
Pasi pesimba remutoro wekuwedzera, ivhu rinodzikira uye rinotsemuka parutivi. Kana kutsemuka kweparutivi kukasatariswa, nokuti kudiki zvichienzaniswa, sezvo mutoro unobvumirwa wevhu uri munzvimbo yekushanduka kweelastic-plastic, zvinogona kugamuchirwa kuti kuverenga kudzikira kunoitwa zvichienderana nemiedzo yekutsikiririka muedometra, ine sampuli isina kukanganiswa yakatorwa munzvimbo yepoinzi iri kutariswa muvhu, iyo kubva pairi miedzo inotemwa modulus yekutsikiririka kwevhu Ms.
Zvichienderana nemutemo waHooke tine
Δ_s_ = pz/Ms,
apo Δ_s_ kugara pasi kwakati, pauniti yehukobvu hwerukoko, pz kushushikana pakadzika z muvhu nekuda kwemutoro wokuwedzera.
Kana tikafungidzira ukobvu hudiki hwakakwana hwe layer dz, kuitira kuti pz na Ms zvigamuchirwe sechinoramba chiri chimwe, kugara kwekutanga kuchava
Δ_s dz_ = pz/Ms dz.
Kugara pasi kwese kwechikamu chine ukobvu H kuchava
Kana pZ ne MS zviri zvigaro zvisingachinji zverukoko rwakakora H, zvichava
s = pz/Ms · H.
Muchokwadi pz na Ms hazvina kugara zvakaenzana pakukora kwechikamu H1, asi hunhu hwazvo hwepakati hunotorwa panzvimbo M.
Modhuru yekumanikidzwika kwevhu Ms inotsanangurwa murabhoritari pachikamu chimwe nechimwe zvakasiyana. Kune ivhu rakambosimbiswa zvakajairika, modhuru Ms inotorwa kubva padhayagiramu yekutanga yekumanikidzwika, apo mutoro wese σ2 = pg + pz; σ1 = pg = Σ_γt,_ mutoro wekuwedzera Δ_σ_ = σ2 – σ1 = (pg + pz) – pg, uye maitiro anoenderana ekumanikidzwika kwehukama ndee Δ_h2_/h uye Δ_h1_/h, saka
Asi kana iri ivhu rakambomanikidzwa kare, ipapo modulus yekumanikidzika inotsanangurwa kubva padhayagiramu yekumanikidzwa kwechipiri. Kubva pamuenzaniso uri mumuf. 2 tine kuti:
Sl. 2. Kutsanangura modulus yekumanikidzika kwevhu zvichienderana nedhayagiramu yekutsikirira kwehukama
Zvinobuda pamusoro apa zvinoratidza kuti kugara pasi kwevhu revhu rakanyanya kukonsolidheshwa kuchava kudiki zvikuru kupfuura kugara pasi kwevhu rakajairika kukonsolidheshwa.
Kukanganisa kwekuoma kwehwaro pakugara pasi
Kunyange zvazvo muchokwadi pasina nheyo dzakanyatsosununguka dzinobvuma kuti kugara kwechimwe chibodzwa kuve kusina kutsamira pakugara kwechibodzwa chiri pedyo, pakuverenga kugara panosiyaniswa nheyo dzinotevedzera kusanduka uye nheyo dzakaomarara.
Nheyo dzinotambanuka, dzinoreva marara ematombo nemadhamu, pasi pemutoro wakafanana dzinokonzeresa kunyorova kwakasiyana panzvimbo dzakasiyana. Nokuda kweizvozvo, panheyo idzi kuverenga kwekunyorova hakuitwi pamusoro penzvimbo yese yakaremerwa, asi panzvimbo dzayo dzega dzega: mapoinzi emakona A, B, C ne D, mapoinzi epakati pemativi E, F, H ne J uye nzvimbo yepakati G yepamusoro pemborozi (muf. 3). Pamutoro wakafanana, kunyorova kwemapoinzi B, C ne D kwakafanana nepo A, kunyorova kwepoinzi H kwakafanana nekwepoinzi E, uye J kwakafanana nekwe F pavhu rine kuumbwa kwakafanana.
Muf. 3. Kuverenga kugara pasi kwepoindi imwe neimwe yepamusoro yakatakurwa
Pakaverengwa kugara pasi pasi peimwe poindi G yepamusoro yakatakurwa, rectangle ABCD inopatsanurwa kuita marectangle mana madiki uye kugara pasi kwe_G_ kunowanikwa sehuwandu hwekugara pasi kunokonzerwa nerimwe nerimwe remarectangle akapatsanurwa.
Nheyo dzakaomarara hadzinanyuri nenzira imwechete sedzinonyorovera, nokuti kwadziri kunyura kwepfungwa dzega dzega hakugoneki. Naizvozvo kunyura kwenheyo dzakaomarara kunoverengwa sechinhu chimwe chete, apo zvichienderana nechiyero chekuomarara, avhareji yekunyura inoverengwa nenzira yakasiyana, nokuti kugoverwa kwekumanikidzwa pazasi penheyo kunoenderana nekuoma kwenheyo.
Kune zvigadziko zvakaoma zvine chimiro cheskweya kana cherectangle diki, apo a < 2_b_, kugara pasi sG kwepakati G kunoverengwa uye kugara pasi kwechigadziko s = 3/4 sG kunotorwa. Kune zvigadziko zvakaoma zvine chimiro cherectangle yakareba kana tambo, kugara pasi kwechinoperera E, kwepakati G uye kwepoinzi M iri pakati pechinhambwe pakati pazvo, paaxis refu yebhesi rechigadziko, kunoverengwa, uye avhareji inotorwa.
Van Hamme anofunga kuti kuverengwa kwakanyatsojeka kwekugara pasi kwe“poindi yakasarudzika P”, iri kubva pamaekiseni epakati chinhambwe che
kubva kumaaxis epakati. Maererano naVan Hamme, kugara pasi kwezvimwe zvibodzwa zvakatarwa zvenheyo hakunei nenzira yekuparadzirwa kwemakusheni pasi penheyo. Panzvimbo idzi, kugara pasi kunogona kuverengwa tichifungidzira kuti kuparadzirwa kwemakusheni pasi penheyo kwakaenzana. Kune chitsitsinho chakaoma chenheyo, chakaremerwa nemutoro wakafanana pamusoro pekuti kuparadzirwa kwemakusheni pasi penheyo hakuna kuenzana uye kunokura kuenda kumicheto yechitsitsinho, zvisinei, kugara pasi kwechitsitsinho chenheyo kwakaenzana nekugara pasi kwepoinzi inoratidza P. Makusheni pakadzika z pasi pepoinzi inoratidza P yepamusoro réctangle ine kureba a, upamhi b, yakaremerwa nemutoro wakafanana p0 anogona kuverengwa nerubatsiro rwetafura 1 yakagadzirwa naJelinek.
Kusawirirana σzP pakudzika z pasi pepoinzi inoratidza P kuri σzP = (σz/p0)·p0, apo p0 iri mutoro wekuwedzera wevhu.
Taf. 1. Vhezheni dze _σz/_p dzemakushushikana ari pasi pechinzvimbo P zvinoenderana nereshiyo yedzika z kuupamhi b uye nereshiyo yehurefu a kuupamhi b hwechitsitsinho chehwaro
Kuverenga kudzikira pachishandiswa kuchinja kwecoefficient yeporosity yevhu
Kana tikaratidza ne e0 coefficient yeporosity yemuenzaniso usina kuvhiringidzwa wakatorwa murukoko rwevhu, uye ne ei coefficient yeporosity yemuenzaniso mumwe chete mushure mekupedzwa kwekonsolidheyishini muedometera pasi pemutoro σ1 (muf. 4a), kuderera kwehuwandu hwekutanga hwevhu pasi pekuita kwemutoro Δ_σ_ kunoenderana nekudzikira kweporosity, kureva coefficient yeporosity yevhu
Δ_e_ = e0 – e1
Muf. 4. Kuverenga kudzikira pachishandiswa kuchinja kwecoefficient yeporosity yevhu
Vhoriyamu yekutanga yemuenzaniso wevhu ndeye
Kugara pasi chaiko Δ_s_, kureva kugara pasi pachikamu chevhoriyamu yevhu 1+e0 ndiko
Δ_s_ =(e0–e1) / (1+e0)
Kunyura kwerukoko rwekutanga rine ukobvu dz kuri maererano nefig. 4b
Δ_s_ dz=(e0–e1) / (1+e0) dz
Kugadzika kwechitubu chine ukobvu H kuchava
Kana tikaisa kuti p ndiko kusawirirana pakudzika z kubva kuhuremu hwevhu hwayo, hunoenderana nemutoro σ0 muedometer, Δp kusawirirana kunobva pamutoro wekuwedzera wevhu nekuda kwechivako, hunoenderana nekuwedzera kwemutoro Δ_σ_ muedometer, p1 kusawirirana kwese pasi pesimba rehuremu hwevhu uye mutoro wekuwedzera unofanana nemutoro wese σ1 muedometer, fomura yekumberi tinogona kuinyora muchimiro
Kana tikadoma ne A nzvimbo yedhayagiramu yedzvinyiriro kubva kumutoro wekuwedzera wevhu, A = Δ_pH_ (nzvimbo yakamichwa pa muf. 4b), uko Δ_p_ iri dzvinyiriro kubva kumutoro wekuwedzera pakati pechikamu
a=Δ_e_/Δ_p_, ukama hwekusiyana kwecoefficient yeporosity maererano nekushushikana kunoenderana kwemutoro wekuwedzera Vc = (1+e0)/a, tinogona kuisa
kureva s = A/Vc [cm]
Kana ivhu rine mativi akawanda, kugadzika s kunoverengwa pachikamu chimwe nechimwe; huwandu hwekugadzika kwematanho ega ega hunopa kugadzika kwese Σ_s_.